Iš frazeologizmo žodžio neišmesi

52 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 82 VINCENTAS DROTVINAS Vilniaus pedagoginis universitetas Often it is necessary to hear or read figurative phrases with foreign words, which are avoided to be used separately. Such sayings (provers, proverbs, comparisons) are abundant in ancient writings, they are often included in phraseology dictionaries. So how should we use these phraseologisms without violating the requirements of language purity? This question concerns the expression (lexics) of phraseologisms, i.e., what words are elements of phraseologisms and how phraseologisms with foreign words are presented and treated in phraseography. Without entering into broader interpretations, we will say that the elements of phraseologisms are not any word of the Lithuanian language. Therefore, the vocabulary of phraseologisms is always narrower than the lexical capacity of the entire language. The words that go through phraseologisms can be described in several ways: in terms of frequency of use, origin and other aspects. There are two types of phraseology: 1) phraseology consisting of commonly used words belonging to the active lexicon. Such phraseologisms are lexically similar to free word combinations, in fact – they originated from free word combinations, only differing in figurative use, e.g. let go of the hands and let go of the hands “to be fooled”; 2) Phraseologisms, which include words of limited use, are used less often or not at all in free contexts, and are found only in phraseologisms. These are mostly archaisms and lexical dialects that have survived in conversation, i.e. have not become part of the lexicon of the common language. (Archaisms and lexical dialects in phraseologisms should be considered separately.) Of the commonly used words, the most common in phraseologisms are somatisms (Greek soma "body"). In terms of origin, these are words of inherited lexicon (Indo-European, Baltic and Slavic, Baltic), which also form the core of the active lexicon of the current language. The abundance and variety of phraseologisms with somatisms is characteristic of many languages. Jonina Lipskienė has collected, studied and lexicographically presented Lithuanian phraseologisms with somatisms (Lietuvių kalbos somatiniai posakiai (su galvos dalių pavadinimais), 1979). In the new V. DROTVINAS. From the word phraseology you will not throw away 53 of the author's work Figurative phrases of Lithuanian language (2008) presents phraseologies and other figurative expressions with all the names of body parts. thematic groups). This is proof of the interaction of Lithuanian with Patys somatizmai kaip leksikos teminė grupė nepasižymi grynumu, tarp jų pasitaiko nemaža ir skolintos leksikos (beje, tai pasakytina ir apie kitas other languages. In addition to the old borrowings (Germanisms and Slavisms) that have become established in common language usage, there are also newer borrowings that are now regarded as foreign words. Common language usage is completely without them, because they have good Lithuanian equivalents, for example, foreign words are not added to the synonyms dictionaries. However, they have not disappeared in the living language, and in proverbs, proverbs and phraseologisms they are almost immovable due to their specificity (first of all, the stability of the structure, the rigidity). The “case” of phraseologisms with foreign words arose when the first Lithuanian Phraseological Dictionary (1977) appeared. The author of the dictionary, Jonas Paulauskas, stated in the introduction that "phraseological compounds contain words of non-Lithuanian origin, foreign words, [...], e.g., on tuščia dūšia, iš vienos bačkos eiti". At the same time, he noted that "replacing foreignness with a word of common language, the phraseological combination would not remain. Therefore, in common language such phraseological combinations with foreign words [...] are tolerated” (Introduction to the LFZ, 9). The opinion of the reviewers about the inclusion of such phraseologisms in dictionaries was very cautious, if not critical. For example, the lexicographer Vytautas Vitkauskas does not consider phraseologisms with foreign words to be a property of common language. He emphasizes that “the same criteria of correctness should be applied to the phraseologisms of common language as to the entire lexicon, therefore phraseologisms made with borrowed words barakatas, čiupryna, dralas, dūšia, murinas, melnyčia, strainuška, patieka, tarba, pasamonas, etc. must be assessed as being outside the bounds of common language and can be used only for stylistic reasons” (Vitkauskas 1978: 56). The reviewer emphasized a similar idea on another occasion, saying that “phraseologisms are the area where foreign words are particularly active and want to take hold, expelling Lithuanian compounds” (Vitkauskas 1977: 37). Another reviewer of the dictionary, the lexicographer Klementina Vosylytė, writes even more strictly. In her opinion, phraseologisms that include borrowed words (cacka pacacka, iš čiuro eiti, pilni delmonai, etc.) should not be included in the dictionary at all (Vosylytė 1978: 177). How have these comments been addressed in practice? There is no distinction between the different types of phraseology. In the collection of comparative phraseologisms Lithuanian Comparative Dictionary (1985) we find the following 54 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 82 murzinas as a shoulder; cold trout like an iceberg; so lies, as zalatyte zalatija and others. With some foreign words we find comparative phraseologisms simply in the form of fibers, for example, with ubagas (ubagė) – nearly 60 (for the sake of curiosity – in the Phraseology Dictionary [2001] there are also 57 of them), svietas – 40, etc. In the most recent collection of Lithuanian phraseologisms, Phraseology Dictionary (2001), the number of spoken phraseologisms may be slightly less, but they have not been completely eliminated. The list of phraseologisms would be at least approximately long, for example: abrozdas, bačka, mačyti, nabašnikas (nabashnik), navyna, skūra, svietas, svodba, spicė, šaiba, salaamojus, šaldra, špokas, šrubas, terba, ubagas, zalietos, zerkolas, zomatas, etc. Foreign words are both the main words of phraseology (here they are marked with a cross (x) sign) and other words of phraseology. There are two different types of phraseologisms with two foreign words: bieso abrozdėliai "neig. kortos“, ubago šmotas „such a curse“, ubago terba „poor man“, ubagas su terbom matos „about a liquid virus“, ubagas ženijasi „it is said when the sun shines in the rain“, cacka pacacka; and to the dancing, and to the racing. There are also comparisons with two strangeness, e.g., as a death adyna, etc. However, in this dictionary the efforts of lexicographers to make a certain selection of phraseologisms with foreign words are already evident. The editor of the dictionary indicates that “FŽ does not contain some compounds, one of which is a very rare (rare for me – V. D.) foreignness, e.g.: on truco, on to norako” (Paulauskas 2002: 13). In the new J. Lipskienės Phraseological Dictionary, foreign words are understood as "synonymous, less commonly used names", for example, synonyms of the noun foot: sl. Kačérgos, kadõkai (kadùkai, kudõkai), pagõkavos, vok. kegels (kegels), cannels, slices, lat. kuibena. There are also other types of skeletons, for example, the skeleton of a man. kučnēris, kūtnara, kutnerius; ranka – hand – bracnag, bracnag, etc. Strangers are also used as headings of phraseologisms, e.g.: klynas (interdigital, buttocks): liquid klynas "about the weak, weak"; blėkas, blėkai (plėkai): go to dogs blėkų šninkuoti "trade"; czupryna (brs. чупрына, pol. czupryna), plg. to cling to the hood; Kaltūnas (Russian: калтун, Polish: kołtun), cf. kaltūną od głowy ściąć, etc. phraseologisms: It is interesting to emphasize that foreignness is not characteristic only of phraseologisms collected in the decades of the first half of the 20th century and published in the Lithuanian Language Dictionary or in the aforementioned special dictionaries based on its repertoire. Many of them have been recorded in recent dialect dictionaries: V. DROTVINAS. 55 Zanavykų šnektos žodynas (1–3 t., 2003–2007), Daukšių šnektos žodynas (2004), Kupiškėnų dialekto žodynas (1 t., 2008) ir kt. All this shows that foreign words (although almost all of them have been discarded from the current Lithuanian synonyms) persist in the vocabulary of the living language. It is true that there are still cases when, next to a phraseologism with foreignness, its secondary – a phraseologism with the corresponding Lithuanian accent is used, for example: margulys – beam: one (tenth, ninth, nineth, fiveth) beam is missing, a beam is lacking and – the beam broke in the head, etc. ; srūvas – šulas: srūvas is missing (in the head), srūvas turned in the head and – one srūlas is missing in the head; skūra – skin: you can’t write into an ox’s skūra and – into an ox’s skin you won’t fit, etc. Thus, the question whether phraseology with a Lithuanian accent is the result of our efforts to avoid foreign words, or whether it has been formed independently, i.e. in the Lithuanian language itself, would be not so much a question of lexical purification, but of the history of phraseology in general. Therefore, V. Vitkauskas’s opinion that phraseologisms are a medium into which foreign words are particularly actively invading in order to displace Lithuanian phraseologisms is worth considering (cf. Vitkauskas 1977: 37). We could check it out. For example, in the Dictionary of Phraseologisms there are about 470 phraseologisms with the word devil (and another 17 in other headings), and with biesas – only 35 (here are also mentioned phraseologisms with synonyms bad, horny, etc.). However, we could not say the same about phraseologisms with the Lithuanian word beggar and foreignness ubagas: beggar is only in three phraseologisms (elgeta paleisti, elgetomis paleisti, dvasios begeta, etc.), and ubagas – in about 60 phraseologisms. What appeared first – phraseology with foreignness, or phraseology with Lithuanian words, and who “seeks to push out” what, can be explained to some extent by the data of Lithuanianness (non-Lithuanianness) of the elements themselves. In the dictionary of K. Sirvydas there is only beam (balka tram. Trabs, trigum, siia, sienoias) SD3 6, with it today there is only one phraseology, cf. beam broke in the head “the mind broke”: in the head of this man the beam broke, courses believe in nothing and fear nothing (D. Poška). The Germanic word for bar is used much more often in phraseologisms, e.g. one (tenth, ninth, nineth, fifth) bar is missing, etc. In K. Sirvydo dictionary there is oda skura SD3 27; oda iβ werbludo, lapes pilkos oda 164; cf. also odininkas (next to kaʒémekas), and in the dictionaries of Lesser Lithuania – both words: Haut Skura, ôs. Leather C III 346 etc. There are as many as 40 phraseologisms with foreignness and several more in other phraseologisms, with skin – only 5. Some phraseologisms with foreign words and phraseologisms with Lithuanian words are more or less equally common, e.g.: šriubas atsisuko galvoje "stupidly turned his head". 56 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 82 elgė”, the screw is missing in the head “not quite intelligent” (FŽ 722) and the screws loosen “acts foolishly”, the screws turn “acts foolishly”, one screw is loose “about a fool” and so on (FŽ 796). Similar meanings and phraseologisms have the Lithuanian word šulas, e.g.: ne visi šulai „pusprotis“, vienas šulas trūksta galvoje „ne visai protingas“, šulų nepakanka galvoje „apie pusprotį“ and so on (FŽ 723). Thus, a collision is obviously encountered: the common language of foreignness itself contains non-normative words, their use is becoming increasingly limited (for example, current Lithuanian students do not know the meaning of many foreign words at all), but they remain in phraseologisms. In other words, the preservation of foreignness in phraseologisms is one of the essential characteristics of phraseologism as a unit of nomination, i.e., a condition for the permanence of phraseologism and its restoration. Therefore, we should not exaggerate the danger of phraseologisms with foreign words to the purity of Lithuanian phraseology. After all, a good number of phraseologisms with foreign words are not often used. Not one such phraseology, previously widespread in living speech, can be found today only on the pages of dictionaries. The Phraseological Dictionary (2001) is a collection of all Lithuanian phraseologies. If we had, for example, a set of phraseologisms of the current (general) language, we could look at phraseologisms with foreign words in a differentiated way, taking into account the prevalence of foreign words in the language in the past and now. It should be recalled here that Kazimieras Būga strongly condemned the general substitution of Slavisms with Lithuanian words as early as 1922, emphasizing that Kristijonas Donelaitis must remain with his glūpas, sopagai, Antanas Baranauskas – with iščinto, etc. (Būga 1959: 37). This law of the relationship between borrowed and Lithuanian vocabulary must also be applied to foreign words in phraseologisms. Apparently, the statement of the most famous Lithuanian phraseologist Jonas Paulauskas that “[...] to deny the use of foreign words in phraseology would mean condemning the emotional expression of thoughts” (FŽ introduction, VII) is completely acceptable. In the absence of a Lithuanian substitute, the use of such phraseologisms as „be cowardly”, „big snow clusters” and others is justified (FŽ introduction, VIII). It is necessary to discuss this specific phenomenon of Lithuanian phraseology more thoroughly, to investigate more broadly the sources of such phraseologisms, their distinctive functions and scope of use (this is related to the general progress of Lithuanian phraseology studies). Phraseologisms are witnesses to the past of our nation and language. They appeared hundreds of years ago, they summarize the experience of our ancestors’ existence and everyday life – they are a document of our historical memory, the history of our mentality. The expression of this historical memory are the words, their meanings, V. DROTVINAS. From the word phraseology you will not throw out 57 parts of development. To throw away phraseologisms with foreign words would mean sios mūsų protėvių lūpose frazeologizmų susidarymo ir tolesnio jų gyvavimo metais. Tie žodžiai yra neatskiriama lietuvių kalbos istorijos, jos leksito artificially cleanse our inventory of phraseologisms. Wouldn’t Lithuanianization reduce the whole treasure of phraseologisms and artificially distort the picture of the historical development of our phraseology as a part of the whole language (lexical system)? Therefore, if we want to preserve phraseologisms as a heritage of our language and national mentality, let us not accelerate the natural development of phraseologisms, let us not rush to Lithuanianize them. LITERATŪRA Būga K.1959: Rinktiniai raštai 2, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla. FŽ 2001: Frazeologijos žodynas. Red. J. Paulauskas, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. LFŽ 1977: J. Paulauskas. Lietuvių kalbos frazeologijos žodynas, Kaunas: Šviesa. LPŽ 1985: Lietuvių kalbos palyginimų žodynas. Sud. K. Vosylytė, Vilnius: Mokslas. Lipskienė J. 1979: Lietuvių kalbos somatiniai posakiai (su galvos dalių pavadinimais), Vilnius: Mokslas. Lipskienė J. 2008: Vaizdingieji lietuvių kalbos posakiai, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. Paulauskas J. 2002: Išaugęs iš „Lietuvių kalbos žodyno“. – Gimtoji kalba 7–8, 11–13. Vitkauskas V. 1977: Sušvytėjo frazeologizmai vienoje knygoje. – Naujos knygos 8, 37. Vitkauskas V. (rec.) 1978: Jonas Paulauskas. Lietuvių kalbos frazeologijos žodynas. – Mūsų kalba 6, 54–58. Vosylytė K. 1978: Frazeologijos žodyno sulaukus. – Pergalė 10, 175–178. Received 06/11/2009 58 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 82 YOU CANNOT DELETE A WORD IN AN IDIOM Summary The paper deals with Lithuanian idioms containing lexical borrowings. Idioms in which Lithuanian words replace borrowings give rise to doublets. To maintain the stability of idioms, borrowings should not be replaced with Lithuanian words. VINCENTAS DROTVINAS Vilniaus pedagoginis universitetas T. Ševčenkos g. 31, LT-03111 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected]