Morfologiškai neadaptuotų daiktavardžių giminė

184 Languages and Culture | 84 ERIKA RIMKUTĖ Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas MorFoloGIŠKaI NEaDaPtuotŲ 1000 Years of War ESSENTIAL WORDS: borrowed, fixed nouns, family, textbook, survey. Lithuanian language has a lot of borrowed words. Some of them are morphologically adapted, e.g.: institution, humanism, lexicon, others are used in unadapted forms (this does not include foreign words or compounds that are deliberately unadaptable, e.g.: free style, cool). This article deals with relatively old borrowed nouns, most commonly used in their unchanged form, e.g.: alibi, fojė, popuri1. The aim was to investigate how the genus of these borrowed words is chosen: whether the recommendations are followed, or whether the choice of masculine or feminine gender is determined by the associations with words of similar meaning. In Lithuanian grammar, the genus is the most characteristic category of nouns: "In Lithuanian there are such nouns that basically do not have a number category (they do not change with numbers), there are also those that cannot be conjugated, thus they do not have a vowel category, and there are no nouns that do not have a genus category. Thus, the category of genus is the most important morphological feature of nouns, which helps to highlight their objective meaning.” (lKG I 1965: 164). The category of genus is characteristic not only of Lithuanian nouns or fully adapted borrowings, but also of invariant borrowings. The grammar states that the genus of non-syllable nouns of foreign origin “is traced not so much from the noun form as from the context: it is mainly shown by adjectives, numerals, pronouns and participles syntactically related to the noun (That ragù would be delicious, but oversalted).” (lKG I 1965: 169; see also Valeckienė 1967: 127). ramunė Vaskelaitė (2001: 48) states that “with nouns without morphological expression adjective from 1 article those cases are not examined when the debtor uses variable forms, e.g.: has no alibi, pasveikino maestrą. This is the subject of another study (see rimkutė et al. 2010). E. RIMIMKUTĖ. 185 The verb of the foot word is chosen according to its syntactic function, the number according to its meaning, and the genus according to the similarity of the noun end to Lithuanian words or according to the connections with the names of the object represented by the word.” It is not always easy to choose the gender of unpronunciable nouns, although DlKG (2006: 64), lKG I (1965: 169) provide clear rules: non-pronounceable nouns of foreign origin ending in a pronounced -ė and not denoting male persons are of feminine gender, e.g.: ateljė, filė, fojė, koljė, kupė, turnė, želė, etc., and having both pronounced and unpronunciated endings -i, -u, -o are of masculine gender, e.g.: aveniu, bolero, kazino, meniu, metro, ragu, tabu, taksi, triko, etc., except for nouns denoting female persons, e.g., fru, ledi2. However, Vaskelaitė (2001), Judžentis (2002), Vaicekauskienė (2007) believe that the expression of the gender of invariant nouns varies in the current common language: not only nouns with -o, -u, -i at the end of the word, but also -ė and -a are assigned to the masculine gender, e.g.: akcentas – platus kolj; started to produce various draž (Judžentis 2002: 44). In order to investigate, morphologically unadapted nouns are assigned to each genus, examples are examined in the Textbook of Contemporary Lithuanian Language (see http:// tekstynas.vdu.lt)3, and in order to clarify what determines the assignment of unadapted borrowings to the masculine or feminine genus, Lithuanian and Germanists of Vytautas Magnus University were interviewed in September 2010 (71 first and fourth year students)4. They were asked to fill out a questionnaire, i.e. to assign the ending of the appropriate form (together with the genus) to the word to be combined, which is next to the non-syllableo2 note that those borrowed words whose last syllable is not pronounced and which are not tested according to the book Language Tips are excluded. Grammatical forms and their usage (Miliūnaitė 2002) recommendations are proposed to be conjugated by adding Lithuanian endings -as, -is, -a, -ė, i.e. instead of avokado, bikini, brendi, cunami and so on, avokas, bikinis, brendis, mis. reikia atsižvelgti ir į lKG I (1965: 169) pateiktą pastabą, kad kai kurie nelinksniuojami daiktavardžiai ilgainiui sulietuvinami, jiems pridedamos saviems, lietuviškiems žodžiams cuna characteristic endings are provided, e.g.: depas (depo), efendis (efendi). In this case, sometimes the noun family changes, e.g. kakava (kakao), žaliuzės (žaliuzi). so the kinship of such debtors is beyond doubt. 3 textbook size of almost 136 million words. All examples, except for interview, show, taxi, were analyzed in all parts of the textbook, i.e. fiction, non-fiction, administrative literature, journalism and oral language texts. Since many examples of the words interview, show, taxi have been found, these words have been studied only in the publicistic part of the textbook. 