Semantinė piniginių vienetų pavadinimų struktūra

DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language THE SEMANTIC STRUCTURE OF MONETARY UNIT NAMES KEYWORDS: semantics, semantic structure, meaning, nuance of meaning, dictionary entry. In Lithuanian lexicographic sources, with the possible exception of larger dictionaries of international words, the names of monetary units are not presented comprehensively and systematically1. Systematization is one of the functions of modern lexicography (Morkovkin 1993: 37); systematicity is the cornerstone of every dictionary, and a dictionary is not an arbitrary but a systematic collection of lexical units (Jakaitienė 2005: 9). Systematicity is also pursued by the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian (hereafter BŽ), which differs from earlier explanatory dictionaries of Lithuanian in that it is written essentially not alphabetically but by lexical-semantic groups of words (Liutkevičienė 2006: 9; Liutkevičienė 2010a: 223; Liutkevičienė 2010b: 141; Naktinienė et al. 1999: 4; Naktinienė 2006: 20; on writing and editing dictionaries by word groups, see also Paulauskas 1985; Babickienė 1985: 231; Gudavičius 1997). One such semantic group comprises the names of monetary units. Some names of major, large monetary units—that is, currencies—have been considered by the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language (hereafter VLKK), or at least reviewed by linguists. Earlier works presenting more or less comprehensive lists of words from the lexical group under discussion include the Russian-Lithuanian Dictionary of Economic Terms (hereafter RLETŽ), and the article “Names of Monetary Units” by Kazimieras Eigminas and Kazimieras Gaivenis 1 The study of names of monetary units, together with colleague Aure­lija Tamulioniene (to whom the author is grateful for assistance in collecting and processing the data), began with the aim of presenting them systematically in the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian. As the work has progressed, it has also become possible to share some thoughts. This issue of Language Culture also features a separate article on the same topic, prepared by A. Tamulionienė, “Criteria for Selecting Names of Monetary Units for the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian.” The unavoidable repetition of some points in these two articles on names of monetary units stems from the collaborative nature of the work and should not be regarded as a flaw. 60 KALBOS KULTŪRA | 86 (Eigminas, Gaivenis 1968), and Antanas Buračas’s Handbook of World Currencies and Coins (Buračas 1999). The article mentioned provides a register of monetary units—a table listing countries alphabetically alongside the accented names of their main monetary units and the names of smaller subdivisions of those units. In the dictionary and the handbook, the vocabulary of this field is presented lexicographically: an equivalent in another language is provided (in the bilingual dictionary), or the meaning is explained (in the handbook); however, in neither case is the semantic structure of names of monetary units shown. The VLKK has not considered minor monetary units, which usually make up one hundredth of the main currency; they have not been standardized and vary across sources. At present, two lists are worth noting as the most reliable sources for those seeking correct names of monetary units: the order of the Director General of the Customs Department dated January 16, 2008, No. 1B–40, “On Approval of the List of Currencies Used in Declaring Goods to Lithuanian Customs,” and its two amendments dated December 1 and 15, 2008 (1B–749, 1B–794); and the regularly updated Europa. Institutions Publications Office Style Guide. Annex A5: List of Countries, Territories and Currencies. The aforementioned lists and other sources are useful as reference material when creating dictionary entries for names of monetary units. Such entries should reveal the semantic structure of these names—by appropriately distinguishing and defining their meanings, illustrating them with examples of usage, and so on. Dictionaries of other languages present names of money in various ways. Even within the same dictionary, meanings (most often, nuances of meaning) may be distinguished differently. Definitions do not always indicate minor monetary units and their relation to the currency whose name is the entry headword. Symbols for monetary units are not always mentioned. Sometimes obsolete names of money are presented as a single lexeme together with those still in use; sometimes they are treated as a separate lexeme, a historicism, with an appropriate label (for example, in Latvian dictionaries