Asmenų pavadinimai rankraštiniame teisės terminų žodyne (1920 m.)

Terminologija / Terminology 2025, No. 32, p. 1–21 Contents link ISSN 2669-2198 (electronic / online) Copyright © 2025 Alvydas Umbrasas. Published by the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. // Published by the Lithuanian Language Institute. This article is open access, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which allows unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction of the content in any media, provided that the author and source are acknowledged. Received: / Gauta: 2025-10-07. Accepted: / Priimta: 2025-10-27. 1 NAME OF PERSONS IN THE HAND-WRITED DICTIONARY OF LEGAL TERMS (1920) Terms Denoting Persons in the Manuscript Dictionary of Law Terms (1920) ALVYDAS UMBRASAS Institute of Lithuanian Language El. email: [email protected] ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5184-0056 Research areas: terminology, legal terminology, terminology standardization and management. https://doi.org/10.35321/term32-10 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ANNOTATION After Lithuania declared its independence in 1918, there was a great need for Lithuanian legal terminology and the first dictionary of legal terms was soon prepared. As early as 1920, a draft of a Russian-Lithuanian dictionary of legal terms and other words needed for courts was prepared in manuscript form. It is an interesting resource that allows to understand the challenges of terminology management in the beginning of independence. The article examines the names of persons included in this dictionary, which includes both legal terms and other words. The aim is to find out which names of persons were considered relevant to the legal language at the time, and to discuss them systematically – to show which categories of persons are named in the dictionary. The study shows not only the diversity of the names of persons, but also their uniqueness. KEY WORDS: history of terminology, legal terms, dictionary of terms, manuscript, personal names. ABSTRACT When Lithuania declared independence in 1918, there was an immediate need for Lithuanian legal terminology. Soon, work began on the first legal dictionary – in 1920, the manuscript Russian-Lithuanian dictionary, titled The Project of the Dictionary of Law Terms and other Words Necessary in Court, was prepared. This is an interesting source that provides insight into the challenges of legal terminology management at the beginning of independence. This article examines terms and other words denoting persons included in this dictionary. The aim is to find out which terms for persons were considered relevant to legal language at the time and to discuss them systematically – to show which categories of persons are named in the dictionary. The study reveals not only the diversity of terms for persons, but also their uniqueness. KEYWORDS: history of terminology, legal terms, dictionary of terms, manuscript, terms denoting persons. 2 INTRODUCTION Translation dictionaries are usually prepared for practical purposes – to be used as a helpful tool in the preparation of texts in a particular field, etc. The relevance of such dictionaries is not unlimited, over time some terms change, new terms appear in practice, therefore there is a need to update dictionaries. From a historical perspective, the dictionary of terms “conserves” the terminology of a certain period, so in the long run the material of the dictionary becomes a possible historical source for research. Of course, one more decade is usually too short for terminology to change significantly (although in new fields and during such a period there can be many terminological changes), but within a century the terminology of any field travels a significant path of development and various upheavals occur quite a lot. Taking into account that Lithuanian printed terminology appeared only at the beginning of the 20th century, we can basically only talk about the overall work of terminology for just over a hundred years, and the history of terminology in many fields is even shorter. The law could have been one of the first fields to have a dictionary of terms published, but it did not. Perhaps because it is a huge job to prepare and publish a good glossary of terms in the field. Taking into account that the need for official Lithuanian legal terminology arose only after the declaration of independence in 1918, the creation of a dictionary in the first field seems to be a difficult task. Nevertheless, the task has been pursued and a great deal has been achieved in a short period of time. As is known, already in 1919 the Ministry of Justice began to prepare “a dictionary of legal terms and words most needed by judges, investigators, notaries, etc.” (DJTŽ: 2), and by the autumn of 1920 a 120-page draft of a glossary of legal terms and other words needed by the courts had been prepared in manuscript form (see further: Umbrasas 2010: 15–19; 2011: 109–110). It is not known that contemporary authors described the process of preparing and considering this dictionary (which, by its size, can be called a dictionary rather than a dictionary), nor is it known why the work was not completed. The draft remained just a draft, but the fact that more than one copy of the draft from those days has survived shows that it was available to a certain group of people who might have used it, made suggestions about it and so on. The dictionary was prepared at a time when there was not much terminography practice and experience in such work, so, in today’s eyes, its structure has 1 shortcomings (see Umbrasas 2011 for more information), but the dictionary is most valuable in its content, because it can show the situation of legal terminology a century ago, reveal the ideas of the creation of legal terminology at the time. The dictionary and related drafts can be found in the Konstantinas Jablonskis Fund of the Manuscripts Department of the Vrublevskių Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (it is likely that he was the editor or one of the editors of this dictionary), as well as several copies, probably belonging to Antanas Kriščiukaitis, are in the possession of his grandson, doc. dr. In the Vytautas Vaidelis family archive (I am grateful to his wife Dr. Adelė Vaidelytė and daughter Jūrate Vaidelytė for the opportunity to get 1 acquainted with the material), a copy previously belonging to Kazis Šalkauskas is in the possession of Prof. dr. Vytautas Andriulis Library (I am grateful to his daughter Dr. Algė Andriulytė for the opportunity to use the dictionary). This article is based on a copy by V. Andriulis. 3 be in force after independence. As early as 1919, the Provisional Law on Lithuanian Courts and their Organization established that court proceedings must be conducted in Lithuanian, that minutes must be written in Lithuanian and that decisions must be published in Lithuanian. Of course, this was not easy, because the lawyers had not received their legal education in Lithuanian, and not all of them could speak and write Lithuanian, so the lawyers sometimes demanded that the court hearing be conducted in Russian (the Supreme Court prohibited this in 1920). Thus, lawyers sometimes first prepared texts in Russian, and then they were translated into Lithuanian (see Deviatnikovaitė 2021: 158, 170 and the sources cited there). In this context, the need for a draft glossary of legal terms and other words necessary for courts and the urgency of its preparation is fully understandable. The structure of the dictionary, the expression of its two-word terms has already been studied (Umbrasas 2012), but this interesting source is undoubtedly worth more research in various aspects. For a long time, terms that designate individuals have been generally left aside in the research of terminologists. Kazimieras Gaivenis (2002: 31) proposed to examine the names of specialists separately from the terminology of the fields in which they operate. Thus, the lawyer as it were should not be classified into the terms of law. Nevertheless, in legal language, this word is necessary. This is confirmed by the fact that it was included in the draft glossary of legal 2 terms and other words needed by the courts as the equivalent of законовѣдъ (26) and юристъ (120). Research on the history of terminology shows that at least in the past, in the field of law, terms that were used to name persons were used extensively (Umbrasas 2005), and analogous studies of current legal terminology are basically not available. Thus, personal names are worthy of research from a terminological point of view and recently this has been done, for example, medical personal names are examined (Zemlevičiūtė 2020), personal names provided in computer dictionaries (Umbrasas 2018) or used in administrative language (Pečkuvienė 2014). More often, however, personal names are discussed in non-terminological studies, for example, when examining dialectal lexicon (see: Gritėnienė 2016; 2018 and the literature cited in both publications), delving into the issues of word formation and semantics (Džežulskienė 2001; Gaudinskaitė 2021). The subject of this article is the names of persons included in the draft glossary of legal terms and other words needed by courts. The aim is to determine which names of persons were classified as necessary for the courts at the beginning of the declared independence and therefore included in the dictionary, to clarify which groups of persons were intended to be named, to discuss those names in thematic terms and to show their specificity. A descriptive analytical method shall be used. The material is collected by reading the dictionary. The dictionary is translated, there are no definitions, but most Lithuanian personal names are easily recognizable by the semantics of the words, the forms of creation characteristic of personal names. In the analysis of the material and in order to identify the names of the persons, the semantics of Russian words and their combinations were also used, which, if necessary, is checked in various Russian dictionaries found by the search engine Google or in other sources. 2 Here and below, the examples are given by reference to the dictionary manuscript page. 4 Nagrinėjant 1918–1940 m. kodeksų terminiją suskaičiuota, kad asmenų pavadinimai juose sudaro vos ne septintadalį visų teisės terminų (Umbrasas 2005: 107). Of course, when collecting material from texts manually, the subjectivity of assigning or not assigning certain units to legal terms is unavoidable, but the abundance of personal names is obvious. Reading the draft of the Dictionary of Legal Terms and Other Words Required for Courts, it became clear that such names are also abundant in it – there are over 400 term articles containing Russian words or word combinations naming persons. This represents about one-tenth of all the dictionary articles (about 4,200 in total). Since Russian units in the dictionary often have more than one Lithuanian equivalent, 3 there are nearly 600 Lithuanian person names in total (including those that coincide in different articles). The ratio correlates – it also comprises about one tenth of all Lithuanian words and their combinations in the dictionary (there are nearly 5,900 of them in total). It is true that some Russian words can be used both as adjectives and as nouns, so it is not always clear whether a sign or a name of a person is intended, e.g.: безвѣстно-отсутствующий – disappeared (3), неграмотный – illiterate, unable to write (49), присяжный – sworn (84), уполномоченный – authorized (113). In this case, nudist, illiterate, sworn, authorized can already be treated as names of persons, and the corresponding words next to them – not. Let’s also compare the articles пострадавшiй – nuskaustas, nukentėjęs, nuskaustėjėlis (76), потерпѣвшiй – nuskaustėjas, nukentėjėlis, nuskaustėjas (77), in which only nuskaustėjėlis clearly identifies a person and therefore is investigated, while other adjacent Lithuanian equivalents are not included in the investigation (at the same time the example shows that there are duplications). Even for nouns, the dictionary sometimes chooses the equivalent of the meaning of the attribute (alone or next to the noun), e.g.: недоимщикъ – not paying taxes (49), старожилъ – an old local resident; living from old (105). The vocabulary is grammatically diverse – there are nouns, adjectives, verbs and other parts of speech, various combinations. Grammatically different equivalents are sometimes listed in one row without a clear lexicographic difference. Lithuanian nouns were the main focus of the study, and participants tried to avoid Lithuanian adjectives that describe persons, unless possible nounification was identified (usually the sign of this is the noun form (e.g.: kaltas (9) rejected, and kaltasis (9) included) or some formants, such as be-, -tinis, which tend to become nouns, e.g.: maprotis (4), kviestinis (75)). However, considering one of the other vocabulary units as the name of persons can only be the interpretation of the researcher for possible nounification. It should be added that the elements that are repeated in the dictionary are sometimes added (e.g., единоличный судья – single judge, one judge, single judge, single judge (23)), sometimes omitted (e.g., акцизный надзиратель – superintendent, supervisor of the stock exchange (45)). In the second case, there are two equivalents here: the trustee of the shareholders' association and the shareholders' association supervisor. For an example of a dictionary page that contains people's names, see. Figure 1. 3 The article is understood here as referred to in Umbrasas 2011: 111. 5 Painting. Example of draft text of the glossary of legal terms and other words needed by the courts with names of persons (part of page 76) Law is a system of principles and norms that establishes and guarantees the general social normative order (VLEe). The law can be applied to all areas, as long as they fall within the scope of the law, and therefore it is natural that the legal language requires different terms. Some of them are more legal, some are more objective, coming from those areas that are regulated. The person can be seen in law both as an acting entity and as an object of regulation. When it comes to social relations, individuals need to be described, named, assigned to certain categories – it is impossible to avoid the names of individuals. The draft glossary of legal terms and other words necessary for courts includes both more general names of persons that may be relevant not only in the context of law, as well as specific terms that were probably created precisely for the purposes of law. The title of the dictionary emphasizes the needs of the court, so the terms were first of all, apparently, needed in examining, describing both civil and criminal cases or solving other legal questions, registering legal facts, etc. The following article discusses the names of persons collected from the dictionary and shows examples by thematic groups. 6 GENERAL NAME OF PERSONS The practical purpose of the dictionary at issue can justify the inclusion of generic personal names in it. These names are not purely legal, they can also be used for non-special purposes to name persons, for example: by age – infant (младенецъ, 43), girl (дѣвица, 22), minor (несовершеннолѣтнiй, 51), teenager (подростокъ, 72), old woman (бабка, 2); by place of residence – in this regard it may be important to distinguish the duration of residence in a certain place, e.g.: обыватель (56), старожилъ (105), коренной житель (38), or the nature of the (non-)change of place of residence, thereby partly expressing the opposition of ownness-alienity: эмигрантъ (119), ссыльно-поселенецъ (105), гостячий, чужестранец (иностранецъ, 33), местный житель (44; туземецъ, 109), местный человек according to involvement in common activity – showing a general connection with other persons, society or the like, e.g.: единомышленник (23), участник (участникъ, 115), друг, сообщник (108), участник толпы (115), членъ (118), предшественник (80), (туземецъ, 109); человек долга (21), сторонник (послѣдователь, 76), истинный членъ (51), работник общества (23), общественникъ (55); according to the state of health – a deaf dumb person (глухонѣмой, 17) is mentioned, the word изувѣръ (32) is translated in the dictionary as a degenerate, a degenerate, a whole and here, a possible object, a person with pronounced signs of physical and (or) mental degeneration is meant (cf. next to изувѣрить – to maim), although this Russian word could also be used for a particularly cruel person. Many names of persons with intellectual disabilities are given – слабоумный (98) translated as слабоумный, безумный (4) – insane, insane, mad, the word insane is also given as the equivalent of сумашедший (107), умалишенный (112). In Russia, the first laws establishing the status of mentally ill persons and their responsibility appeared quite early, as early as 1722, the Russian Tsar Peter I forbade "fools to marry", and after the declaration of independence, Russian law was adopted. The draft Russian criminal statute, which was adopted 4 in Lithuania, determined when “mentally ill and insane persons” are convicted or not (Radavičius 2004: 24, 28). In the legal sources of the time, one can also find explanations for the difference in terms: "madmen are those who have not had their sanity from a young age", "madmen are those who, having lost their minds due to an accident and having become sick, sometimes reach insanity" (Šalkauskis 1933: 68). Terms referring to intellectual disorders have historically changed several times (see Gedzevičienė 2021), and recently they have been evaluated with particular sensitivity, avoiding connotative names, and emphasizing the disorder rather than the name of the person. 4 The dictionary also contains the adjective luos (увѣчный, 111). 