Semantinė piniginių vienetų pavadinimų struktūra

60 Languages and Culture | 86 DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ lietuvių kalbos institutas MONEY UNIT SIGNIFICANCE Structure of titles KEY WORDS: semantics, semantic structure, meaning, shade of meaning, dictionary article. In the lexicographical sources of Lithuanian language, except for at least larger dictionary tarptautinių žodžių žodynus, piniginių vienetų pavadinimai nėra pateikiami išsamiai ir sistemiškai1. sisteminimas yra viena iš šiuolaikinės leksikografijos funkcijų (Morkovkin 1993: 37), sistemiškumas – kertinis kiekvieno stones, the dictionary is not a random, but a systematic collection of lexical units (Jakaitienė 2005: 9). The General Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (hereinafter referred to as bŽ) also strives to be systematic, and it differs from previous explanatory dictionaries of the Lithuanian language in that it is essentially written not in alphabetical order, but by lexical semantic groups of words (liutkevičienė 2006: 9; liutkevičienė 2010a: 223; liutkevičienė 2010b: 141; Naktinienė et al. 1999: 4; Naktinienė 2006: 20; for the writing and editing of dictionaries by word groups, see also 1985; Babickienė 1985: 231; Gudavičius 1997). One such semantic group is the names of monetary units. Some of the names of the main, large monetary units, i.e. currencies, are being considered by the State Lithuanian Language Commission (hereinafter – SLK) or at least revised by linguists. Among the previous works, which present more or less comprehensive lists of words of the lexical group in question, mention the Russian-Lithuanian Dictionary of Economic Terms (hereinafter – rlEtŽ), Kazimieras Eigų min and Kazimieras Gaivenis article “Names of Monetary Units” 1 Names of monetary units together with colleague aurelija tamulioniene (to whom the author of the article is grateful for the help in collecting and processing the data) began to be studied in order to systematically present them in the General Lithuanian Language Dictionary. As the work gets underway, we can already share some thoughts. In this issue of Language Culture is also published an article on the same topic, prepared separately by a. tamulionienė, entitled “Criteria for the selection of names of monetary units for the Common Lithuanian Language Dictionary”. The inevitable repetition of some things in these two articles on the denominations of the currencies is due to the nature of the joint work and should not be considered as a defect. D. MurMulaItytė. semantic structure of monetary unit names 61 (Eigminas, Gaivenis 1968), antanas buracas World Currency and Coins Guide (buracas 1999). The article provides a list of currencies, which is a table listing the names of the main currencies and their sub-units in alphabetical order. In the dictionary and reference book, the vocabulary of this field is lexicographically arranged – the equivalent in another language is given (in a bilingual dictionary) or the meaning is explained (in a reference book), but the semantic structure of the names of monetary units is not shown in any case. The smaller monetary units, which normally represent one hundredth of the base currency, have not been considered by the CFC, are not standardised and vary from source to source. As the most reliable sources for those who want to find the correct names of monetary units, two lists are now mentioned: the January 2008 “On the Approval of the List of Currencies Used in the Declaration of Goods to Lithuanian Customs” and its two amendments of 1 and 15 December 2008 (1bav749, 1bav794) and the constantly updated Europa. Director of Institutional Publications. Appendix A5: List of countries, territories and currencies. These lists and other sources are useful as a support 16 d. Muitinės departamento generalinio direktoriaus įsakymas nr. 1b40 material for creating glossary articles on monetary names. They must reveal the semantic structure of these names – properly distinguishing and defining their meanings, illustrating examples of usage, etc. In other languages, the term is used in different meanings. Even in the same dictionary, different meanings can be distinguished (usually their shades). The definitions do not always refer to small currency units and do not always mention the symbols of currency units. Sometimes old, no longer used monetary names are presented as one lexicon together with those still in use, sometimes – as a separate lexicon, historicism, with the appropriate notation (e.g., in Latvian