4 Mainly surveyed by Lithuanians. There was no attempt to select students of a certain course proportionally, because, in the author’s opinion, the age of students or the nature of studies should not have a significant influence on the results of the study. 186 Languages Culture | 84 to the debtor and his dependents (an example of the questionnaire is given at the end of the article). the questionnaire also asked to explain with which word respondents associate the borrowed word. such a request is not entered by chance: it is hypothesized that the choice of the genus may be determined by the association with words of similar meaning, e.g.: beautiful tango (dance), international jury (committee), new taxi (car). This hypothesis is supported by previous studies (Vaskelaitė 2001; Judžentis 2002), which have found that the current common language shows a tendency to uniformize the use of non-syllable nouns of foreign origin. In order to identify the morphologically unadapted borrowed nouns, 42 unchangeable nouns of non-Lithuanian origin with the endings -a, -i, -o, -u and -ė were examined in the textbook of contemporary Lithuanian language (hereinafter referred to as the textbook): ãlibi, ampluà, asortė, atelj, aveniù, bistrò5, bolerò, dekolt, dosj, es, fãdo, fiãsko, fil, foj, gùru, háiku, interviù, kakadù, karat, kasinò, kimonò, kolj, kup, maèstro, meniù, metrò, piur, popurën, ragù, reviù, rezium, rodèo, sufl, šòu, tablò, tabù, taksēj, tángo, trikò, turn, žel, žiurų. analyze the choice of these borrowers, because they can be used in combination with conjugated words indicating the family of those borrowers. Some borrowed words, such as country, retro, are almost never used with conjugated words, so their kinship cannot be determined. The same unchangeable words were presented in the questionnaire filled out by the students (see the section “Selection of the genus of morphologically unadapted nouns based on the student survey”), so when selecting the borrowed words, it was taken into account whether the analyzed words were known to the respondents, therefore less commonly used, specific borrowings were not presented. only fixed forms of debt were examined6. summarized results are shown in Figure 1. 5 analyze both consumable and avoidable or non-consumable debts. This article does not question the regularity of the examined debts. 6 also examined examples not in accordance with the spelling norms of common language, in which karate, kupė, koljė ir pan. žodžiai rašomi karate, kupe, kolje. E. RIMIMKUTĖ. Family of morphologically unadapted nouns 187 1 PaV. Genus distribution of morphologically unadapted nouns (percentages) in contemporary Lithuanian texts 188 Languages and Culture | 84 When analyzing the examples found in the text with the investigated non-verbal nouns, it is clear that most of the time the family was unclear from the context7. moreover, sometimes only a few examples are found, from which it is not possible to draw reliable conclusions about the debtor's affiliation to a particular family8. find only masculine conjugations of the following invariant nouns (1–22): alibi, assort, bistro, bolero, fado, fiasko, guru, haiku, casino, kimono, koljė9, maestro, menu, metro, ragu, reviu, rodeo, show, tablo, tabu, tango, triko. The nouns ateljė, puirė (23–24) are considered mo7 in the text. In total, 227 lines of alibi concordance were found (177 lines were non-informative), the amplitude concordance consisted of 247 lines (142 of them non-informative), asorti – 29 lines (26 of them non-informative), ateljė – 234 lines (207 of them non-informative), aveniu – 212 lines (133 of them non-informative), bistro – 61 line (49 of them non-informative), bolero – 81 line (68 of them non-informative), dekoltė – 41 line (19 of them non-informative), dosjė – 232 lines (171 of them non-informative), esesė – 1498 lines (1064 of them non-informative), fado – 26 lines (25 of them non-informative), fiasko – 400 lines (320 of them non-informative), filė – 197 lines (175 of them non-informative), fojė – 727 lines (681 of them non-informative), guru – 621 line (538 of them non-informative), haiku – 102 lines (89 of them non-informative), inter viu – 102 lines (89 of them non-informative). 4798 lines (of which 3628 are non-informative; due to the large amount of data analyzed only in publications), kakadu – 38 lines (of which 23 are non-informative), karate – 765 lines (of which 755 are non-informative), casino – 834 lines (of which 723 are non-informative), kimono – 359 lines (of which 254 are non-informative), collie – 39 lines (of which 31 are non-informative), coupe – 377 lines (of which 263 are non-informative), maestro – 1474 lines (of which 1214 are non-informative), menu – 740 lines (of which 561 are non-informative), metro – 836 lines (of which 783 are non-informative), piura – 32 lines (of which 30 are non-informative), popuri – 45 lines (of which 34 are non-informative), ragout – 18 lines (of which 15 are non-informative), revue – 24 lines (of which 9 are non-informative), resumé – 166 lines (of which 135 are non-informative; due to the large amount of data analyzed only in publications), tablo – 71 lines (of which 49 are non-informative), taboo – 977 2331 lines (of which 798 are non-informative), taxi – 2331 lines (of which 2092 are non-informative; due to the large amount of data analyzed only in the journalism), tango – 813 lines (of which 663 are non-informative), triko – 73 lines (of which 50 are non-informative), turnė – 161 lines (of which 98 are non-informative), želė – 318 lines (of which 240 are non-informative), jury – 891 lines (of which 662 are non-informative). Those concordance lines were considered non-informative, in which no conjugation word was used next to the invariant noun or when the conjugation word does not indicate a clear kinship, e.g.: dreams of a long tour around all of America; well understood Piazzolla’s musical style, the character of concert tangos, played freely, feeling each other and the audience. 8 Due to the small number of examples in the text, it is not possible to draw reliable conclusions about the following nouns: fado, koljė, pīrė, popuri, ragu, rodeo, suflė (as far as informative lines for these words have been found, see footnote 7). 9 Here and below, in summarizing the results of the research, those words are highlighted which, according to the rules set out in the grammar, should be considered either of the masculine or feminine gender, but the conjugations found in the text next to these nouns indicate not that gender. E. RIMIMKUTĖ. Family of morphologically unadapted nouns 189 teriškosios giminės, nes šalia jų rasti tik moteriškosios giminės derinamieji žodžiai, pvz.: (1) Apie kokį alibi jūs kalbėjote?10 (2) This assortment can be stored in the refrigerator for several days. (3) Every bistro in the city will gladly give you a drink. (4) The knits of the blouse scattered on her plaid bolero and fluttered in the wind. (5) MISIA and her ensemble bring a Portuguese fado program, which consists of traditional songs and dances [...]. (6) For me, it is a complete fiasco,” says Lora, a former avant-garde painter. (7) Wise lamas, noble gurus, mahatmas meditating in the heights of the Himalayas. (8) I will never want to write a real haiku about the beautiful virtuality, about computers. (9) This can only be in such a tiny casino. (10) Only their bright kimonos remain in memory. (11) [...] to find that a gold necklace of fantastic beauty, adorned with pearls and diamonds, and earrings [...]. (12) Mark perceived that the maestro would have devised some trick: [...]. (13) The lunch menu of people on a mixed diet consists of three courses: soup, main course and [...]. (14) [...] which could carry out a feasibility study for an above-ground and underground metro. (15) The second round begins with a langoustines with oil, truffles and peas, served with fish broth. (16) "The Great Kaunas Revue". (17) And then the crazy rodeo suddenly ended. (18) Striptease, amazing girls, great show! (19) One more minute, and the illuminated board shows visually: for Z. Balčytis – 52 votes, against – 48, 32 abstained. (20) People of that generation are today rediscovering the French singer S. Gainsbourg, who broke all taboos. (21) It is interesting to me because that tango was my first tango that I learned to play on the piano. (22) 1980s: striped tights. (23) From this studio Pranas N. moved to another, to another, to another [...]. (24) Porridge in vegetable and fruit decoction and vegetable and fruit puree are distinguished from 3 months. Based on the endings of the conjugative alternative words used next to each other, it can be said that the following nouns are more often considered to be of the masculine gender: in10 These examples are taken from the textbook. Since the word is in the center of the concordance lines and it is possible to examine strings of 50-300 characters long, some sentences are incomplete, even ending with incomplete words. Examples left with language or proofing errors. examined words in the examples blackened by the author. 190 Languages Culture | 84 terviu (99.91 / 0.09 per cent.11), taksi (99.16 / 0.84 per cent.), amplua (99.05 / 0.95 per cent.), kakadu (66.67 / 33.33 per cent.), suflė (66.67 / 33.33 per cent.), reziumė (61.29 / 38.71 per cent.), turnė (58.73 / 41.27 per cent.), e.g.: (25) It is such a beautiful and correct interview with the Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs L. T. (26) [...] on the way to the bus station, the regular taxi I was riding almost slipped under the wheels of a dump truck. (27) [...] the director unexpectedly assigned the role to Juozas Meškauskas, an actor with a completely different ample. (28) The small yellow-tailed coconut is a very rare bird. (29) Unlike other sweet dishes, soufflé can be served hot in the containers in which it was baked. (30) The bottom line is that instead of finding ways to mitigate the negative effects of globalisation, […]. (31) It was followed by a world tour of 212 concerts, which began in Toronto in December 1985 and ended in 1987 […]. From the endings of the combining words it can be concluded that the females were born (78.48 / 21.52%), fojė (65.22 / 34.78%), esesė nės dažniau laikomi