Verstinių Europos Sąjungos teisės aktų ir kitų dokumentų pavadinimų tipai

170 Languages and Culture | 81 LINA MURINIENĖ Vilnius Pedagogical University translations of European Union law acts and other documents types of titles European Union legislation and other documents began to be translated into Lithuanian since 1998, when Lithuania began to prepare for negotiations on membership in the European Union. translations have increased especially since 2004, when Lithuania became a member of this union. The European Union institutions in Brussels and Luxembourg translate a large number of documents into the official languages of the European Union on a daily basis, mostly from English, less often from French and even less often from other languages. it is obvious that the language of the European Union (hereinafter – ES) documents influences the administrative style1. It can be said that the Lithuanians’ accession to the European Union marked the beginning of a “new stage in the development of the Lithuanian administrative language” (vladarskienė 2006: 47; see also min. aut. 2005a: 111–112). although it is still too early to talk about longer traditions of translating ES documents, but certain tendencies to use one or another construction are already visible. This article is one of the first attempts to examine the main grammatical structures of translational es document names and compare them with Lithuanian document names. in Lithuania, the preparation and formalization of documents, as well as their language requirements, are regulated by several legal acts. The most important are the following: the Act on the Procedure for the Preparation of Laws and Other Legislative Acts of the Republic of Lithuania (Journal of Laws, 1995, No. 41-991), Recommendations for the Preparation of Laws and Other Legislative Acts (Journal of Laws, 2002, No. 50-1923), Rules for the Management and Accounting of Documents (Journal of Laws, 2002, No. 5-211; 2005, No. 132-4773), Rules for the Preparation of Documents (Journal of Laws, 2006, No. 60-2169)2. 1 The influence of the language of the European Union documents is also felt in other European languages (for the situation of Swedish and other Nordic languages, see Lindgren 2001: 110–111). 2 For more details, see the State Lithuanian Language Commission’s Language Consultation Bank entry “Correspondence Rules, Preparation of Documents” http://www.vlkk.lt/lit/4380 (see also 2005: 79). vladarskienė l. murinienė. 171 Translation of European Union legislation and other documents into national languages (and therefore into Lithuanian) is partly regulated by the Joint Practical Guide on the Drafting of Community Legislation, as well as the Interinstitutional Style Guide and other documents. translation manuals or guidelines of the Council of Europe, the European Commission and other institutions adapted to the specific needs of the institutions themselves. all of them must be in line with the drafting guides mentioned above. There is still no document regulating the correctness of translations – a common guide for translation into Lithuanian for all European Union institutions (so-called Interinstitutional Lithuanian Style Guide). The use of Lithuanian document names is described in detail by Kniūkšta (2005: 142–165). newer tendencies of their making briefly discussed by rasuolė vladarskienė. According to the structure, she distinguishes three main types of document names: 1) compounds with a genitive, 2) constructions with prepositions, 3) constructions with a conjunctive (vladarskienė 2005: 80). the structure of titles of translated es documents is much more diverse. In addition to the three types of constructs that are typical of Lithuanian, there are several more: constructs with a participle, descriptive names, constructs with a subordinate clause and constructs with an active participant. the type of title is usually determined by a provision in the Interinstitutional Writing Guide: translations from all languages of the European Union must be comparable. great attention is paid to layout matters. the number of lines, font, size, etc. of the title of the original and the translation, which appears on the title page of the document, are required to correspond to the English, French, Lithuanian and Latvian title of the European Parliament and Council Directive3, which is particularly close to us in terms of language: Directive 2008/68/ec of the european parliament anD of the council of 24 September 2008 on the inland transport of dangerous goods Directive 2008/68/EC Du parlement européen et Du conSeil du 24 septembre 2008 relative au transport intérieur des marchandises dangereuses 3 examples are taken from the online database of European Union legislation eur-lex: http:// eur-lex.europa.eu/en/index.htm on the inland transport of dangerous goods EIRopAs pARLAMENtA UN pAdoMEs dIREctīvA 172 Languages Culture | 81 Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council 2008/68/eb of 24 September 2008 2008/68/EC of 24 September 2008 on the inland transport of dangerous goods, the first two lines (in capital letters) are reserved for the author, type and number of the document (in this case the Directive), the third line is in lowercase letters for the date4, and the fourth line is for the reference to the contents of the document. in the coherent text, the structure of the titles of the legislative acts is amended by placing the date at the beginning of the title. The title therefore becomes: Directive 2008/68/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 September 2008 concerning the inland transport of dangerous goods (it would be preferable to put the date after the authors: Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 September 2008 <...