Europos Sąjungos Teisingumo Teismo generalinio advokato išvadų leksinių analitinių konstrukcijų vertimas iš prancūzų kalbos į lietuvių kalbą

A. LEONAVIČIENĖ, D. LIEPUONIŪTĖ. Europos Sąjungos Teisingumo Teismo generalinio advokato išvadų leksinių analitinių konstrukcijų vertimas iš prancūzų kalbos į lietuvių kalbą 95 AURELIJA LEONAVIČIENĖ Kauno technologijos universitetas DALIA LIEPUONIŪTĖ Kauno technologijos universitetas THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION CONCLUSION OF THE ADVOCATE GENERAL LEKSINIŲ ANALITINIŲ KONSTRUKCIJŲ TRANSLATION FROM FRENCH TO LITHUANIAN KEY WORDS: lexical analytical construction, translation method, administrative style, general language norm. During the last twenty years, the number of translations of European Union (hereinafter – EU) documents into Lithuanian has increased, and the development of the administrative language has accelerated. The naujų, kartais nemotyvuotai vertėjų pasirinktų kalbos ypatybių. Kaip žinoma, greičiausiai į pokyčius reaguoja leksika, kinta tam tikri stilistiniai skiinterlinguistic influence has led to the appearance of lexical usage in administrative style texts. The comparison of the original and translation standartizacijos laipsnio administracinio lietuvių kalbos stiliaus verstinių tekstų gretinimas su senas šio stiliaus tradicijas turinčiais anglų arba prantexts provides many useful data on the use of vocabulary, especially in the texts of the Lesser Cushitic language. That the current administrative style of Lithuanian language translation texts tyrimai yra aktualūs, rodo 2008 m. gruodžio mėn. 8 d. Lietuvos Respublikos Seimo surengtoje tarptautinėje konferencijoje „Lietuvių kalba Europos in the Union’s space” the following thoughts were expressed: “The deterioration of the quality of translation of EU legislation is undoubtedly damaging the Lithuanian administrative and legal language. Documents into which translations of EU administrative texts are transferred show other characteristics of language texts: new terms, documents, names of institutions have appeared, international words have increased, untranslatable words from other languages and their combinations have appeared; changing sentence structure, they are very long and 96 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 86 nesklandūs; dėl analitinės anglų kalbos įtakos pagausėjo daiktavardinių konstrukcijų.“ (Auksoriūtė 2008: 41–49). Although the administrative style is the strictest, most closed, most template-like of all functional styles and has the least genre differentiation (Župerka 2001: 95–96), changes in its norm influence the language of other functional styles, especially the academic style, and the whole common Lithuanian language in general (Vladarskienė 2007: 55–61). Thus, the quality of administrative style translations and the language innovations spreading in translation texts should receive more and more attention from linguistic researchers. In view of the relevance of the topic, one of the genres of administrative style legal postill of the database of documents of the EU institutions (EUR-lex) was chosen for research – Opinions of the Advocate General of the Court of Justice in French and Lithuanian, the subject of nės analitinės konstrukcijos ir jų vertimai į lietuvių kalbą. Minėto žanro tekstų pasirinkimą lėmė stilistikos darbuose ne kartą išsakyta mintis, kad study – the lexical characteristics of the French language in describing “peculiarities of administrative style, linguistic characteristics or tendencies of its formation, most often referring only to legal postill texts as best corresponding to the norms of administrative style” (Bitinienė 2002: 4). The study comprises 444 pages of the Advocate General’s Opinions from 2003 to 2013, divided into two comparative periods: a sample of 106 171 words from 2003 to 2008 and a sample of 114 870 words from 2009 to 2013. The total number of words in the documents analyzed is 221 041 words. The division of the samples of court decisions into two periods allows to observe changes in the translation of the investigated administrative texts over ten years, to determine the change in the quality of translations. The aim of this study is to examine the quantitative use of lexical analytical constructions in the Opinion of the Advocate General of the French language and to determine their translation into Lithuanian language. 1) to discuss theoretically the lexical analytical constructions of the French language, their differences from grammatical analytical constructions and free word combinations; 2) to identify the genre peculiarities of the use of lexical analytical constructions in the texts of the study, to compare the data of the two periods of the study; 3) to identify methods of translating lexical analytical constructions into Lithuanian and discuss the quality of their translation. The stylistic analysis of the distribution and translation of the investigated constructions is carried out using quantitative, comparative, translation analysis and A. LEONAVIČIENĖ, D. LIEPUONIŪTĖ. Europos Sąjungos Teisingumo Teismo generalinio advokato išvadų leksinių analitinių konstrukcijų vertimas iš prancūzų kalbos į lietuvių kalbą 97 descriptive methods. The research was carried out at Kaunas University of Technology in the framework of the Lithuanian Science Council project “Promotion of Student Research Activity” (VP1-3.1-ŠMM-01-V-02-003). The project is funded under the Human Resources Development Operational Programme Priority 3 “Researcher Capacity Building” from the European Social Fund and the State Budget of the Republic of Lithuania. PRANCŪZŲ KALBOS LEKSINIŲ ANALITINIŲ INTERPRETATION OF CONSTRUCTIONS AND RESULTS OF QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF STUDY MATERIAL Lexical analytical constructions are typical of analytical English, French and other languages, in which the meaning of the whole compound is conveyed by two or more separate words, one of which has lexical meaning, the other – grammatical. This form of the lexical unit often forms an opposition to the synthetic form, in which both lexical and grammatical meaning are conveyed by one word (Leonavičienė 2009: 24). In linguistics, lexical analytical constructions are distinguished from general analytical forms and free word combinations. Unlike grammatical analytic forms (e.g., French tu as fait, tu vas dire, il vient de parler, etc.), a lexical analytic form consists of a combination of an auxiliary verb (French: verbe support) and a noun (rarely an adjective or prepositional construction), which in the same analytic language corresponds to a single verb, e.g. avoir de l’admiration – admirer, donner un ordre – ordonner, donner les définitions – définir, donner l’autorisation – autoriser, faire des recommandations – recommander, faire une demande – demander, prendre en considération – considérer, etc. The presented and other lexical analytical constructions of the French language found in the research texts usually have a single-word synonym, while the grammatical analytical form usually does not have such lexical synonyms. It is somewhat more difficult to distinguish lexical analytical constructions from free word combinations and collocations typical of administrative style. In free word combinations and collocations, all elements retain their independent meanings, and l e k s i n ę a n a l i t i n ę kon s t r u k c i j ą, as Igoris Mel’cuk states, helps to distinguish the necessary condition – to the main, most important of all lexems, an additional flexional meaning is added by another word (Mel’cuk 1990: 131–132). The main semantic focus of lexical analytical constructions in French are nouns, sometimes adjectives or prepositional constructs. 98 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 86 tions. According to linguists Martin Riegel, Jean-Christophe Pellat, René Rioul, a noun of lexical analytic construction, an adjective in language often has a co-root verb of close meaning (faire le résumé d’un livre / résumer un livre), but there are also nouns that do not have verb counterparts (faire le bilan de sa vie ≠ bilaner? sa vie, émettre une number of auxiliary verbs that convey hypogrammatic information is more defined. According to M. Riegel, they are most often followed by avoir, donner, faire, mettre, porter thèse sur la question ≠ hypothéser? sur la question ir pan.) (Riegel ir kt. 2006: 232–233). Nagrinėjamų konstrukcijų vardažodžiai yra labai skirtingi, bet and other verbs denoting predicative relations, which indicate the beginning (Pierre gagne de l’assurance), duration (Pierre a de l’assurance / garde (conserve) son assurance) or end (Pierre perd son assurance) of an action and, depending on stylistic appropriateness, can be used with nouns (avoir de l’intérêt pour → éprouver, manifester, témoigner, etc. de l’intérêt pour; faire l’examen de → effectuer, procéder à, etc. l’examen de; donner l’ordre de → intimer l’ordre de) (Riegel et al. 2006: 232–233). Lexical analytical constructions are a feature of the analytical system of French language. These constructions have been discussed by linguists M. Riegelis, J.-C. Pellat, R. Rioulis (2006), I. Mel’cukas (1990) and others, their stylistic usage and translation into Lithuanian language were examined by Aurelija Leonavičienė (2009: 23–30; 2010: 135–149), but so far there is a great lack of analysis of the use and translation of French lexical analytical constructions into Lithuanian language in larger and more representative administrative style texts. The analysis of the distribution of lexical analytical constructions in the 444-page French language material found a total of 705 lexical analytical constructions: tenir / prendre en / rendre compte, prendre en considération, ressortir / résulter des considérations, avoir à la disposition, avoir / énoncer / faire / imposer / fonder l’obligation, poser la/ remettre en/ saisir/ soumettre/ soulever/ déférer question, etc. The constructs used in the texts should be related to the theme and content of the texts examined. Based on the theoretical insights already discussed, the samples of research material were separated from 1) grammatical analytical forms, 2) repetitive free word combinations and 3) collocations of legal language. In the first period, i.e. from 2003 to 2008, 355 lexical analytical constructions were identified in the Opinion of the Advocate General, and in the second period, i.e. from 2009 to 2013, 350 lexical analytical constructions were identified in texts of the same genre. The similar distribution of lexical analytical constructions in the texts of both periods (see table 1) indicates the consistency of the use of these constructions in the administrative style texts under study. Their total frequency in 10 pages of the entire research material (~6.3 constructions) allows to consider these lexical units as a distinctive feature of the genre of administrative style under consideration. In individual periods their consumption A. LEONAVIČIENĖ, D. LIEPUONIŪTĖ. Europos Sąjungos Teisingumo Teismo generalinio advokato išvadų leksinių analitinių konstrukcijų vertimas iš prancūzų kalbos į lietuvių kalbą 99 varies slightly: in 2003–2008 – ~6.14 constructions, in 2009–2013 – ~6.5 constructions. The frequency of the use of lexical analytical constructions of the second period in 10 pages is only 0.36 higher, so this difference is too small to justify the tendency of their increasing use in texts of the genre under consideration. TABLE 1. Quantitative distribution of lexical analytical constructions in French Period Number of Number of lexical constructions of pages analysis per 10 page structures 2003-2008 218 355 ~6.14 2009-2013 226 350 ~6.5 2003-2013 444 705 ~6.3 The obtained quantitative consumption data can be compared with the earlier studies of A. Leonavičienė (2010: 135–139) on the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Protocols). Only in the 31-page text 43 lexical analytical constructions were detected, i.e. in 10 pages there were about 14 of them. Too small volume of the study material showed only the use of lexical analytical constructions in the document analyzed and did not allow to draw more general conclusions about their frequency in other genres of administrative style, so during this study it was decided to significantly increase the sample of the study material to show a more objective frequency of lexical analytical constructions in texts of the genre under consideration. In comparison with studies of the use of lexical analytical constructions in other French language texts of functional styles, especially in artistic texts of similar volume (in 2009–2010 A. Leonavičienė found that in 467 pages of four works of artistic style prose on average 5.25 lexical analytical constructions are used in 10 pages, and in 148 pages of publicistic style texts on average 5 lexical analytical constructions are used in 10 pages (2009: 25; 2010: 139)), it can be noted that in the 444 pages of the Opinion of the Advocate General in administrative style more lexical analytical constructions are used in 10 pages, i.e. approximately 6.3 lexical analytical constructions. Lexical analytical 100 KALBOS KULTŪRA | 86 konstrukcijų gausa prancūzų kalbos administracinio (~6,3), meninio (~5,25) and publicistic (~5) style texts, it is possible to affirm that the construction nėra stilistiškai žymėtos, jos laikytinos bendrąja analitinės prancūzų kalbos sistemos ypatybe, tačiau dažnesnis jų vartojimas administracinio stiliaus tekstuose leidžia jas laikyti skiriamuoju nagrinėjamo žanro kalbos požymiu. Šį teiginį paremia C. Blanche-Benveniste mintis, kad teksto žanras lemia lekof these structures is based on the quantitative use of grammatical means (2000: 55–63), their distribution in texts and, of course, certain ways of PRANCŪZŲ KALBOS LEKSINIŲ ANALITINIŲ translating them. TRANSLATION METHOD OF CONSTRUCTIONS IN LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE After analyzing a sample of texts from two periods of research, common methods of translation of lexical analytical constructions of the entire decade (2003–2013) were identified: 1) translation of Lithuanian verbs; 2) translation by noun construction; (3) translation into nouns (see Table 2); 4) translation by adjective, adjective and verb combination; 5) adverbial translation and 6) omission of lexical analytical construction (see Table 3). 2 LENTELĖ. Dažniausi prancūzų kalbos leksinių analitinių konstrukcijų vertimo į lietuvių kalbą būdai Period Translatveiksmažodžiu ir jo formomis ion Translation daiktavardine konstrukcija Translation by noun Vartota kartų Dažnis procentais Vartota kartų Dažnis procentais Vartota kartų Dažnis procentais 2003–2008 212 ~59,7 125 ~35,2 13 ~3,7 2009–2013 213 ~60,9 120 ~34,3 12 ~3,4 2003–2013 425 ~60,2 245 ~34,8 25 ~3,5 The results of the quantitative analysis of the study of the entire period of study allow to consider translation by verb and translation by noun construction as the most common ways of translation. The remaining translation samples account for only 5% of all samples examined. A. LEONAVIČIENĖ, D. LIEPUONIŪTĖ. Europos Sąjungos Teisingumo Teismo generalinio advokato išvadų leksinių analitinių konstrukcijų vertimas iš prancūzų kalbos į lietuvių kalbą 101 TABLE 3. Other ways of translating French lexical analytical constructions into Lithuanian Period Translation by adjective, Translation and compound adjective verb adverb Omission of lexical analytical construction Vartota kartų Dažnis procentais Vartota kartų Dažnis procentais Vartota kartų Dažnis procentais 2003–2008 4 ~1,1 1 ~0,3 0 ~0 2009–2013 2 ~0,6 1 ~0,3 2 ~0,6 2003–2013 6~0,9 2 ~0,3 2 ~0,3 As mentioned above, the most commonly translated word is ve i k s m a ž o d ž i u: in the first period (2003–2008) 212 of the 355 lexical analytical constructions were verb-constructed (~59.7% of all examined examples), in the second period (2009–2013) 213 of the 350 constructions were verb-constructed (~60.9% of all examined examples). The translation of the lexical analytical constructions of the opinions of the Advocate General in the verb and its forms comprises ~60.2% of the samples of the research material. This method of translation was chosen by the translators because of the semantics of the analytical lexical constructions of the French language, i.e. because of the frequent use of them, and taking into account the verb-based, flexional nature of the Lithuanian language: (1) Il faudrait donc donner une réponse affirmative à la seconde question. (Case C-349/01) For that reason, in the Works Council’s view, the answer to the second question should be in the affirmative. (Case C-349/01) (2) [...] no worker shall suffer any harm as a result of his or her unwillingness to consent to carrying out such work. (C-397/01 to C-403/01) … the employee will not suffer any loss as a result of the employer’s actions jis nenori sutikti dirbti tokį darbą. (C-397/01 iki C-403/01) (3) La Cour administrative (Luxembourg) a des doutes quant à la compatibilité d’une because of the fact that the employer has not complied with the national disposition du droit relatif à l’impôt sur le revenu avec les règles sur la libre circulation des capitaux. (C-242/03) The Cour administrative of Luxembourg questions the compatibility of a provision of national income tax law with the rules on the free movement of capital. (Case C-242/03) 102 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 86 apporter les preuves – to prove; give directions – nurodyti; perform a job – dirbti; exercer le contrôle – control; faire mention – to mention; faire Štai daugiau šio vertimo būdo pavyzdžių: suite – to continue; faire usage – to consume, to use; fournir les informations – informuoti; provide explanation – paaiškinti; end – baigti; make a decision – nuspręsti; prendre part – take part, contribute, etc. Not always the lexical analytical constructions of the French language mean an action, they can emphasize an object or a result. These meanings are typical of administrative language, which requires “not to state actions but their results, to use concepts and defined terms” (Kniūkšta 2005: 60). Therefore, taking into account the peculiarities of the meaning of the translated constructions, translators translated about 34.8% of all examples with Lithuanian d a i k t ava rd i n ė m i s constructions: (4) The applicant in the main proceedings, the defendant in the main proceedings, the Austrian, Spanish, Italian and United Kingdom Governments and the European Commission submitted written observations in that case. Written observations were submitted by the applicant and the defendant in the main proceedings, the Austrian, Spanish, United Kingdom and Italian Governments, and the Commission. (C-523/10) (5) By letter transmitted on 27 October 2011, the Court of Justice asked a question for written answer in view of the hearing, in the following terms: […] (C-522/10) By letter sent on 27 October 2011, the Court of Justice asked the following question for written answer before the hearing […]. (C-522/10) Those noun constructions that have meanings different from those of the corresponding verbs are necessary for language. According to Pranas Kniūkštas, “the differences in meaning arising from the meaning of nouns are one of the most important reasons for the emergence and spread of noun constructions” (2005: 69). Even when a noun construction can be replaced by a verb in the translation text, their meanings do not always coincide. Therefore, it is possible to say that “substantive forms of expression spread for objective reasons and in certain cases inevitably take hold” (Kniūkšta 2005: 60). The results of the study show that the distribution of examples of translation of lexical analytical structures into noun structures is similar in different periods of the study: in translations of the Opinion of the Advocate General in 2003–2008 noun structures were chosen 125 times (this amounts to about 35.2% of all examples of the analyzed period), and in 2009–2013 – 120 times (about 34.3% of the examples). The most frequently used constructions in translations of all investigated material (2003–2013) were: have the right (7.3% of all noun constructions), be informed (4.5%), raise/submit a question (4%), conduct an audit (3.7%), A. LEONAVIČIENĖ, D. LIEPUONIŪTĖ. Europos Sąjungos Teisingumo Teismo generalinio advokato išvadų leksinių analitinių konstrukcijų vertimas iš prancūzų kalbos į lietuvių kalbą 103 grant the right (3.7%), take a decision (3.3%), submit comments (2.8%), have an impact (2.8%), have an impact (2.4%), make a reference (1.6%), submit a request (1.6%), provide an opportunity (1.6%), submit a complaint (1.2%), etc. Based on the results of the study, it can be said that the choice of specific constructions and their frequency of use were determined by the theme and content of the texts under consideration. Taking these factors into account, the translators chose the exact lexical equivalent of the French translation (examples 4, 5) or a Lithuanian noun construction more appropriate to the context and more typical of texts of the research genre, reflecting the specificity of the vocabulary of the administrative language: (6) L’article 48 prévoit que, « [a]ux fins du présent titre, aucune disposition du présent accord ne fait obstacle à l’application, par les parties, de leurs lois et de leurs réglementations concernant l’admission et le séjour, l’emploi, les conditions de travail, l’établissement de personnes physiques et la prestation de services [...] ». According to Article 48, ‘for the purposes of this paragraph, nothing in the Agreement shall prevent the Parties from applying their laws and regulations governing the entry and stay of natural persons, employment, conditions of employment, establishment and the provision of services …’. (7) More specifically, Article 65(2) of Regulation No 883/2004 provides that the frontier worker must make himself ‘at the disposal of the employment services of the Member State of residence’ … More specifically, Article 65(2) of Regulation No 883/2004 provides that the frontier worker must be ‘at the disposal of the employment services of the Member State of residence’ … (C-443/11) The translation of French lexical analytical constructions into Lithuanian noun constructions increases the quantitative use of nouns in texts of the genre under consideration and reflects the peculiarity of administrative language – the frequent dominance of nouns over other parts of the neralinio advokato išvadų (444 puslapių) leksinių analitinių konstrukcijų vertimo daiktavardinėmis konstrukcijomis duomenis (apie 34,8 proc.) galilanguage. The results of the study are compared with the data of similar volume (467 pages) of French artistic texts translated into Lithuanian (Leonavičienė 2009: 26–29; 2010: 140–149). Recent studies have