šie daiktavardžiai: dekoltė (95,45 / 4,55 proc.12), filė (95,45 / 4,55 proc.), želė (93,59 / 6,41 proc.), žiuri (92,2 / 7,8 proc.), (58.76 / 41.24%), kupė (57.89 / 42.11%), dosjė (57.38 / 42.62%), e.g.: (32) Many had bare backs, others with a large neckline, and some were too lace and oversized. (33) Sea bass fillets are washed, cut into pieces and skinned. (34) Inside the "Medalion" is a nutritious jelly. (35) Subsequently, these two functions were separated, and the Grand Jury only ‘interrogated and charged’. (36) Some unpredictable draft wind carried them over Eighth Avenue, and they hung there for a long, long time, I even slumped in admiration. (37) After dinner, there were dances in the great foyer. (38) This essay was written from the point of view of Polish culture. (39) Besides, why are they only two in this coupe? (40) Let me remind you of another important point: a similar file is collected only for official, internal use. 11 The first figure shows the percentage of samples found in which the debt is considered to be of the masculine gender, the second figure shows the percentage of samples found in which the debt is considered to be of the feminine gender. 12 The first figure shows the percentage of samples found in which the debt is considered to be of the feminine gender, the second figure shows the percentage of samples found in which the debt is considered to be of the masculine gender. E. RIMIMKUTĖ. The genus of morphologically unadapted nouns in 191 texts is found below equal examples with conjugations of both masculine and feminine genders used next to karate and popuri, e.g.: (41) According to him, karate is completely compatible with any other activity. (42) Karate originated in Japan. (43) In other words, poetry from which to try to make a symphony. (44) [...] thirds used a painfully familiar popuri, corresponding to their direction of learning. Summarizing the results, it can be said that judging from the conjugations used, many of the non-conjugated nouns are assigned to the genus that is provided in the normative works of linguistics. This is apparently due to the fact that many of the texts in the textbook are edited. Note the nouns koljė, amplua, suflė, reziumė, turnė, which are more often considered to be of the masculine than the feminine gender (see examples 11, 27, 29, 30 and 31). juri, aveniu should be assigned to the masculine gender, but the found conjugations (see examples 35 and 36) indicate that these nouns are more often used as feminine genders. such data indicate a certain tendency to assign some nouns to a different genus than recommended in the normative publications. The results of the student survey discussed in the next section of the article will help answer the reasons for this. MorFoloGIŠKaI NEaDaPtuotŲ In order to find out how in the current Lithuanian language the invariant debtors are assigned to the genus, the 42 invariant nouns of non-Lithuanian origin listed in the previous chapter were studied by questionnaire method. Figure 2 summarizes the survey results. Most of the respondents chose the forms of the genus to which, according to the previously discussed recommendations, the non-syllable borrowings should be assigned. the results of the survey are presented according to how exactly (according to the common language norms) the relevant family was selected, i.e. those debtors whose family was most often correctly established are presented first, then those debtors whose opinions about the family respondents differed are listed. 192 Languages and Culture | 84 2 PaV. Distribution of the genus of morphologically unadapted nouns (percentages) based on the results of the student survey E. RIMIMKUTĖ. The family of morphologically unadapted nouns 199 10. It is long and comprehensive, but written solely on the basis of the authors’ thoughts and resembles more a summary of the text than its analysis. 11. Classical fãdo (a kind of Portuguese song) is mostly performed by women, so the chance to hear a man singing fado is not so common. 12. If money begins to rule, you risk a complete fiasco. 13. Salted herring fillet in oil „Gardums“. 14. I smile and turn back to the pa__ (the same, -i vns. final) university foyer. 15. so perhaps the current marketing specialists will want to become Lithuanian__ (dgs. innagnik) gùru? 16. created a beautiful haiku. 17.The journalist of perhaps the most influential radio station in the world was surprised not so much by the fact that the scheduled interview would not take place, as by the way she was explained the reason openly and without embarrassment. 18. white-skinned__ (white-skinned, -ė singular or plural noun) kakadù live in the northern Moluccas islands of Indonesia. 19.The smallest traditional karate lovers, who are only taking the first steps on this path of life, could compete in relay competitions, demonstrating their agility, speed, strength and skill. 20.When fatigue begins to take over, you go to the first casino you encounter to cool off and watch the girls carrying cocktails. 21. I was not given a magic kimono. 22. In creating tok__ (toks, -ia vns. end) kolj there are certain procedures that are performed by different specialists. 23. From the meeting we drove to Kaunas in a two-seater bus. 24. but this time our respected and beloved master has quite ingeniously escaped the situation, cleverly masking his last defect. 25. Varied menu – another attractive feature of the pizzeria. 26. Establishment of an underground metro promotes urban development. 27. Mix everything with a kitchen grinder (to get a smooth purée). 28. Aromatic powder of dried flowers in a large glass will give the rooms a sweet aroma. 29. Cover the ragù__ and simmer__ on low heat. 30. three-hour New Year’s Revue will be filled with festive mood, good music and all sorts of surprises. 31. A resume is written in a similar way as a CV, but their form and content differ slightly. 32.Today's rodèo originated from the Mexican ranchers, farmers, their working principles with cattle. 33. In order to make a pure souffle, the egg whites must be carefully separated and well chilled. 200 Languages and Culture | 84 34. Žiūrovų lauks ne tik įspūdingos kovos ringe, bet ir nepakartojam__ šòu, nuostabiosios olia lia lia mergaitės bei gausybė kitų siurprizų. 35. Prieš išeinant pro mokyklos duris šviečiant__ tablò primena: „būk atidus!“ 36. I am tolerant to gays, I communicate when necessary, I give concerts for them, and for me this is not a taboo. 37. In Iran, women-driven taxis enable widows and divorced women to earn money independently. 38. tango teacher Stasys Česonis described his passion for Argentine tángo in simple terms. 39. After seeing the new stage image of „Yva“, the hot „olialia pupytės“ remembered their previously worn sexy black tights. 40.Ken Hensley is working very hard – 12 hours a day, because the 58-year-old rock veteran is waiting for a long tour around the world. 41. Facial skin gel, giving the skin freshness and vitality. 42. Strictly__ the jury will select the best camels according to a certain age category. Received 22 February 2011 GENDEr oF MorPHoloGICallY uNaDaPtED loaN WorDs Summary the paper introduces the results of the investigation which aims at identifying if the gender of uninflected nouns is chosen considering the language norm and which factors determine that morphologically unadapted loan words are treated as either of male or female gender. The purpose of this study was to investigate gender-specific tendencies in the choice of gender for uninflected nouns in the Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian (Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas) and in surveying 71 first-year and fourth-year students of Vytautas Magnus university. the students were asked to fill in questionnaires, i.e. to add a gender-marking inflection to an uninflected loan word and to its modifier, agreeing in case, number and gender with the loan word. the informants were also asked to explain their choice of inflection by giving the word which they saw as related to the loan word. the request was not accidental; the hypothesis was that the choice of gender of a word might be determined by its association with some other words. The data of the Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian shows that despite language recommendations, words, like aveniu (‘avenue’), žiuri (‘jury’), usually take the feminine gender, whereas words, like amplua (‘most suitable job or occupation’), koljė (‘necklace’), reziumė (‘resumé, summary’), suflė (‘soufflé’), turnė (‘tourney’) the results of previous surveys suggest that often uninflected loan words have no clearly identifiable gender. the E. RIMIMKUTĖ. The genus of morphologically unadapted nouns 201 more frequently take masculine, rather than feminine, gender. the latter finding was based on the usage of inflecting modifiers going together with the uninflected word. students found some words highly debatable; They were not sure if žiuri (‘jury’), aveniu (‘avenue’), kakadu (‘cockatoo’) should be treated as masculine and kupė (‘compartment’), koljė (‘necklace’), amplua (‘most suitable job or occupation’) as feminine gender words. to conclude, loan words are adjusted to the system of the Lithuanian language not only on the basis of norm setting recommendations, but also on the basis of similar words in the same semantic field (e.g. žiuri (‘jury’) is a commission (komisija, f), koljė (‘necklace’) is a decoration (papuošalas, m), fado is a song (daina, f), dosjė (‘dossier’) is a description (aprašymas, m). the data confirms the results of previous research, which identified that uninflected nouns tend to take the masculine gender almost universally. the research results have also demonstrated that most debatable nouns from the point of view of gender are the following: aveniu (‘avenue’), kakadu (‘cockatoo’), žiuri (‘jury’), turnė (‘tourney’), karate (‘karate’), kupė (‘compartment’), koljė (‘necklace’) and amplua (‘most suitable job or occupation’). KEy woRds: loan words, uninflected nouns, gender, corpus, survey. ErIKa rIMKutĖ Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas K. Donelaičio g. 52-206, lt-44244 Kaunas, Lithuania [email protected]