>). As already mentioned, the names of the first three types are also used in translated documents, only their frequency of use is different from those formed in Lithuania. There are few translations of the first type (combinations with a noun) and the third type (constructions with a conjunction) of the names of documents. the second type (constructions with prepositions) is one of the most commonly used. compounds with KilmininKu is a relatively rare type of translational es document name structure5. The most common name of this type with the noun report: report of the activity of the Supervisory Committee of olaF (December 2005 – May 2007); the statement of income and expenditure of the European Medicines Agency for the financial year 2008; 19th annual report on the implementation of the Structural Funds (2007). In the Lithuanian version 4, the place of the date is in no way compatible with the Lithuanian language syntax. Latvians save themselves by writing the date in parentheses. 5 in Lithuania this is one of the main ways of making titles of documents (vladarskienė l. murinienė. Types of titles of translations of European Union legislation and other documents 173 compounds with the genitive are more 2005: 80). frequently used in the short forms of titles of documents, cf. full title and short version in brackets: Directive 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of marine environment policy (Marine Strategy Framework Directive). short forms are convenient to use in other documents, when it is sufficient to indicate the abbreviated title of the document. In the translated titles of documents, the constructions with the prefix dėl are the most common. they are among the most appropriate to describe the content of the document6: Commission Decision of 2 October 2008 on the Community financial contribution for 2008 to a pilot project for health workers; Directive 2008/96/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on road infrastructure safety management. The construction with the prefix about is more commonly used with a noun report: Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the flax and hemp sectors; Report from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the implementation of Regulation (EC) No 1177/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 June 2003. the question of such a rate of consumption is problematic and deserves a separate article. The only thing that is true here is that so far the construction report on is not considered in greater detail. it is believed that this construction is undesirable in Lithuanian. In the office language tips it is briefly stated: neither with the noun report, nor with the verb settle the preposition about is appropriate7. from official6 Constructions with the prefix due are very common in the titles of documents created in Lithuania (vladarskienė 2005: 81; also cf. Šukys 1998: 385). 7 See http://lkz.mch.mii.lt/Kanceliarinis These constructions form the basis of the name, usually 174 Languages Culture | 81 of their normative sources are mentioned only in the European Union terminology dictionary eurovoc, which uses staff report8. Constructions with interaction In addition, the use of the word in the context of the name of a person is rarely used. communicative can be used in conjunction with the noun suffix (invitation to express interest), sometimes with the communicative construction (recommendation to authorize the commencement of negotiations). e.g. : Commission recommendation to the Council to authorise the Commission to open negotiations on a Stabilisation and Association Agreement with Serbia and Montenegro; Commission recommendation to the Council to authorise the Commission to open negotiations on the Community's participation in the international dialogue on tax matters; call for expressions of interest to become a member of the Advisory Panel of the Scientific Committees on Scientific Risk Assessment and to be included in the expert database; call for proposals under the program espon 2013. extended by other word combinations. The structure of the titles of translated ES legislation and other documents, as already mentioned, is more diverse. in addition to the names typical of the Lithuanian administrative language, several other types of names are used. Names with constructs with divisor are very rare: Council recommendation to Poland to correct the situation of excessive public deficit; Commission Recommendation to the Council to authorise the Commission to negotiate an agreement with the United States of America renewing the cooperation programme in the fields of higher education and vocational training. This type of name should not be distributed, the participle construction here can be changed by a prefix because of the construction: recommendation <...> for correcting the <...> position (cf. Council Recommendation to Poland with a view to bringing8 See http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/ev/ev.disph?l1=1&l2=2&l3=3&l4=4&a_term=117781 l. murinienė. 175 ing an end to the situation of an excessive government deficit). It can also be formulated in the common sense: recommendation <...> to authorise the Commission to negotiate <...> (cf. English. Recommendation from the Commission to the Council to au thorise the Commission to negotiate with the United States of America an agree ment renewing the co-operation programme in the field of higher education and vocational training). International agreements, where it is not very possible to avoid a participant, are another thing. e.g. : Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Community and the Republic of Belarus. aDescriptive titles aDescriptive titles are usually used for more publicly accessible documents. in the text, the descriptive part is usually written in quotation marks. e.g. : Green Paper on migration and mobility. es challenges and opportunities for education systems’; White Paper on Together for Health: A Strategic Approach 2008-2013 Commission Communication "Energy efficiency: towards the 20 % target". the title on the cover page of the document is not written in quotation marks. The titles of communications, white papers, green papers are sometimes composed, and it is not always easy to determine which part of the document title is considered descriptive, so spelling (and at the same time reading) problems arise when turning the titles into coherent text. plg.: communication from the commiSSion to the european parliament, the council, the european economic and social committee and the committee of reGionS policy plan on aSylum an inteGrateD approach to protection acroSS the eu komiSiJoS komunikataS europoS parlamentos, tarybos, Europos ekonominių ir socialinių reikalų komiteto ir Regionų komiteto pRIEGLoBsČIo poLitIkos PLANAs koMpLECINIS poŽiŪRIS Į APSAUGĄ EUROPOS SĄJUNGOJE Unfortunately, due to the layout requirements already mentioned here, the part of the title usually formulated in the Lithuanian language in the original language cannot be moved to the beginning of the full title in translations of European Union legislation. Therefore, there are very few titles of translated documents that are formulated with noble compounds. 176 Languages and Culture | 81 Structures with a Sub-Certificate Sentence Here are some examples: Commission Regulation (EC) No 924/2008 of 19 September 2008 fixing the export rate for out-of-quota sugar and isoglucose applicable until the end of the 2008/2009 marketing year; Commission Directive 2008/82/EC of 30 July 2008 amending Directive 2008/38/EC as regards feed intended to support renal function in chronic renal failure. if these were the names of documents created in Lithuania, and not translations of legal acts, constructions with the secondary sentence of the certificate would compete with the compounds of the adjective and would be corrected: <...> normos <...> nustatymo reglamentas; Directive amending the provisions of Directive 92/100/EEC9. in the first case, it could also be a construction with the prefix about: regulation about a <...> rule <...> setting. The names of this structure are worth paying more attention to. e.g. Commission Regulation (EC) No 956/2008 of 29 September 2008 amending Annex iv to Regulation (EC) No 999/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down rules for the prevention, control and eradication of certain transmissible spongiform encephalopathies; Commission Directive 2008/84/EC of 27 August 2008 laying down specific purity criteria for food additives other than colours and sweeteners. 9 cf. the analogous structure of titles of legislative acts in Lithuania: <...> amendment (and addition) act (e.g. : Law on the Amendment of the Law on the Restoration of Rights of Persons Repressed for Resistance to Occupation Regimes (Journal of Laws, 2008, No. 137-5368); Act amending and supplementing Article 9 of the State Labour Inspection Act (Journal of Laws, 2008, No. 137-5386). l. murinienė. types of titles of translations of European Union legislation and other documents 177 in administrative style to establish the limits of the use of personification is very difficult. The article attempts to describe only in general terms the main reasons for the spread of personification in this style and to raise the possible consequences of this phenomenon for the Lithuanian language system. personification in administrative (and scientific) style is not uncommon, cf.: the chairman of the general meeting of members is elected from among the credit union members every time the meeting is convened, and until his election the chairman of the supervisory board presides, unless otherwise provided for in the credit union statutes (Journal of Laws, 2008, No. 76-3003); the powers of the Director of the National Courts Administration and the Deputy Directors are determined by the Regulations of the National Courts Administration (Journal of Laws, 2008, No 87-3472); the sublease agreement is not subject to the rules establishing the lessee’s priority right to extend the lease for a new term (Journal of Laws, 2000, No. 74-2262). personification tendency in official usage has become more and more evident in recent years. alongside the usual Lithuanian administrative style metonyms – the law allows, prohibits, prescribes; legal procedure, etc. – there are more and more such statements: a program supports the disabled, a measure provides financial assistance, italic font marks a term, an article talks about economic changes, etc. in general, properly used pure, especially special (administrative, scientific) style is becoming a rarity. about this has been repeatedly spoken by our style teachers. The main reasons for the increasing frequency of personification are probably two: firstly, the use of personification completely irrespective of the stylistic requirements, and secondly, the influence of English, most manifested through translations of legal and scientific texts. The scheme of the spread of personification in the translations of legal acts is simple: from the at first glance suitable for use compound regulation, which modifies another regulation (grammatically correct and more metonymy-oriented personification) gradually moves to metaphorized expression, characteristic of fiction, where the artistic representation is based on the transfer of meaning (for more, see Župerka 1983: 82; 1997: 64–65). The table below shows examples of translations of the titles of es legislation into Lithuanian (retained the original active form). English and Lithuanian names are abbreviated for convenience. 178 Languages Culture | 81 Use of the active participle es in the titles of law acts (cf. English and Lithuanian) English Lithuanian Decision establishing an inventory and a for <...> <...> common nomenclature of ingredients volume10 Decision authorising the placing on pulp <...> pulp the market of Baobab dried fruit <...> Decision granting a Community gua-to <...> Bendrirantee <...> its gua-Decision granting a Community guarantee <...> Decision implementing the Common position <...> <...> Directive simplifying procedures <...> Directive simplifying the rules of <...> Directive adapting <...> to technical Tarybos direktyva <...> progress Council Directive <...> žanga Regulation declaring certain categories of aid <...> these aids <...> Regulation apportioning <...> 5000 fitrumpo linų pluošto ir kanapių tonnes of short flax fibre and hemp pluošto bre <...> <...> Regulation correcting <...> Decision Regulation laying down certain tikras led rules <...> išsamias <...> detai-Reglamentas, nustatantis tam taisykles <...> Regulation establishing a prohibition <...> of fishing for herring <...> table11, as linguistically particularly flawed are also mentioned: fishing for Atlantic herring <...> other than the names listed in the 10 As mentioned above, all examples are taken from the online database of EU legislation eur-lex. Article 11 does not deal with the appropriateness or inappropriateness of the terms used.