shown that about 74% of the lexical analytical constructions of all examined artistic texts are composed of Lithuanian verbs and only about 23% of them are constructed by nouns. Similar results were obtained in a smaller (148-page) publication published in 110 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 86 TRANSLATION OF LEXICAL ANALYTICAL CONSTRUCTIONS IN THE OPINIONS OF THE ADVOCATE-GENERAL OF THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION FROM FRENCH INTO LITHUANIAN Summary Over the past twenty years the translations of EU documents into Lithuanian have been on the increase; the development of the administrative language has been gathering pace as well. As a result of cross-linguistic influence, the texts of administrative style started featuring new, occasionally ill-founded, linguistic peculiarities selected by translators. Lexis was the fastest to react to changes; certain stylistic differential features of the use of lexis underwent changes as well. In the analysis of the use of words from the Lithuanian administrative language, the comparison of the texts of two languages – source text and its translation – is a source yielding numerous valuable data. The relevance of the topic under analysis is determined by frequent errors of translation from analytic (English, French, etc.) languages into a synthetic Lithuanian language as well as the disregard of the peculiar characteristics of the native language system, norm and stylistic use. The article analyses the opinions of the advocate-general of the Court of Justice of the European Union in French and Lithuanian languages. Lexical analytical constructions characteristic of the French administrative language and their translation into Lithuanian were selected the research object. The study material consists of 444 pages of the opinions of advocate-general of 2003–2013 divided into two comparative periods: texts written in 2003–2008 and in 2009–2013. The total number of words in the documents under analysis is 221,041 words. The distinction of the material under analysis into two periods enables to identify the methods of translating lexical analytical constructions under analysis into Lithuanian as well as the changes in the quality of translation over the past ten years. The following objective was brought forward in the study – to analyse the quantitative use of French lexical analytical constructions in the opinions of the advocate-general and to identify the methods of their translation into Lithuanian. The study is based on contrastive linguistics, quantitative and descriptive methods. The analysis results lead to the conclusion that in translating 705 French lexical analytical constructions found in the study material into Lithuanian and rendering their reference content, the component synthesis of semantic structures was usually selected, i.e. it is translated by a verb or its forms (60.2% of all examples under analysis), less commonly – by a noun construction (34.8% of the examples). Translation by a noun (3.5% of the examples), adjective, adjective and verb phrase (0.9% of the examples) and adverb (0.3% of the examples) are con- A. LEONAVIČIENĖ, D. LIEPUONIŪTĖ. Europos Sąjungos Teisingumo Teismo generalinio advokato išvadų leksinių analitinių konstrukcijų vertimas iš prancūzų kalbos į lietuvių kalbą 111 sidered least common translation methods. To avoid semantically and stylistically excessive units, 0.3% of translation examples omitted lexical analytical constructions altogether. The methods of translation identified in the study lead to the conclusion that the selection of linguistic means in the target language depends on translator’s expertise, understanding of the meaning of the unit being translated and the knowledge of stylistic and genre peculiarities of the target language. norm The comparison of translation examples from the two periods in terms of the of the Lithuanian standard language shows that the translation quality of the EU documents is gradually improving; translators become more careful with regard to the peculiarities of the source and the target language, semantics of language units and are better versed in the norms of the Lithuanian standard language applicable in the administrative language. KEYWORDS: lexical analytical construction, translation method, administrative style, norm of standard language. AURELIJA LEONAVIČIENĖ Kauno technologijos universitetas Gedimino g. 43, LT-44240 Kaunas, Lithuania DALIA LIEPUONIŪTĖ Kauno technologijos universitetas Gedimino g. 43, LT-44240 Kaunas, Lithuania [email protected]