7 Both in law and in other respects, the names of persons by status are important. The dictionary includes names according to class status, e.g.: baron (дворяникъ, 19), baron nobleman (помѣстный дворянинъ, 74), obročnik (оброчникъ, 55; чиншевикъ, 118), nobleman (помѣщикъ, 74), nobleman (разночинецъ, 90), shy (дворяникъ, 19), peasant (крестьянинъ, 39). 119) as a symbol of the wealthy, the rich, and the poor. Economic status is also important, e.g.: discharged (состоящiй на льготѣ, 42), retired, pensioner (пенсiонеръ, 65), insolvent debtor (несостоятельный должникъ, 51), unemployed, bankrupt (банкротъ, 3), unemployed merchant (несостоятельный торговецъ, 52), unemployed debtor (несостоятельный должникъ, 51), tired, poor (бѣдный, 7), vagabond (бродяга, 6). As can be seen, these titles often express a negative aspect, but there are also examples of status according to positive attributes, e.g.: honourable citizen, honourable citizen (почетный гражданинъ, 77), patron (патронъ, 65), benefactor (благотворитель, 5). The status according to the relationship with religion, state is indicated by the names dissident (раскольникъ, 91; сектантъ, 97), citizen (гражданинъ, 17), self-ruler (самодержецъ, 95), subject (подданный, 70). A missing or dead person is called, respectively, безвѣстно-отсутствующий (3), пропавшiй безъ вѣсти (87), мертвое тѣло (43), умершiй (113). Names of persons according to kinship and family relationships are important in determining maintenance obligations, marital ties and inheritance rights. In the dictionary, these names form a significant group. There are categorical names of persons: ascending relative (восходящий родственник, 12), lateral relative (боковой родственник, 6), descending relatives (нисходящие родственники, 52) and a number of names indicating specific kinship relationships, e.g.: grandmother (свекровь, 96), brother, cousin (двоюродный братъ, 19), uncle. 5 (дядя, 23), dever (деверь, 19), niece (невестка, 68), niece (невѣстка, 48; сноха, 100), sister (сестра), cousin (двоюродная сестра, 19), nephew (племянник, 68), sister-in-law (своячина, 96), brother-in-law (свойственникъ, 96), brother-in-law (свояк, 96; шуринъ, 119), sister-in-law (теща, 108), father-in-law (тесть, 108). Relationships between spouses are not considered to be kinship, but semantically are connected to kinship. There are several names related to marriage, such as: young (брачущiеся, 6), bride, fiancée, young woman (невѣста, 48), married (супруги, 107), fiancée, young man (женихъ, 24), husband and wife (супруги, 107). The following names of persons are included in the dictionary: pet (прiемышъ, 85), stepdaughter (прiемная дочь, 85), stepmother (прiемная мать, 85), adoptive father (усыновитель, 115), adopted son (прiемный сынъ, 85), adopted father (прiемный отецъ, 85; усыновитель, 115), stepmother (мачиха, 42), stepfather (вотчимъ, 12), stepdaughter (подчерица, 64), stepson (пасынокъ, 65). Lawful then considered children born in marriage, there are names of parents and 5 Near swekorъ (96) left without corresponding. 8 especially in the aspect of the legitimacy of children („legitimated children are considered legitimate from the day of their parents’ marriage“ (Šalkauskis 1933: 43)), e.g.: propped child, fake child (подложное дитя, 71), crown child (внѣбрачный ребенокъ, 10; дитя, рожденное внѣ брака, 6), adopted child (подкинутый ребенокъ, 70), found child (найденышъ, 46), found child (внѣбрачный ребенокъ, 10; дитя, рожденное внѣ брака, 6), legal father (законный отецъ, 26), legal children (законныя дѣти, 26), legal child, legal child (законнорожденный, 26). In the dictionary pavainikis is presented only as an adjective, but in the law of that time the noun term was used: "pavainikiai įteisinami tėvų santuoka" (Šalkauskis 1933: 43). The dictionary also contains the term adopted child (незаконный ребенокъ, 49), but it is probably a rikt. After the death of a family member, the following names become relevant: orphan, orphan (сирота, 97), widow (вдова, 7), widower (вдовецъ, 7), descendant, heir (потомокъ, 77), and surviving spouse (66) is not translated. In addition, there are names of persons in guardianship and care relationships, e.g.: опекунъ, 58; попечитель, 75; попечитель, 75; попечитель, 75; опекунъ-блюститель, 5; опекуемый, 58; опекунъ, 58; попечитель, 75; опекунъ, 58. There are names derived from kinship and family relationships, which also refer to persons in other different aspects, e.g.: выдѣленная сестра, 14), родоначальникъ, 93), домочадецъ, 6 21), предокъ, 79), домочадецъ, 21). The word childless (бездѣтный, 3; безпотомственный, 4) can also be mentioned here, although it could have been used as an adjective. For the purposes of regulation and classification, classifications of occupations (see LPK 2023) are currently drawn up at the international and national levels, and sometimes dictionaries of occupational names are published (e.g. Andriuškevičienė et al. 2005; 2006). After the declaration of independence in 1918, when Lithuanian language began to be used for official purposes of the state, there was a need to officially name certain positions, specialties, etc. The need to agree on such terms may have been the reason why the draft Dictionary of Legal Terms and Other Words Required by Courts has a lot of names of persons according to specialization. Various areas are covered, including those that do not have a direct connection with law. There are many names of individuals who performed crafts, technical work, etc. There is one other more general title, e.g.: craftsman, craftsman (мастеровой, 42), workshop master (цеховой мастеръ, 117), day laborer (поденщикъ, 70), co-worker (артельщикъ, 2), half-master (подмастерье, 71), and quite a number of titles oriented towards specific physical work-based activities, e.g.: craftsman (гуртовщикъ, 18), carpenter (зодчiй, 31; плотникъ, 68), fireman (пожарный, 72), blacksmith (кузнецъ, 40), ovens (печникъ, 67), courier, messenger (курьеръ, 40), shoemaker (скорпион, 40). 6 A spelling error, should be caregiver. 9 (сапожникъ, 95), mailman (почтальонъ, 77), shipmaster (корабельщикъ, 38), field worker (сельскiй рабочiй, 97), hunter (охотникъ, 63), forest keeper (лѣсникъ, 42), conductor (проводникъ, 86), attendant, receptionist (повивальная бабка, 68), potter (гончаръ, 17), locksmith (слесарь, 98), graver (граверъ, 17; рѣзчикъ (печатей), 94), scope (скопецъ, 98), guard (сторожъ, 105), waterman (водоходецъ, 10), seamstress (портной, 75), nurse 7 (сидѣлка (при больномъ), 97), stalius (столяръ, 105), statytojas (зодчiй, 31), stikliai (стекольщикъ, 105), šaltkalvis (слесарь, 98), tokininkas (токарь, 109), uosto darbininkas (портовый рабочий, 75), vežėjas, vežikas (возчикъ, 11), žindytoja, žindyvė (кормилица, 39). An analogous group is the names of persons who perform intellectual work, i.e. persons whose activity is primarily based on intellectual work, decision-making, although they may also include aspects of physical work, e.g.: archivist (архивариусъ, 2), painter (художникъ, 117), practitioner (практикующiй врачъ, 78), forester (лѣсничiй, 42), checker (браковщикъ, 6), valuation officer (оцѣнщикъ, 64), skipper (лоцманъ, 42), bidder 8 (аукционистъ, 2), hospital superintendent (смотритель больницы, 99), broker (маклеръ, 42), land register (землемѣръ, 30), forester (лѣсничiй, 42), house superintendent (смотритель зданiя, 99), income and expenditure supervisor (приход-расходчикъ, 85), market superintendent (базарный староста, 105), writer (сочинитель, 103), Romanian 9 superintendent (смотритель зданiя, 99), accountant (счетоводъ, 107), calculator, reader (счетчикъ, 107), recorder (счетчикъ, 107), farmmaster (управляющiй (имѣнiемъ), 113), pharmacist (фармацевтъ, 116), pharmacist's assistant (аптекарскiй помощникъ, 2), translator (переводчикъ, 65). By the way, it is interesting that journalistъ (24) is translated in the dictionary as reporter, diary writer. The latter word is not only in this sense, but is not fixed in the LKŽ in general. There are also more general names of intellectual workers, not oriented to a specific object or action, such as: заместитель (27; товарищъ, 108), представитель (замѣститель, 27), рабочий (прикащикъ, 83), производитель работъ (производитель работъ, 86), подчиненный (прикащикъ, 83), конторщикъ (конторщикъ, 38), помощник (товарищъ, 108), советник (совѣтникъ, 101), подчиненный (прикащикъ, 83), помощник председателя, товарищъ предсѣдателя (товарищъ предсѣдателя, 108), надзиратель (надзиратель, 45; надсмотрщикъ, 45), надзиратель, попечитель (завѣдывающiй, 24), секретарь (секретарь, 97), советник (совѣтникъ, 101), служащий (служитель, 99), служащий (служащiй, 99), заместитель. 10 (substitute, 27). The names of entrepreneurs, business organisers can also be attributed to the names of intellectual workers, e.g.: mining industrialist (горнопромышленник, 17), warehouseman (лавочникъ, 40), shipowner (судопромышленник, 107), changer (мѣняло, 44), forest salesman (лѣсопромышленникъ, 42), postman (почто11 7 A spelling error, should be a tailor. 8 LKŽ is only a bidder. 9 There should be a palace. 