Danų asmenvardžių ypatumai

240 Languages and Culture | 84 BIRUTĖ SPRAUNIENĖ University of Vilnius DANCE OF PERSONNAMES KEY WORDS: onomastics, Danish personal names, language planning. In a globalised world, there is a growing need to learn more about other cultures. With the opening of borders, many Lithuanians choose to work, study or simply spend their holidays abroad, we also receive a lot of guests from foreign countries, mixed marriages are increasing. Foreign names appear in legal documents, newspaper pages, advertisements for cultural events, and are encountered by various specialists (law enforcement officers, registry office employees, translators) and the general public. This article aims to introduce the Danish traditions of personal names and the legal provisions governing the granting of personal names in Denmark. In addition to the traditional categories of first name (Danish: fornavn) and last name (Danish: efternavn), the Danish Personal Names Act also uses the concept of middle name (Danish: mellemnavn). a middle name is a personal name that goes between a person’s last name and surname and is typologically more related to the surname. Historically, the tradition of giving middle names to children at baptism has been very varied: patronymes nijoje atsirado XIX a. pabaigoje. tarpvardžiais būdavo pasirenkami patys (Danish: patronymer)1, names of historical figures, mother's maiden name, foreign surnames (i.e. surnames that a person did not have the right to inherit or acquire on the basis of kinship), father's name could be given to a daughter as a middle name, etc. Primary patronymics are real patronymics, made from a person's father's or mother's name with the accent -søn'son' or -datter 'daughter'. secondary patronymic names are patronymic names that have become hereditary surnames. For example, the personal name Jensen used to be a patronymic (‘son of Jensen’), i.e. a primary patronymic, but since it has become a hereditary name, it is no longer associated with a single person and is considered a secondary patronymic. For the purposes of this article, the terms ‘patrony’ and ‘patronymous surname’ mean primary patronymics. b. sPrauNIENĖ. 241 rules for giving Danish personal names. More than a third of all Danes without a surname have one or more middle names, e.g. : Hans Peter Skovgaard Jensen name(s) surname surname surnames were three types of Danish personal names – first names, middle names and legalized in order to increase the diversity of Danish personal names and make surnames – and the possibilities of granting them under Danish law. The name it easier to identify individuals. The following provides a brief overview of the is defined as the first personal noun in a person's name sequence by which the person is called. a person may have several names. Two names can be joined by a dash, for example, Anne-Sophie. The name of the child is chosen by the parents no later than 6 months after the child’s birth. parents can choose a name(s) for the child from a list of approved names published on the website of the Family Department (www.familiestyrelsen.dk). If parents want to give a child a name that is not on this list, they can apply for name approval. the approved new name is automatically added to the list. In addition to male and female names, the list also includes gender-neutral names that are suitable for both boys and girls, e.g. : Kim, Nikita. A surname is a personal name that is used at the end of a person's names, usually to indicate kinship. For example, Jens Hald Jensen's last name is Jensen. a person may have only one surname. For example, Susanne Hansen, who wanted her name to be Vildbjerg, loses Hansen. Double surnames are treated as one surname. Scandinavian double surnames are written with a dash, e.g. Hald-Jensen. In Spanish-speaking countries, double surnames are usually written separately, for example Castillo Morales. The child must be given a surname no later than within the first 6 months of the child’s life. The surname is chosen by the parents. If the parents do not decide on the child’s surname before he or she is 6 months old, the child is given the mother’s surname. If the mother’s surname is a patronymic (e.g. Helgesdatter, literally: ‘Daughter of Helge’), the child is given the mother’s name as a surname with the accent -søn ‘son’ or -datter ‘daughter’ according to the child’s sex, respectively. Danish surnames are divided into hereditary, which can be passed on to children, grandchildren, spouses, partners, etc., and non-hereditary (personal), which are not passed on to relatives. The category of non-hereditary (personal) surnames includes the above-mentioned patronymics – personal names composed of 242 Languages Culture | 84 ti from a father’s or mother’s name with the accent -søn ‘son’ or -datter ‘daughter’, e.g. : Pedersøn, Pederssøn, Anderssøn, Fatimasdatter. If the mother has a patronymic name, for example Kirsten Hansdatter, her daughter may be called Mette Kirstensdatter instead of Mette Hansdatter, if the parents decide to give the daughter a patronymic name. The practice of giving patronymic surnames in Denmark is relatively new and was only legalized by the Danish Personal Names Act 2005. All other surnames are hereditary, i.e. freely passed on to relatives. Surnames that are used by more than 2000 people in Denmark are considered to be freely chosen surnames. Statistics Denmark publishes an updated list of freely chosen surnames each year, based on data from the Central Register of Persons. The surname in this list can be chosen by anyone, regardless of kinship ties. If a surname is not on the list of freely available surnames, it means that it is used by 2000 or fewer people in Denmark. such a name shall be classified as a protected name. It may be granted to a person only on the basis of kinship or upon the written consent of all holders of this surname. a person may always regain his or her previous surname, irrespective of whether that surname is freely chosen or registered. this shall also apply to surnames acquired through marriage or partnership. a person may always be given the surname that his parents, grandparents, great-grandparents and great-grandparents have or have had. This also applies to surnames acquired through marriage, part-incest, etc. This provision, as already mentioned, does not apply to personal surnames – patronymics. For example, Susanne Jensen cannot be given her mother’s surname Olesdatter if that surname is her mother’s father’s surname. a person may be given the surname of a stepfather or adoptive father if the latter does not object. If the spouses (or partners) wish to have the same surname, they can choose each other’s surname (the wife can take her husband’s surname or the husband her wife’s). Danish surnames are unchangeable and have no masculine or feminine endings. Patronymic surnames, of course, indicate the gender of the person, e.g. Helgesdatter (female) and Gunnarsøn (male). However, the Danish Personal Names Act provides for the possibility of giving a person a surname with a masculine or feminine ending, if the said surname is traditionally associated with a particular culture in which there are masculine and feminine forms of the surname, for example the Polish mot. -a, the masculine -i, the Greek mot. -ou, -u or -i, the masculine -is, the Czech mot. -ova, the masculine -il, etc. Foreign patronymic names may also be given as surnames, for example the Icelandic with the second suffix -son/-dóttir or the Muslim with the first suffix Al/El. For example, if the mother's name is Bjørk, then the daughteris. sPrauNIENĖ. 243 rias can be given the surname Bjørkdóttir according to the Icelandic name tradition (regardless of whether the mother is Icelandic or not), and if the father's name is Muhammed, according to the Muslim tradition, the son can be given the surname Al-Muhammed or Al Muhammed. A pronoun is defined as a personal pronoun between a person's first name(s) and surname. interjection is not necessary. a person may have several interjections. When selecting a new middle name, the previous middle name(s) are not automatically lost. As with surnames, pronouns are divided into inherited (which can be passed on to relatives) and non-inherited (personal). The category of non-hereditary middle names includes patronymic names (e.g. Jakobssøn, Helgesdatter) and given names (e.g. Andrea Vagn Jensen, Hans Lykke Hansen). The Danish Personal Names Act provides for the possibility of choosing as a second name any male or female name that is included in the list of approved names. the middle name acquired in this way is considered personal (non-hereditary) and cannot be passed on to a child, spouse or partner. A woman can choose a male surname as her middle name (and vice versa), for example Tina Jensen can choose Michael as her middle name. such a personal between name cannot later become the name of a person, for example Tina Michael Jensen cannot call herself Tina Michael if she wants to. All other middle names are hereditary and can be passed on to relatives. Any name that a person may choose as a surname under the laws in force may be chosen as a middle name. so the middle names can become patronymics, the surnames of parents, grandparents, stepparents, adoptive parents, etc. a person can take over the middle names of parents, grandparents, great-grandparents or great-great-grandparents. The middle name or surname of the spouse or partner may be given to a person as a middle name if the relative does not object. This provision does not apply, as already mentioned, to patronymics, for example Jens Gunnarsøn, who is married to Susanne Hansen, cannot pass on his surname Gunnarsøn as a middle name to his wife if it is his patronymic. a person may decide to register his middle name as a surname, for example Jens Hald Jensen may choose the middle name Hald as his surname and call himself Jens Hald. Since the Danish Personal Names Act provides for the right to recover the former middle name, Jens Hald can recover the former middle name Hald is Jens Hald Hald. As can be seen from this brief overview, the Danish Personal Names Act gives Danish citizens a fair amount of freedom to choose their own personal names. The law is based on the basic principle that the name of a citizen is his personal 244 Languages Culture | 84 is a matter in which society should not interfere more than necessary. The legalization of such a great freedom of choice of personal names was partly due to the desire of Danish politicians and language planners to increase the diversity of Danish surnames. In the last few centuries, the Danish family name base has been dominated by secondary patronymic names with the accent -sen, such as Hansen, Andersen or Jensen2. This caused difficulties in establishing the identity of a person, so several laws on personal names were issued to increase the diversity of surnames, but few used the opportunity to give up a surname with the accent -sen. Psychological factors also influence the change of the surname: a person identifies with his or her surname and is not inclined to change it. The 2005 Personal Names Act seems to have finally solved the problem: the number of the 20 most common surnames with the suffix -sen decreased significantly in 2007 compared to 1971. This was due to a provision of the law that allows you to legalize your middle name as a surname and give up the surname with the accent -sen. interjection is a type of personal names typical of Scandinavian languages. As already mentioned, interrogative names were introduced to make it easier to identify individuals. Although both surnames and names can become interjections, interjections, although not being part of the surname, still perform more of a function of the surname. The possibility of choosing a male name for a woman and a female name for a man as an interjection also shows that the interjection is closer to the surname than to the name. Danish surnames do not have distinct masculine or feminine endings, but names are divided into masculine, feminine and gender-neutral, and the Danish Personal Names Act prohibits giving a person a name opposite his or her gender (exceptions are only possible for transsexuals). Since the names that perform the function of pronouns are equally suitable for persons of both sexes, this indicates that they, like surnames, do not indicate gender. lItEratūra M e l d g a a rd E. V. 2008: Det drejer sig om: Efternavnets historie [apie pavardės istoriją]. Institut for Navneforskning. Prieiga per internetą: http://nfi. ku.dk/publikationer/webpublikationer/ddsoefternavnetshistorie.pdf (žiūrėta 2011 06 20–27). 2 1970 m. atliktas tyrimas parodė, kad danų pavardžių fondą sudarė 85 000 skirtingų pavardžių, tačiau net pusė Danijos gyventojų turėjo vieną iš 14 įprasčiausių pavardžių su dėmeniu -sen, o du trečdaliai turėjo vieną iš 50 dažniausių pavardžių, iš kurių vos keletas pavardžių (pvz.: Møller, Schmidt, Lund, Holm) buvo ne antriniai patronimai su dėmeniu -sen. b. sPrauNIENĖ. Danų asmenvardžių ypatumai 245 lov nr. 524 af 24/06/2005 (Navneloven) [2005 m. birželio 24 d. įstatymas Nr. 524 (Danijos asmenvardžių įstatymas)]. Prieiga per internetą: https://www. retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=31494 (žiūrėta 2011 06 20–27). Vejledning om behandling af navnesager [rekomendacijos dėl asmenvardžių suteikimo]. Prieiga per internetą: https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/ R0710.aspx?id=127432 (žiūrėta 2011 06 20–27). Danijos teisingumo ministerijos Šeimos departamento interneto svetainėje skelbiama informacija. Prieiga per internetą: www.familiestyrelsen.dk (žiūrėta 2011 06 27). Received 15/09/2011 SPECIAL PERSONAL DAMAGES Summary the paper gives a concise overview of the traditions of Danish personal names and giving them to people in Denmark in accordance with the Danish legislation. When discussing the types of Danish personal names, most attention is given to the specific category of a middle name by highlighting the function of this type of personal names characteristic of scandinavian languages and its differences from more usual categories of names and surnames. KEy woRdS: onomastics, Danish personal names, language planning. bIrutĖ sPrauNIENĖ Vilnius University Center for Scandinavian Studies universiteto g. 5, lt-01513 Vilnius [email protected]