they are marked vėst.; see the article krona from SvV, quoted below). Names of money are rarely presented with examples of usage, especially in smaller and medium-sized dictionaries. Usually, only the most frequently used words in this semantic group are illustrated. The length of dictionary entries also varies; in thesaurus-type dictionaries, they can be particularly long and encyclopedic. Compare the dollar entry in CNRTL, which provides many examples of usage with source references and devotes a separate paragraph to information about the word’s pronunciation and spelling, etymology, frequency of use, and so on.2 2 When quoting dictionary entries, an effort was made to preserve the format used in the dictionary. Omitted portions of text are marked [...]. D. MURMULAITYTĖ. Semantinė piniginių vienetų pavadinimų struktūra 61 dollar A.– Monetary unit of the United States and Canada, divided into 100 cents. A ten-dollar, a hundred-dollar bill. She [the mother] received at the same time a small bundle of green dollars, which she hid in her bodice like a love letter (CÉLINE, Voyage, 1932, p. 274). At the grand hotel in Grasse, an American bet a thousand dollars against a louis that the war would be over by Christmas (MARTIN DU G., Thib., Epil., 1940, p. 995): 1. I saw two or three restaurants of a rather unusual kind, the best known being Marcel: there, for a dollar and a half, one gets an ample table d’hôte, but anything you leave on your plate will be charged extra on the bill as a fine;... MORAND, New York,1930, p. 148. – In apposition, with adjectival value. The dollar zone. Area where the dollar is legal tender. The principal of these regional imbalances, that between the dollar zone and the rest of the world, lasted so long only because the United States decided to finance it through grants and long-term loans (Univers écon. et soc.,1960, p. 3814). – In the singular [As a symbol of the financial power of the United States] And finally, in the American section, the elegant ladies of Sargent, Sargent the portraitist drawn to dollar princesses and billionaire merchants of salted pork (LORRAIN, Sens. et souv.,1895, p. 189). Note The neologism dollariser, a transitive verb, occurs in the documentation: to Americanize, to imbue with an American character or mentality. The novelist’s [Bourget’s] suspicious nature, dollarized by his trip to America (GONCOURT, Journal, 1896, p. 980). B.– By extension Monetary unit adopted by various countries. Ethiopian, Malaysian dollar. The father and his little squadron’s chests were full of piastres, doubloons, gold and silver écus, Chinese dollars, Maria Theresa thalers, Abyssinian thalers (CENDRARS, Bourlinguer,1948, p. 377): 2. The spread of the florin of Florence, since the xiiith century, depended on no other causes; it went hand in hand with a prosperity that was recognized everywhere. Closer to our own time, we may cite the spread of the “Mexican dollar” in the Far East. L’Hist. et ses méthodes,1961, p. 343. Prononc. et Orth.: [dɔla:r]. Ds Ac. dep. 1835. Étymol. et Hist. 1776, 13 déc. (Courr. de l’Europe, I, p. 100 ds PROSCHWITZ Beaumarchais, p. 242: le cent pesant ne coûte à Boston que cinq dollars). Anglo-amér. dollar, à l’orig. empr. par l’angl. au b. all. daler (1553 daler; corresp. à l’all. Taler, v. thaler) pour désigner cette monnaie des pays germ.; puis appellation du peso esp. dans les colonies d’Amérique du Nord (1650 Caroline Dollar) enfin unité monétaire adoptée par le Congrès amér. (1785 Resol. Continent. Congress U.S. 6 July ds NED: Resolved that the money unit of the United States of America be one dollar). Fréq. abs. littér.: 383. Fréq. rel. littér.:xixes.: a) 39, b) 373; xxes.: a) 247, b) 1 246. Bbg. PAMART (P.). La Parole est d’argent, mais le silence est d’or. Vie Lang. 1971. p. 138. A few more examples from explanatory dictionaries in various languages, showing how differently monetary names can be presented: 62 KALBOS KULTŪRA | 86 Dictionary entry Comments DŽ7: dollar (1) a monetary unit of the United States, Canada, and some other countries; a monetary sign representing its value • the formulations of the definition of the monetary sign differ slightly; • identical names for monetary units in the United States and other countries are treated as a single lexeme. cent (2) one hundredth of the monetary unit of the Republic of Lithuania, the United States, and some other countries; a monetary sign representing a value of this amount LLVV: dolārs –a, n. Monetary unit (in the United States of America, Canada, Australia, and other countries). The corresponding monetary sign, coin. With a trembling heart, she placed two hundred dollars on Vīzemanis’s table. Birze 3, 121. • the monetary sign is