10 The servant here seems to be equivalent to a servant, cf. clerk (канцелярскiй служитель, 35). 11 Judging by the Russian equivalent, this refers to a person engaged in money exchange. There is no such word recorded in the LKŽ, but there is exchanger, mainikautojas, maiiva, mainelninkas and so on. 16 In addition to the names of the subjects of legal relations, we should also mention the names of 80). the subjects of inheritance relations fixed in the glossary under consideration, e.g.: heir of inventory property (инвентарный наслѣдникъ, 33), heir (наслѣдникъ, 48), legal heir, legal heir (законный наслѣдникъ, 26), legatee (легатарiй, 41), testator (наслѣдодатель, 48), testator, testamentary donor (завѣщатель, 25), executor of a will made by the deceased, testamentary 22 legatary (душеприкащикъ, 22). In summary, the dictionary contains about 20 Russian names of persons not translated into Lithuanian (a number of them are mentioned in the article in the respective thematic groups). It is apparent that the translation difficulties were caused, among other things, by specific historical names, for example, the untranslated boбыль (5) – the name given to impoverished peasants living and working with the feudal lord, exempted from in-kind duties to the state (Dinaev 2016: 82), as well as the untranslated вотчинникъ (12) – the name given in Russian to the rulers of feudal land (the tėvonija). Later translations of the civil laws of the Russian Empire were written tėvonis (Umbrasas 2005: 122). It should be borne in mind that the first dictionary of legal terms was prepared at a time when neither the adopted Civil Code (at that time called simply Civil Laws) nor the Codes of Civil and Criminal Procedure had yet been translated into the Lithuanian language, and only the Criminal Code (at that time called both the Criminal Statute and the Criminal Laws) was rushed, since the first unofficial translation of it appeared already in 1919, i.e. even before the preparation of the manuscript dictionary in question (Umbrasas 2010: 32–40). It can be added that the Terminology Commission at the Ministry of Education was established and only a few dozen legal terms were considered in 1921. Thus, the first draft of the dictionary of legal terms was indeed prepared in the absence of the necessary Lithuanian sources, and its purpose, apparently, was primarily The selection of Russian empire, i.e. Russian, legal terms, already used for a long time in the inherited law, not necessarily oriented only to the realities of 1919–1920 (for example, the Russian empire term предводитель дворянства (79) should no longer be relevant, translated baron’s leader, baron). In general, the aim of the article was not to analyze the terms or terminological units in detail and to form a strict system of them, especially since the dictionary is not explanatory, but the comparison of Lithuanian and Russian terms basically allowed to understand the essential categories of personal names that were concerned at the time of the research. CONCLUSIONS The manuscript draft of the Dictionary of Legal Terms and Other Words Required for Courts, prepared by the Ministry of Justice in 1919–1920, was the first attempt at legal terminology in the history of Lithuania, the results of which were never made public. The dictionary was prepared at the very beginning of independence, when the official Lithuanian language of law was still 22 Private Legate (118) neišversta. 17 and the principles of Lithuanian terminology were still being formed. Historical and political circumstances led to the fact that the main sources of law at that time were Russian, which created the need for a translatable Russian-Lithuanian dictionary of legal terms. The lack of Lithuanian legal terms was probably first felt not by the legislature, which appeared gradually, but by workers in the fields of law application. Since the work of the courts had to be conducted in Lithuanian since 1919, there were undoubtedly a number of linguistic challenges. This was probably the reason why the Ministry of Justice urgently began to prepare the necessary vocabulary for the courts, which was needed both for pre-trial actions and for the implementation of court decisions. The prepared dictionary project is interesting not only as a source for understanding the development of the legal language, but also as a reflection of the realities and actualities of the law of that time. No documents have been found that would make it clear how the material needed for this dictionary was selected, but the text of the dictionary shows that an effort was made to cover various aspects. The name of the person is given a fairly large attention – they make up a tenth of the vocabulary. The name suggests that it is not only a dictionary of legal terms, but also of other words needed by the courts. Thus, those names of persons are not necessarily thermal and not necessarily directly attributable to the field of law, but drawing a boundary between terms and non-terms would be tricky. At the time, it was considered that this vocabulary was relevant to the work of the courts in one way or another, i.e., it was classified as the language of law. The study showed that the names of persons involved in the legal language at the beginning of independence are characterized by a fairly large thematic diversity. In addition to legal terms, words are provided that, in today’s eyes, do not seem to be very termal in general, they can simply be part of the general lexicon, even connoted, as well as terms that are not purely legal terms. See generic names of people by age, place of residence, health status, etc. Many names of persons according to kinship and family relations and at least some of them are simply words of general lexicon, whose relevance in the context of law is already a secondary matter, even terminology may not exist. Unexpectedly, the dictionary is full of names of persons according to specialization, including many names of performers of both physical and intellectual work. Many of them seem to have little connection with the law, but the need for such names may have been caused by the actuality of the courts’ work. What is different are the names of state institutions, institutional employees, law enforcement, military officers, etc. – such names are usually officially standardized, and in the absence of this, drawing into the dictionary could at least show inventory efforts. Conditionally perhaps the most likely legal terminology required by courts can be considered the names of the participants in the legal process and the subjects of legal relations. The dictionary was concerned to identify actors with legal personality, focusing mainly on subjects of property and obligations law, as well as, as the judicial purpose of the dictionary shows, to identify what is directly relevant to courts – to include the names of the parties to the case, accused, accusing, victims, officials conducting pre-trial investigation and representing the state in court, judges, court enforcement officers, lawyers, experts, witnesses and other persons related to the process, as well as a number of words used to identify criminals, offenders and other violators of legal norms. 18 The legal situation at that time, the adoption of the legislation of the Russian Empire, led to the dictionary being prepared in order to translate Russian terms or other lexical units into Lithuanian. The selection of Russian terms was probably made on the basis of pre-independence case law and sources used by the courts, including relatively old sources of the Russian Empire. Thus, in essence, this dictionary was a search for Lithuanian equivalents of terms or other words that functioned in the Russian legal language in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which at the time of the preparation of the dictionary could identify even not necessarily relevant concepts for Lithuania that had declared independence, but had a connection with the inherited law. For example, it was the inherited right that led to the drawing of the names of religious persons into the prepared dictionary. Although the names of persons included in the draft Dictionary of Legal Terms and Other Words Necessary for Courts cannot be considered a comprehensive collection, it can still be stated, taking into account the quantity alone, that the dictionary presented the core of the names of persons relevant to legal practice and even history at the time, and the translational nature of the dictionary, the effort to select possible Lithuanian equivalents also led to the fact that the number of Lithuanian names of persons far exceeds the number of Russian units. LITERATŪRA Andriuškevičienė Danguolė, Tamulevičius Algirdas, Valiukėnas Vytautas 2005: Inžinieriai, technikai ir technologai: trikalbis aiškinamasis žodynėlis [Engineers, Technicians, and Technologists: Trilingual Vocabulary], Vilnius: Lietuvos darbo rinkos mokymo tarnyba. 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