dictionaries they have the notation vēst., see the below cited article krona from svV). rare money name is given with examples of usage, especially in smaller and medium-sized dictionaries. Usually, only the most commonly used words of this semantic group are illustrated. Depending on the size of the dictionary articles, jų santykis su valiuta, kurios pavadinimas yra antraštinis straipsnio žodis. thesaurus-type dictionaries can be extremely long, encyclopedic. For example, the dollar article from CNrtl, which provides a wealth of examples of usage with references to sources, a separate paragraph is devoted to information on the pronunciation and spelling of the word, etymology, frequency of use, etc.2: 2 When citing dictionary articles, an effort has been made to maintain the same format as in the dictionary. Omitted text is marked [...]. 62 Languages Culture | 86 dollar A. A currency unit of the United States and Canada, divided into 100 cents. A ten-dollar bill, a hundred-dollar bill. She [the mother] received at the same time a small bundle of green dollars which she buried in her corset like a sweet note (Cé l i n e, Voyage, 1932, p. 274). At the Grand Hotel in Grasse, an American bet a thousand dollars against a Louis that the war would be over by Christmas (Ma r t i n d u G., Thib., Épil., 1940, p. 995): 1. I have seen two or three restaurants of a rather peculiar type, the best known of which is Marcel: for a dollar and a half you can get a generous table d’hôte, but whatever you leave on your plate will be added to your bill as a fine; ...Mo r a n d, New York, 1930, p. 148. - En appos. with adj. value The dollar zone. Area where the dollar is used. The main regional imbalance, that between the dollar zone and the rest of the world, has lasted so long only because the United States decided to finance it through long-term grants and loans (Univers écon. et soc., 1960, p. 3814). - To the monkey. [As a symbol of the financial power of the United States] And finally, in the American section, Sargent’s beautiful ladies, Sargent the titled portraitist of dollar princesses and billionaire salted pork merchants (lo r r a i n, Sens. et souv., 1895, p. 189). Rem. We meet ds the docum. le néol. dollarise, verb trans. americanize, imprint the American character, the American mentality. The suspicious character of the novelist [Bourget], dollarized by his trip to America (Go n C o u r t, Journal, 1896, p. 980). B.− P. ext. currency unit adopted by different countries. Ethiopian dollar, Malaysian. The foundries of the father and his small squadron were full of piastres, doubles, gold and silver ecus, Chinese dollars, Marie-Thérèse, thalers of Abyssinia (Ce n d r a r s, Bourlinguer, 1948, p. 377): 2. the expansion of the florin of Florence, since the x i i i e century, does not depend on other causes, it is in solidarity with a prosperity that is recognized everywhere. Closer to us, we will mention the spread of the “Mexican dollar” in the Far East. L’Hist. et ses méthodes, 1961, p. 343. Pronounce. and Orth. : [dɔla:ʀ]. Ds Ac. dep. 1835. Ethymol. and Hist. 1776, 13 Dec. (Courr. de l’Europe, I, p. 100 ds Pr o s C h w i t z Beaumarchais, p. 242: the weighting cent costs Boston only five dollars). Anglo-Saxon. 1998-1999, at orig. enterprise. by angl. au b. all. daler (1553 daler; corresponds to the all. Taler, v. thaler) to designate this currency of the German countries. ; then denomination of the peso esp. in the colonies of North America (1650 Caroline Dollar) finally monetary unit NED: resolved that the money unit of the united states of america be one dollar). Freq. abs. littér. : 383. Freq. rel. littér. : x i x is. : (a) 39, (b) 373; x x es. : (a) 247, (b) 1 246. Bbg. Pa M a r t (P.). Word is silver, but silence is gold. Vie Lang. 1971. p. 138. adoptée par le Congrès amér. (1785 Resol. Continent. Congress u.s. 6 July ds Here are some more examples from the glossaries of different languages, which show how differently the names of currency can be presented: D. MurMulaItytė. semantic structure of monetary units names 63 Žodyninis straipsnis Komentarai D7: dollar (1) currency unit of the United States, Canada and some other countries; the monetary symbol of its value ceñtas (2) one hundredth of the currency unit of the Republic of Lithuania, the United States and some other states; monetary symbol of such value • slightly different wording of the definition of the monetary mark; • sutampantys JaV ir kitų šalių piniginių vienetų pavadinimai laikomi vieand a lesson. LLVV: dollar vietnamese, v. A currency unit (in the United States, Canada, Australia and other countries). Relevant naudas zīme, monēta. With a trembling heart she laid two hundred dollars on Wiseman's table. birze 3, 121. LEV: cents A monetary unit, a small coin (in the USA, Canada, etc.). In the US, for example, 1 cent = 1/100 of a dollar. • the monetary symbol is named specifically – coin; • the definition of a small monetary unit indicates the ratio of its value to the value of the basic unit. LLVV: lats ŭa, v. A monetary unit (in bourgeois Latvia). The corresponding currency, coin. The last and most important step [in 1940] was the introduction of the Soviet Union currency into circulation, i.e., the alignment of the lats with the ruble. F Deglavs II, 17. Five lats! There were five silver rolls in Waldo's purse. bear 5, 37. I think about this day. What's going to happen? Will I carry some lats in the evening? Maybe, after spending my last penny, I'll come back empty-handed. Decision 9, 14. santīms a, v. A monetary unit (in bourgeois Latvia, France, Luxembourg, Switzerland). The corresponding currency, coin. Voldis spent the whole lats to the last penny. bear 5, 35. • values illustrated vartosenos pavyzdžiais; • abbreviations of the sources are provided for the latter; • previous llVV volumes were prepared in Soviet times, so lato and santimo brėžtys neatitinka šių everyday realities. 64 Languages and Culture | 86 Žodyninis straipsnis Komentarai ..Martha had accumulated a couple of ten cents. Dad liked to give her a little stuff every now and then. J Kalniņš 2, 126. runcis: you could spend your pennies elsewhere than giving them to the children. Ziverts 1, 285. LEV3 santīms a, v. 1. currency unit in Latvia (also in Switzerland, until 2002 also in France and Luxembourg), one hundredth of lats; the relevant currency, coin. • two semantic aspects (current Latvian currency and French and Luxembourgish currency before the introduction of the euro) are presented as a single lexem. "Krona väst" (in Swedish). 1. Currency in the Czech Republic, Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. 2nd ed. The currency of several European countries before the introduction of the euro. 3rd edition. A silver or gold coin that used to be in circulation in England, France and some other countries. [...]. • the name of the currency, which existed before the introduction of the euro, is considered a historicism, marked with the appropriate certificate and presented as a separate lexicon. LEV: lats ŭa, v. National currency of the Republic of Latvia from 1922 to 1941 and from 1993 (1 LVL = 100 santīmu). • the definition shows the continuity of the national currency – the name of the lats that existed before the occupation and that was revived after the restoration of independence is considered a single lexicon. SJP: dollar «monetary unit of usa; also a currency unit of other countries, e.g. Canada, Australia, New Zealand» • dollar • the name of the currency unit and its derivatives are included in the article; 3 sV indicates that this article is taken from llVV, but llVV itself provides a different article for santīms, which according to lexicographical techniques corresponds completely to the article for the word lats from the same dictionary. D. MurMulaItytė. semantic structure of monetary units names 65 Žodyninis straipsnis Komentarai cent 1. “a small coin equal to one hundredth of a basic monetary unit in various countries” 2. «unit of measurement of distance between sounds» • cent • sutampantys JaV ir kitų šalių piniginių vienetų pavadinimai laikomi viena leksema, but pateiė kiami as meanings at at colours. Longman: dollar [countable] 1 the standard unit of money in the us, Canada, australia, and some other countries, divided into 100 cents: symbol $: It cost $3. a ten-dollar bill You can pay in dollars or euros at the airport. 2 the dollar the value of us money in relation to the money of other countries: The pound has risen against the dollar (=increased in value in relation to the dollar). → you can bet your bottom dollar at bet1 (4); → feel/look like a million dollars at million (4) cent [countable] 1 1/100th of the standard unit of money in some countries. For example, there are 100 cents in one dollar or in one euro: symbol ¢ put in your two cents’ worth American 2 English to give your opinion about something, when other people do not want to hear it → not one red cent at red1 (7) • two semantic aspects are presented as separate lexems: the šalių piniginių vienetų name of some, which consists of 100 cents, and the value of the U.S. currency unit compared to other currencies; • the symbol of the currency unit is given; • presentation of phraseological compounds with the name of the monetary unit. 66 Languages and Culture | 86 Žodyninis straipsnis Komentarai MWLD: dollar /ˈdɑ:lŭ/noun plural dollars 1 [count] a: a basic unit of money in the u.s., Canada, australia, and other countries that is equal to 100 cents ▪ the shirt costs 20 dollars. [=$20]▪ she had to pay hundreds of dollars in auto repairs.▪ the property is worth a million dollars. = It’s a milliondollar property.▪ Do you have a 20dollar bill? [=a twenty]▪ It costs 500 pesos. How much is that in dollars? [=how many dollars equals 500 pesos?] b: a bill or coin that is worth one dollar ▪ I found a dollar on the sidewalk. = I found a dollar bill on the sidewalk.▪ she put a wrinkled dollar down on the counter. — see also h a l f -d o l l a r, t o P d o l l a r 2 the dollar technical: the value of a dollar when it is compared to another unit of money ▪ The dollar dropped sharply against the pound.▪ the strength/weakness of the dollar▪ The dollar is worth more in Mexico. 3 [count] : money that is from a specified source or used for a specified purpose ▪ you want to know how the state spends every federal dollar [=money from the federal government] it receives?— usually plural ▪ should a program like this be paid for with tax/taxpayer dollars? [=with money the government collects through taxes]▪ tourist/tourism dollars [=money that an economy gets because of the money tourists spend there]▪ the company needs to invest its advertising dollars wisely. • indicate the small monetary units that make up the main unit; • different semantic aspects are represented by separate lexems (in the previous examples from Lithuanian, Latvian, Polish dictionaries these are nuances of meaning); • also a separate lexicon distinguishes the meaning of the value of the monetary unit, comparing it with the monetary units of other countries; • all values are illustrated by the most typical vartosenos pavyzdžiais; • it is noted that the first and third lexems can also have a plural form. Therefore, the names of monetary units are presented differently in different dictionaries, depending on the purpose, volume, methodology of preparation, etc. of the dictionaries. the wording of the definitions of trafaretinės apibrėžtys), retai kada iliustruojama vartosena, semantinė šių words differs (most often – the structure of certain words is also presented in different ways. D. MurMulaItytė. 67 Summarizing the material of the examined Lithuanian, Latvian, English, French, German, Russian, Polish dictionaries (see the list of sources), it is evident that the words of this lexical semantic group have three meanings (or three shades of meaning): • the currency of a particular country; • this unit in terms of value, when comparing it with other / other countries' monetary units; • monetary sign of its value (banknote and (or) coin). a small survey was conducted to investigate the semantics of monetary names. 32 respondents were interviewed – 6 linguists and 28 representatives trečio kurso studentai. Jiems pateikta 30 žodžių litas ir centas vartosenos pavyzdžių (atitinkamai 19 ir 11 sakinių) ir prašyta pažymėti, kuriuose iš jų šie žodžiai reiškia pačius piniginius vienetus (kaip vertės matą, nacionalinę of the creative industries programme. there were five answer options: the monetary unit, its sign, rather the monetary unit than its sign, rather the sign than the monetary unit, I do not know. The last three (doubt) answers were rarely used. sentences were given as follows: su žodžiu litas su žodžiu centas 1. One hundred litas banknote. 2. Today I have only two litas. 3. I was limited to litas. 4. The litas is pegged to the euro and will certainly not be devalued. 5. Litas exchange rate. 6. How is it better to save [borrow] – in litas, dollars or euros? 7. In the market I got twenty counterfeit litas. 8. Can you exchange ten litas for me? 9. 85th anniversary of the introduction of the litas. 10. Our accumulated litas are about to depreciate. 11. SEB bank no longer offers even 0.5% for annual deposits in litas. 12. The average salary “in hand” last year amounted to LTL 1594. 1. Five cent coin. 2. Farmers were paid for 1 kg of milk at Thirty-five cents. 3. I only have a few cents. 4. Didn't two of them fall out of your wallet? centai? 5.Storage chambers (in shops) are spoiled by all kinds of “saving” people, putting five cents into the locks instead of two litas. 6. A handful of cents. 7. You do not mind if the return is givensiu centais? 8. Traders and buyers acknowledge that paying in white cents requires more time and patience. 68 Languages Culture | 86 13. Is it possible in the Republic of Lithuania su žodžiu litas su žodžiu centas to pay in foreign currency using a cash machine, issuing a return in už paslaugas ir (ar) prekes per kalitas? 14. In Elgeta's hat lay a bunch of small and scratched ten litas. 15. Lend me 50 dollars to pay my salary. 16. Will you have a return from 500 litas? 17. I received two banknotes of dešimt (litų) ir dar litą smulkiais. two in return18. We collect twenty litas each for a colleague’s gift. 19. How long will it still be possible to pay in litas after the introduction of the euro in Lithuania? 9. Where can I exchange white cents for bigger coins without additional charge? 10. Cent to cent – and the litas. 11. He would take a lice to Australia for five cents. Although the groups of professionals and students were different in size and therefore serious conclusions cannot be drawn, it cannot be said that the professionals answered more accurately. In some cases, the students’ answers were more accurate. The only sentence that all respondents, except one linguist, noted unanimously – the Lito course. correctly stated that the word litas in this sentence means a monetary unit. Other sentences that are more often semantically correct than sentences that are misjudged: • In Elgeta’s hat lay a bunch of small and wrinkled ten litas. 6 students indicated that the litas in this sentence represents a monetary unit, and 28 respondents (6 linguists and 22 students) indicated the sign of the monetary unit. • The litas is pegged to the euro and will certainly not be devalued. 23 respondents (5 linguists and 18 students, of whom one responded “rather a monetary unit than a sign of a monetary unit”) thought that the litas in this sentence meant a monetary unit, 8 (1 linguist and 7 students) – that a sign of a monetary unit. The most erroneous meaning of the researched words was determined in the usage examples Hundred litas banknote and Five cents coin. only 2 students in the first case and 4 in the second indicated that litas and cent in these sentences D. MurMulaItytė. 75 currency unit or its cash form – in which the words litas and centas are used in the given examples of use. the analysis revealed that in theory, it is relatively easy for the respondents to distinguish between the two meanings; however, in specific cases, the answers of both linguists and the students of the aforementioned speciality to questionnaire questions were far from unanimous. among other things, it prompts a conclusion that it is not always possible to distinguish between the said meanings. It can be explained by the fact that they are often provided as two shades of the same meaning. Nevertheless, the dictionary makes a distinction between them; it is also indicated by the different semantic valency of words. For example, in the sense of the currency unit, litas is used together with the words kursas (exchange rate), devalvuoti (to devalue), taupyti (to save), įvesti (to introduce), indėlis (a deposit), skolinti (to lend), etc., while in the sense of its cash form (banknote, coin), it goes with suglamžyti (to crumple), suplėšyti (to tear apart); in turn – centas is used together with byrėti (to fall), baltas (white), sauja (handful), mesti (to toss), kišti (to slip into), riedėti (to roll), etc. In the absence of sufficient illustrative material, The Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian distinguishes at least two of the aforementioned shades – the first or the second and the third shade. the third shade of meaning is probably far enough from the first two shades to consider it an individual meaning. However, if we did not limit with the semantic group of names of currency units alone but also considered the distinction of meanings and shades in the context of the overall lexis of The Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian, it would apparently be appropriate to provide the semantic structure of currency units as shades, the more so that it is rather commonplace in the lexicographical practice – most of the dictionaries under analysis do not divide the currency unit and its cash form into two individual meanings (if it is recorded altogether). KEYWORDS: semantics, semantic structure, meaning, shade of meaning, dictionary entry. DaIVa MurMulaItytĖ lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, lt10308 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected]