Veiksmažodžio „skatinti“ vartosena verstiniuose Europos Sąjungos dokumentuose

L. Murniene. Use of the verb promote in translated documents of the European Union 103 Lina Murinienė Lithuanian University of Education Verb to promote use Key words: administrative style, common language, standardization, word meaning, translated documents of the European Union. INTRODUCTION The translation of European Union legislation and other texts into Lithuanian is governed by several documents: the General Practical Guide of the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission for persons preparing Community legislation (the so-called General Practical Guide), the Guide to Case Law of acts prepared in the Council of the European Union (or the Guide to Case Law) and the Guide to the Preparation of Institutional Publications. There are incomparably more (especially electronic) aids for translating language. There is particularly much work in the field of EU terminology. Interest in the language of translated EU documents has clearly increased: joint conferences1, seminars, discussion forums and research are being organized by the EU and Lithuanian institutions. One of them is the study of the language of European Union documents (supervised by Dr. Rasuolė Vladarskienė) supported by the State Lithuanian Language Commission, carried out under the Research on the Functioning and Change of Lithuanian Bend rinese Language, Dialects and Other Language Variants The 2011-2020 programme. The main focus of the EU language study was on grammatical phenomena, especially on the use of syntax (certain translational word combinations). some of them are closely related to questions of lexical usage. One such case is the use of the verb to encourage and is discussed in this article. 1 One of the most recent is the second conference of the Lithuanian Terminology Forum, held in the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania on 8 June 2012, see <http://ec.europa.eu/translation/lithuanian/ ltf/documents/ltf_20120608_minutes_lt.pdf>. 104 Languages Culture | 85 Words to Promote Meanings In the Lithuanian dictionaries (dž6e, dž7, Lkže) and kanckp, there are basically two meanings of the word skatinti. dž6e, dž7Lkžekanckp skãtin‖ti, ~a, ~o 1. urge, move: S. to work (at work). ~a learn, unite. ~initiating sentences (lingv.). 2. prk. support (will): a good initiative must be ~ama. skãtinti, hönina, hönino tr. 1. I, M, L, š, Rtr, dž to ask, to hurry, to do something faster, to urge, to move: Skàtinu aną važiuoti j. Skàtink juos prie darbo, kad skàtinatų dirbti j. Skàtina, ragina, skubina prie darbo škn. Skatīt uz darbu Ndz. It's not fitting to encourage a doctor. The winds encouraged marcia to rush and travel to her husband's home. The crew is encouraged to work on the ground. Estimated cause Ndz. the content of aphorisms, proverbs, sayings is encouraging, exhorting In the encouraging sentence, the person expresses his/her will. Encourage me, but fed Vp41. Untaxable I work, untaxable and eat pvn. 2. to awaken, to support the desire, the inclination to do something, to stimulate: after the first booklet came others, and all of them made us happy, awakened us, encouraged us to work j.jabl. with those trunks encouraged soldiers to fight S.dauk. if the student tries, his efforts should be strongly encouraged: praise that which makes his work better r. today life raises everyone, encourages: work, create! a.gric. The custom of carrying wreaths, as well as live flowers, to the deceased is beautiful and should be further encouraged. Obstacles make a willing person concentrate and encourage his efforts cf. | Ruth preparations stimulate the secretion of bile and urine cf. stimulate – without encouraging, activating, can mean recognition and appreciation of merits (the opposite of punishment); to the promotion is attributed thanks, praise, reward, etc. employees are morally and materially encouraged. use the appropriate words in specific cases: For good work expressed thanks (not encouraged thanks); awarded a bonus (not incentive bonus). therefore dž6e, dž7 indicates two meanings, one literal and one figurative. Luke also gives two meanings (but slightly more broadly defined and L. Murniene. The use of the verb promote in translated European Union documents 105 with more examples). The use of the verb to encourage is briefly outlined in kanckp, where, separately from encouraging and activating, apart from the meaning of recognition and appreciation of merits in general, advice is given on the use of the appropriate words in specific cases. In summary, it can be said that in administrative style, the undoubtedly correct use of the verb encourage would be in the following cases: first, to signify encouragement and activation and, secondly (based on the formulation of kanckp), to signify recognition of merits and their appreciation. The following cases of syntactic conjugation promoted by the verb are distinguished (Sližienė 2004: 50–51): 1. direct meaning 2. figurative meaning2 Name (a) Hum b) abstr, – anim (ret.) acc Hum to acc abstr to gen abstr Inf S Name acc Name (a) Hum b) abstr, – anim acc abstr When examining the language of translated EU documents, it was noted that the abovementioned verb is