specified more precisely—as a coin; LEV: cent Monetary unit, small coin (United States, Canada, etc.). In the United States, for example, 1 c. = 1/100 of a dollar. • the definition of the fractional monetary unit specifies its value in relation to the value of the basic unit. LLVV: lats –a, n. Monetary unit (in bourgeois Latvia). The corresponding monetary sign, coin. The last major step [in 1940] was the introduction of the Soviet Union’s currency into circulation, that is, the lats’ parity with the ruble. F Deglavs II, 17. Five lats! Five silver disks jingled in Voldis’s purse. Lācis 5, 37. I thought about that day. What would happen? Would I bring home a lats in the evening? Perhaps, having spent my last santīms, I would come home empty-handed. Lēmanis 9, 14. • the meanings are illustrated with usage examples; • source abbreviations are provided for the latter; • the earlier volumes of LLVV were compiled in Soviet times, so the definitions of the lats and santīms do not correspond to present-day realities. santīms –a, n. Monetary unit (in bourgeois Latvia, France, Luxembourg, and Switzerland). The corresponding monetary sign, coin. Voldis spent the entire lats down to the last santīms. Lācis 5, 35. D. MURMULATYTĖ. Semantinė piniginių vienetų pavadinimų struktūra 63 Dictionary entry Comments ...Marta had saved up a couple of tens of santīms. Her father liked to give her a little now and then. J Kalniņš 2, 126. Runcis: You could spend your santīms on something other than giving them to children. Zīverts 1, 285. LEV3 santīms –a, noun. 1. A monetary unit in Latvia (also in Switzerland, and until 2002 in France and Luxembourg), one hundredth of a lats; the corresponding money sign, coin. • two semantic aspects (the current Latvian currency and the currencies of France and Luxembourg before the introduction of the euro) are presented as one lexeme. SvV: crown hist. 1. Monetary unit in the Czech Republic, Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. 2. hist. Monetary unit in several European countries before the introduction of the euro. 3. hist. A silver or gold coin formerly in circulation in England, France and some other countries. […]. • A currency name that was in use before the introduction of the euro is treated as a historicism, marked with the corresponding label and given as a separate lexeme. LEV: lats –a, v. Latvijas Republikas nacionālā valūta 1922.–1941. g. un no 1993. g. (1 Ls = 100 santīmu). • The definition indicates the continuity of the national currency—the name of the lats that existed before the occupation and was revived after the restoration of independence is treated as one lexeme. SJP: dollar «the monetary unit of the USA; also the monetary unit of other countries, e.g. Canada, Australia, New Zealand» • dollar-denominated • The entry for a monetary unit's name also includes its derivatives; 3 SV indicates that this entry is taken from LLVV, but LLVV itself has a different santīms entry, which, according to lexicographic practice, fully corresponds to the lats entry in the same dictionary. 64 KALBOS KULTŪRA | 86 Dictionary entry Comments cent 1. «a small coin equal to one hundredth of the basic monetary unit in various countries» 2. «a unit of measurement of the distance between sounds» • cent-based • Identical names of monetary units in the United States and other countries are treated as one lexeme, but are presented as shades of meaning. Longman: dollar [countable] 1 the standard unit of money in the US, Canada, Australia, and some other countries, divided into 100 cents: symbol $: It cost three dollars. a ten-dollar bill You can pay in dollars or euros at the airport. 2 the dollar the value of US money in relation to the money of other countries: The pound has risen against the dollar (=increased in value in relation to the dollar). → you can bet your bottom dollar at bet1 (4); → feel/look like a million dollars at million (4) cent [countable] 1 1/100th of the standard unit of money in some countries. For example, there are 100 cents in one dollar or in one euro: symbol ¢ 2 put in your two cents’ worth American English to give your opinion about something, when other people do not want to hear it → not one red cent at red1 (7) • Two semantic aspects are presented as separate lexemes: the name of the monetary unit of some countries, consisting of 100 cents, and the value of the US monetary unit in comparison with monetary units of other countries; • the symbol of the monetary unit is given; • idiomatic expressions containing the name of the monetary unit are presented. D. MURMULATYTĖ. Semantinė piniginių vienetų pavadinimų struktūra 65 Dictionary entry Comments MWLD: dol·lar 🔊/'dɑːlə/ noun plural dol·lars 1 [count] a: a basic unit of money in the U.S., Canada, Australia, and other countries that is equal to 100 cents ■ The shirt costs 20 dollars. [=$20]■ She had to pay hundreds of dollars in auto repairs.