used particularly often, and the compounds are the most diverse, e.g.: stimuluoti imtis veiksmų, skatinti laikytis įstatymų, skatinti plėtrą, skatinti veiklą, skatinti inovacijas, skatinti konkurencingumą, skatinti elektroninę literatūrą, skatinti dialogą, skatinti valdymą, etc. It could be assumed that the verb skatinti is used more often by automatically replacing the international word with a Lithuanian one, for example, instead of stimuliuoti, aktyvinti (for Lithuanian substitutes of these words see kp L1, 18 and 103). Therefore, not only Lithuanian, but also English texts were examined during the study. TIRIaMojI MEDŽIaga Documents published in the EURaLex database of European Union legislation were examined. An effort has been made to cover the most diverse genres of texts: Commission implementing decisions, directives of the European Parliament and of the Council, 2 a note has been made that sometimes it is possible to use (with) Instr (Sližienė 2004: 51). 106 kaLboS kŪRtūRa | 85 Opinions of the European Economic and Social Committee, judgments of the Court of Justice, calls for proposals by the European Commission, minutes of European Parliament meetings, etc. All three basic forms of the verbs encourage, -ina, -ino are used in 15,685 documents3, e.g.: tempus4 program promotes institutional cooperation <...>. see the tempus programme promotes institutional cooperation (European Commission call for proposals). Member States should encourage the supply of electricity from shore […]. plg. Member states should encourage the use of shore-side electricity <...> (Europos parlamento ir tarybos direktyva). [...] to show less developed regions how to boost their economy and prosperity without damaging the environment. cf. <...> to demonstrate to hitherto less-developed regions how to boost their economies and prosperity without damaging the environment (opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee). RESULTS of the STUDY compounds, in which the verb to encourage is used, can be divided into two groups: 1) compounds with conjunction; 2) compounds with nouns. prepositional compounds (invite to what, to what) could not be found. combinations with a communicative connotation that do not raise any question regarding the language norm, e.g. encouraging Member States to transpose the EU action plan into national law; it is important to encourage Turkey to pursue its foreign policy; to encourage the appropriate decision; encourage the exercise of citizenship rights, etc., which is different for compounds with nouns. this group raises some doubts about their normativity, and such compounds abound in EU texts. The whole group of compounds with nouns could first be skirs3 The number was last adjusted on December 3, 2012. of course, some such error is possible, because the communicative form coincides with the passive participant of the past tense, but the latter is rarely used, so it does not have a significant impact on the results of the calculation. The spelling of the examples 4 is not corrected. in this case, the program name should be separated by either quotation marks or a different font. nor is there any discussion of the appropriateness or inappropriateness of the terms used. L. Murniene. The use of the verb promote in translated documents of the European Union volume 107 as follows: 1) compounds with nouns denoting the name of the action; 2) compounds with nouns that do not denote the name of the action. compounds of the first group, the noun (abstract) of which specifies the name of the action: encourage activity, encourage development, encourage fight, encourage cooperation, encourage participation, encourage saving; and compounds, the noun (abstract) of which is concreted, but clearly related to the performed action: promote integration (see integravimas(si)), promote cooperation (see kooperavimąsi), promote discussion (see diskutavimą), promote competition (see konkuravimą), promote control (see kontroliavimą), promote reform (see reformavimą(si)). The second group would include compounds whose noun is not related to the action or its meaning is distant from the meaning of the action or process. it often describes a characteristic: to promote efficiency, to promote awareness, to promote acceptability, to promote equality, to promote opportunities. the first group is the most abundant in EU documents. Stylistically, such compounds are rigid, lifeless, but in administrative style they are difficult to do without and they are tolerated. the second group is more difficult. An action or a certain process can be promoted in one way or another, but a characteristic (at least in the literal sense) cannot be promoted. the correction of such compounds would depend primarily on the context. junginys Siūloma taisyti Promote Energy consumption to be efficient in Consumption-Encourage energy efficiency. vesnis / Encouraging energy consumption more efficiently. Promote awareness Promote that possible about Union citizens Pursue that Union citizens. Union citizens are as much as informed about their rights / citizens are as well informed as possible about their rights. Gender equality should be be promoted. Gender equality promoted Gender equality should should be pursued. 