■ The property is worth a million dollars. = It’s a million-dollar property.■ Do you have a 20-dollar bill? [=a twenty]■ It costs 500 pesos. How much is that in dollars? [=how many dollars equals 500 pesos?] b: a bill or coin that is worth one dollar ■ I found a dollar on the sidewalk. = I found a dollar bill on the sidewalk.■ She put a wrinkled dollar down on the counter. — see also HALF-DOLLAR, TOP DOLLAR 2 the dollar technical: the value of a dollar when it is compared to another unit of money ■ The dollar dropped sharply against the pound.■ the strength/weakness of the dollar■ The dollar is worth more in Mexico. 3 [count]: money that is from a specified source or used for a specified purpose ■ You want to know how the state spends every federal dollar [=money from the federal government] it receives?—usually plural ■ Should a program like this be paid for with tax/taxpayer dollars? [=with money the government collects through taxes]■ tourist/tourism dollars [=money that an economy gets because of the money tourists spend there]■ The company needs to invest its advertising dollars wisely. • The fractional monetary units that make up the basic unit are indicated; • different semantic aspects are presented as separate lexemes (in the examples from Lithuanian, Latvian, and Polish dictionaries given above, these are shades of meaning); • the meaning relating to the value of the monetary unit in comparison with monetary units of other countries is also distinguished as a separate lexeme; • all meanings are illustrated with the most characteristic examples of usage; • it is noted that the first and third lexemes may also have plural forms. Thus, in various dictionaries, the names of monetary units are presented differently, depending on the purpose and scope of the dictionaries, their compilation methodology, and other factors. The wording of definitions differs (most often, certain formulaic definitions are used); usage is rarely illustrated, and the semantic structure of these words is also presented inconsistently. 66 KALBOS KULTŪRA | 86 To summarize the material from dictionaries of Lithuanian, Latvian, English, French, German, Russian, and Polish examined (see the list of sources), the words in this lexical-semantic group have three meanings (or three shades of meaning): the monetary unit of a particular country; the value of this unit in comparison with other monetary units / those of other countries; a monetary sign of that value (a banknote and/or coin). A small survey was conducted to investigate the semantics of money names. The respondents were 32 people—6 linguists and 28 third-year students in the Creative Industries program. They were given 30 examples of the use of the words litas and centas (19 and 11 sentences, respectively) and asked to indicate which examples used these words to mean the monetary units themselves (as a measure of value, national currency, etc.) and which referred to their signs (banknotes, coins). There were five response options: monetary unit, its sign, more likely the monetary unit than its sign, more likely the sign than the monetary unit, and don’t know. The last three (uncertain) response options were rarely used. The sentences presented were as follows: With the word litas With the word centas 1. A one-hundred-litas banknote. 1. A five-centas coin. 2. Today I have only two litas. 2. Farmers were paid 35 cents for 1 kilogram of milk.cents. 3. I was mistaken litas. 3. I have only a few centas. 4. The litas is pegged to the euro and will certainly not be devalued. 4. Did two centas fall out of your wallet? 5. Lito kursas. 5. Storage lockers (in shops) are damaged by all sorts of “money-savers,” who stick five cent coins into the locks instead of two litas. 6. What is better for saving [borrowing]—in litas, dollars, or euros? 6. A handful of cents. 7. At the market they palmed off twenty counterfeit litas on me. 7. Would you mind if I gave you the change in cents? 8. Could you change ten litas for me? 8. Merchants and buyers acknowledge that paying with white cent coins takes more time and patience. 9. Litas85th anniversary of the introduction. D. MURMULAITYTĖ. Semantinė piniginių vienetų pavadinimų struktūra 67 With the word litas With the word centas 13. Is it possible in the Republic of Lithuania to pay for services and/or goods in foreign currency through a cash register, with change given in litai? 9. Where could one exchange white centai into larger denominations without an additional fee? 14. In the beggar’s hat lay a small pile of coins and ten crumpled litai. 