108 kaLboS kŪRtūRa | 85 junginys Siūloma taisyti Promote equal opportunities employment. employment. Promote equal opportunities for raising public awareness of and promoting public acceptance of fusion energy. raise public awareness of fusion energy so that it is (becomes) more acceptable to the public / make fusion energy more understandable and acceptable to the public. Here we could raise the question whether it is possible not to correct these presented cases – to consider them as regular compounds. answer this question is not easy. next to the above mentioned compounds there are also the following uses: promote the economy, promote the wealth, promote the way, promote the strategy, promote the science, etc. below are some examples with a broader context. Eco-innovation is one of the most important challenges, if not the most important, in order to remain competitive and achieve sustainability objectives, as well as to show less developed regions how to boost the economy and prosperity (= develop/develop5 the economy and increase prosperity) without damaging the environment. plg. : Ecoinnovation is a key – if not the key – way to remain competitive and achieve sustainability targets, but also to demonstrate to hitherto less developed regions how to boost their economies and prosperity without damaging the environment (opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee). The initiatives organised under the programme of the European Year of Citizens shall take into account the need to identify (= identify) the obstacles preventing Union citizens from exercising their rights and to promote appropriate ways and strategies to overcome those obstacles, as well as to promote intercultural awareness and combating discrimination (= promote/encourage appropriate ways and strategies to overcome those obstacles, to raise intercultural awareness of discrimination and to promote/strengthen the fight against it). plg. : In the context of initiatives organised in the framework of the European Year of Citizens, consideration shall be given to identifying obstacles to the exercise of the rights by the Union citizens and to promoting appropriate ways and strategies to remove those obstacles, as well as to promoting inter-cultural understanding of discrimination and fighting against it (Europos parlamento ir tarybos sprendimas). 5 The word vystyti could be used here, cf. dž6e, dž7, where the second meaning of the word is given – to make more perfect, more complex, to develop, to roll: V. industriją, mokslą, tiesą, with reference to kn. L. Murniene. 109 In order to achieve a higher level of participation in the standardisation system, national standardisation bodies shall promote and facilitate SMEs’ access to standards and the standards development process (= promote and facilitate SMEs’ access to standards and their development / institutions shall facilitate and encourage SMEs’ access to standards and their development. plg. : National standardisation bodies shall encourage and facilitate the access of sMes to standards and standards development processes in order to reach a higher level of participation in the standardisation system (Decision of the Council and the representatives of the governments of the Member States meeting within the Council). Applicants for joint project grants (= joint projects) must be state-recognised public or private higher education institutions or associations, organisations or networks of higher education institutions with the aim of promoting (= supporting), improving and reforming higher education. plg.: applicants for joint projects must be State-recognised, public or private higher education institutions or associations, organisations or networks of higher education institutions dedicated to the promotion, improvement and reform of higher education (European Commission call for proposals). most often the word promote is translated from English to promote, e.g.: <...> siekiant skatinti jų profesinę integraciją, plg.: in order to promote their vocational integration (judgement of the Court of Justice of 6 December 2012). In particular, the programme will promote free interaction with the developments in the higher education system of the European Union, cf. : In particular, the programme will promote voluntary convergence with EU developments in the field of higher education (European Commission call for proposals). it can also help to promote multilingualism, mobility of students, teachers, VET students and their trainers, cf. : It can also help to promote multilingualism, the mobility of students, teachers, persons undergoing vocational training and their instructors (Europos parlamento ir tarybos sprendimas). Much less frequently the word stimuluoti is translated into English as to boost, to encourage, to stimulate, to activate, etc., so the results of the study did not confirm the idea that the verb stimuluoti may be used more frequently because of the automatic replacement of international words (e.g., stimuliuoti, aktyvinti) with the Lithuanian word. The results of the research on syntactic conjugation clearly show that the performer of the action marked by the verb to encourage is quite often abstract or means a non-living thing (see Sližienė 2004: 50), e.g.: the project encourages to take action; the measures envisaged encourage the provision of more services, etc. 110 kaLboS kŪRtūRa | 85 Instead of Conclusions The verb to promote is quite common in translations of European Union documents. distinguishing which case of use is irregular and which could be justified is not easy. Use is intertwined – the norm of common language, fluctuating on the border of the norm and no longer the norm. as already stated, the unquestionable norm of common language would be in the following cases: first, the verb to encourage in order to express encouragement and activation and, secondly, in order to express recognition and appreciation of merits. The use of the verb in combination with abstracts denoting a particularity (promote awareness, promote efficiency) and so on is on the edge of the norm. In a more tolerant way, the above mentioned compounds could be considered as the norm, the verb promote here being perceived not as an activation or activation, but as a stipų rinkimas of a certain characteristic. The compounds 'promoting multilingualism', 'promoting student mobility', etc., are all here. More avoidable compounds to boost opportunities, boost potential, boost economy, etc. Instead of them should be used: increase opportunities, strengthen potential, develop / develop the economy, etc. Verb combinations used in a non-self-defining sense should be corrected according to the context, e.g. promote strategies (= encourage / encourage to develop strategies / take strategies), promote access (= encourage to use access), promote science (= support / support science), etc. LITTERATURE AND SOURCES General practical guide. Internet access: <eur-lex.europa.eu/en/techleg/pdf/2007_6655.pdf> (accessed 20 November 2012). dž6e 2006: Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language. sixth (third electronic) edition. CD. Vyr. red. S. a move. Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. dž7 2012: Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language. Seventh revised and supplemented edition. Vyr. red. S. a move. Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. EUR-Lex – the database of European Union legislation EUR-Lex. Available on the Internet at: <eur-lex.europa.eu/en/index.htm> (accessed 20 November 2012). Director of Institutional Publications. Internet access: <publications.europa.eu>. eu/code/lt/lt-000100.htm> (accessed 20 November 2012). kanckp 1998: Office language tips. corrected and supplemented edition. prepared by p. kniūkšta. Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedia Publishing. Online edition, 2007. Compiled by M. kniūkšta, vyr. red. R. Vladarskienė. access via internet: <kanceliariniaipatarimai.lki.lt> (accessed 2012 11 20). L. Murniene. The use of the verb promote in translated documents of the European Union 111 kp L1 2005: language advice. kn. 4: Lexicon: 1. Use of borrowed words (foreign words, international words). aut. and sudd. d. Mikulina. Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing. 2008: Lithuanian language dictionary 1–20, 1941–2002. Editors: g. Naktinienė (m. ed.), j. paulauskas, R. petrokienė, V. Vitkauskas, j. zabarskaitė. Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. Internet access: <www.lkz.lt> (accessed 2012 11 20). A Guide to Precedens. Available online at: <ec.europa.eu/translation/lithua nian/gui de lines/documents/council_manual_precedents_lt.pdf> (accessed 20 November 2012). Sližienė N. 2004: Lithuanian Verb Conjugation Dictionary 2(2), Vilnius: Lietuvos kalbos instituto leidykla. gauta 2012 12 06 tHE USagE oF tHE VERb skatinti IN tRaNSLatIoNS oF EURopEaN UNIoN doCUMENtS summary the article deals with the usage of verb skatinti (‘to encourage, to promote’) in administrative language as it could be viewed in the results of scientific research “Europos Sąjungos dokumentų kalba” (“the language of European Union documents”) carried out in 2010-2012 and financed by the State commission of the Lithuanian language. during this research documents from the database of European Union legislation EURLex were analysed. at the beginning it was assumed that the verb skatinti is quite frequent because of automatic substitution of international words, for instance stimuliuoti, aktyvinti with a Lithuanian word. therefore during the research both Lithuanian and English texts were analysed. the results of this research did not confirm the initial idea. all word combinations with the verb skatinti can be divided in two groups: 1) combinations with infinitives; 2) combinations with nouns. Combinations with infinitives, for example skatinti priimti tinkamą sprendimą (‘to promote an appropriate decision’), naudotis piliečio teisėmis (‘to encourage usage of citizen’s rights’) and the like are correct, but this cannot be said about combinations with nouns. Such combinations are plentiful in EU documents, but there are doubts if they meet the requirements of codified norms. It is not easy to distinguish which case of usage is clearly incorrect and which can be tolerated. the usage frequently balances on the edge of the norm. Word combinations skatin ti galimybes (‘to promote opportunities’), skatinti potencialą (‘to promote the potential’)