10. Centas prie cento — and you have a litas. 15. Lend me 50 litai until payday. 11. For five centai he’d drive a louse to Australia. 16. Will you have change for 500 litai? 17. I got two twenty-(litas) banknotes in change, and another litas in coins. 18. We’re collecting twenty litai each for our colleague’s gift. 19. For how long after the euro is introduced in Lithuania will it still be possible to pay in litai? Although the groups of specialists and students surveyed differed in size, and therefore no firm conclusions can be drawn, it cannot be said that the professionals answered more accurately. In some cases, the students’ answers were actually more accurate. The only sentence that all respondents, except one linguist, marked unanimously was The litas exchange rate. It was correctly indicated that in this sentence the word litas means a monetary unit. The other sentences assessed correctly rather than incorrectly more often in semantic terms are: • In the beggar’s hat lay a small pile of coins and ten crumpled litai. That litas means a monetary unit in this sentence was indicated by 6 students; that it denotes the monetary-unit sign was indicated by 28 respondents (6 linguists and 22 students). • The litas is linked to the euro and will certainly not be devalued. The 23 respondents (5 linguists and 18 students, one of whom answered “rather a monetary unit than the sign of a monetary unit”) thought that litas in this sentence means a monetary unit, while 8 (1 linguist and 7 students) thought it meant the sign of a monetary unit. The meaning of the words under study was identified most incorrectly in the usage examples A hundred-litas banknote and A five-cent coin. Only 2 students in the first case and 4 in the second indicated that litas and centas in these sentences 68 KALBOS KULTŪRA | 86 mean monetary units. The vast majority of the other respondents—30 (4 linguists and 26 students) in the first case and 27 (5 linguists and 22 students) in the second—identified the meaning as “sign of a monetary unit.” Two linguists answered “I don’t know” for lito and one for cento. Clearly, respondents are misled by the use of the generic names for monetary signs (the words banknote, coin) alongside the names of specific money. An interesting case: an evaluation of the sentences A five-cent coin and Storage lockers (in shops) are damaged by various “savers”; sticking five cents into the locks instead of two litas. The same real-world item is named in two ways: a five-cent coin and five cents. In the first case, centas means a monetary unit; in the second, its sign, a coin. However, the semantics of this word were assessed differently in the two sentences: in the first case (a five-cent coin), only 4 students answered correctly, while the remaining 27 respondents thought that centas in this sentence means a monetary sign; 1 linguist chose the answer “I don’t know.” In the second case, by contrast, most respondents (23) chose the correct answer, 2 students were unsure, and only 7 incorrectly indicated that it is the monetary units themselves, rather than their signs (coins), that are being inserted into the storage-locker locks. Another interesting example: Could you change a hundred litas for me? Although most respondents indicated that litas in this sentence means the sign representing the value of a monetary unit, only 5 students thought it meant the monetary unit itself; nevertheless, there were 3 “I don’t know” answers, one of which included a comment noting that the meaning of lito in this sentence depends on what one is asked to exchange it for—smaller units or another currency. Some assessments were surprising. For example, when identifying the meaning of the word litas in the sentences Today I have only two litas and I made a mistake with a litas, correct and incorrect answers were distributed almost equally, both overall and within the student group. The linguists’ answers were the same in both cases: 2 (the same respondents) answered correctly, and 4 incorrectly. These and similar cases support the assumption that the meanings of monetary-unit names are closely related and, in some cases, difficult to distinguish. This presents a considerable problem for lexicographers. To present a word’s semantic structure on the basis of unambiguous usage examples that clearly indicate separate meanings or at least shades of meaning, one must leave out usage examples that may illustrate several meanings (shades of meaning), even though they are very common and frequently used. In other cases, a broader context could help determine the meaning; however, dictionaries usually illustrate lexical usage with individual sentences or word combinations. D. MURMULAIT YTĖ. Semantinė piniginių vienetų pavadinimų struktūra 69 Thus, analysis of the answers to the questionnaire showed that, in theory, respondents seem to distinguish without much difficulty between two semantic aspects of the meaning of monetary-unit names: “theoretical” money as a country’s currency and measure of value, and the tangible object, the monetary sign (a banknote or coin). However, when asked to determine which meaning (shade of meaning) the words litas and centas have in particular sentences, respondents found this quite difficult. Nevertheless, whatever the answers to the questionnaire and the results of their analysis, three meanings (shades of meaning) already mentioned should be distinguished when presenting the semantic structure of monetary-unit names in a dictionary entry: a country’s monetary unit; that unit in terms of value, when compared with other monetary units (of other countries); and the monetary sign (banknote and/or coin) representing its value. It should be noted that the first two meanings are closely related and differ essentially not so much semantically as grammatically—the second is characteristic of singular usage, cf. the litas exchange rate, the litas is linked to the euro and will certainly not be devalued; the 85th anniversary of the introduction of the litas and deposits in litas; I have only two litas; we contribute twenty litas each; the average salary last year was about 1,600 litas. Therefore, it would be better to present these meanings in the dictionary as shades of meaning. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the MWLD entry dollar uses separate lexemes precisely for this grammatical reason. The third meaning is somewhat further removed from the first two. This is also reflected in the different lexical-semantic combinability of money names and their association with different monetary functions, among other things. For example, names of currencies, that is, monetary units themselves, occur with words such as exchange rate, devalue, save, introduce, deposit, lend, and so on, whereas in the sense of monetary signs (banknotes, coins), these names can form word combinations with words such as spill, roll, handful, crumple, tear, throw, insert, white, counterfeit, and so on. As for the relationship between money names and monetary functions, the names of monetary units as such are associated with the functions of a measure of value and world money, while names of monetary signs are associated with circulation functions. It is noteworthy that both the names of monetary units themselves and the names of their signs are associated with the payment and store-of-value functions of money. This is likely one reason why the aforementioned meanings are often so closely related that, in specific cases, it is very difficult to say precisely which meaning of a money name is being used in a given sentence. This is exactly what the survey discussed above revealed. 70 KALBOS KULTŪRA | 86 FINAL REMARKS To show more precisely the relationships between the parts of the semantic structure of monetary-unit names and their proximity to one another, it would seem that the meaning referring to monetary signs should be formulated as a separate meaning, rather than as the third shade of a single meaning, equivalent in terms of interrelationships to the first two shades. Specifically, regarding the presentation of monetary-unit names in Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne, it should be noted that, in the absence of sufficient illustrative material, at least two of those mentioned should be distinguished there—the first or second, and the third shades. The third shade of meaning is probably sufficiently remote from the first two that it could be regarded as a separate meaning. However, considering not only the semantic group of monetary-unit names, but also the distinction between meanings and shades in the context of the entire vocabulary of BŽ, it would seem appropriate to present the semantic structure of monetary units specifically as shades. This is all the more so because this is standard lexicographic practice: in most of the dictionaries consulted, the semantic distinction between a monetary unit and its sign is not divided into two separate meanings (if it is recorded at all). Thus, taking into account the presentation of monetary-unit names in various Lithuanian and other-language dictionaries, it would probably be most appropriate to formulate all three semantic aspects discussed as three shades of the same meaning, in keeping with tradition. The entry for Lito in Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne might look approximately as follows (according to the methodology for compiling BŽ, it contains rather too many illustrative usage examples, but in this case they help to better understand the proposed presentation of the semantic structure of the lito): lìtas noun (2) Lithuania’s monetary unit: A hundred-litas banknote. One litas equals one hundred cents. Four hundred litas for a bathing suit?! I got the number of litas wrong. Today I have only two litas. Our accumulated litas are beginning to lose value. What is better for saving [borrowing]—in litas, dollars, or euros? Lend me fifty litas until payday. Last year, the average take-home salary amounted to one thousand five hundred and ninety-four litas. Such a yacht would cost hundreds of thousands when calculated in litas. | singular, this unit in terms of its value, when compared with other (foreign) monetary units: The exchange rate of the litas. A strong [weak] litas. The litas is pegged to the euro and will certainly not be devalued. | a monetary sign (banknote and/or coin) of that value: Could you change ten litas for me? Will you have change for five hundred litas? At the market they palmed off twenty counterfeit litas on me. In the beggar’s hat lay a small pile of coins and a crumpled ten-litas note. ŠALTINIAI CNRTL – Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. Prieiga per internetą: <http://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/>. D. MURMULAITYTĖ. Semantinė piniginių vienetų pavadinimų struktūra 71 Currency (valiutų lentelės). Prieiga per internetą: <http://www.thefreedictionary.com/currency>. Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas. Prieiga per internetą: <http://donelaitis.vdu.lt/tekstynas>. Deutsch Wörterbuch. Prieiga per internetą: <http://woerterbuch.babylon.com/deutsch/>. DŽ₇ – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. 7-as leidimas. Vyr. red. S. Keinys, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2012. 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Muitinės departamento prie Lietuvos Respublikos Finansų ministerijos generalinio direktoriaus įsakymas nr. 1B–749 „Dėl Muitinės departamento generalinio direktoriaus 2008 m. sausio 16 d. įsakymo „Dėl valiutų, naudojamų deklaruojant prekes Lietuvos muitinei, sąrašo patvirtinimo“ pakeitimo“, Vilnius. 2008 m. gruodžio 15 d. Muitinės departamento prie Lietuvos Respublikos Finansų ministerijos generalinio direktoriaus įsakymas nr. 1B–794 „Dėl Muitinės departamento generalinio direktoriaus 2008 m. sausio 16 d. įsakymo nr. 1B–40 „Dėl valiutų, naudojamų deklaruojant prekes Lietuvos muitinei, sąrašo patvirtinimo“ pakeitimo“, Vilnius. Interneto šaltiniai naršyti paieškos sistema Google. Gauta 2013 11 25 Priimta 2013 12 20 SEMANTIC STRUCTURE OF NAMES OF CURRENCY UNITS S u m m a r y With the exception of larger dictionaries of international words, the lexicographic sources of the Lithuanian language do not present the names of currency units comprehensively and systematically. Depending on dictionary purpose, scope, compiling methodology, etc., this lexical semantic group is presented differently in different dictionaries. The wordings of definitions of words are different (usually, certain conventional definitions are used); the actual usage is rarely illustrated; the presentation of semantic structure of such words varies as well. The summary of material from Lithuanian, Latvian, English, French, German, Russian and Polish dictionaries shows that the names of currency units have three meanings (or three shades of meaning): a currency unit of a specific country; the unit in terms of value compared to other currency units (only singular use); the cash form of its value (bank-note and/or coin). A small survey was carried out in the analysis of semantics of the names of currency units. Specialists of linguistics and third-year students of the study programme of Creative Industries were asked to indicate the meaning – whether 74 KALBOS KULTŪRA | 86 currency unit or its cash form – in which the words litas and centas are used in the given examples of use. The analysis revealed that in theory, it is relatively easy for the respondents to distinguish between the two meanings; however, in specific cases, the answers of both linguists and the students of the aforementioned speciality to questionnaire questions were far from unanimous. Among other things, it prompts a conclusion that it is not always possible to distinguish between the said meanings. It can be explained by the fact that they are often provided as two shades of the same meaning. Nevertheless, the dictionary makes a distinction between them; it is also indicated by the different semantic valency of words. For example, in the sense of the currency unit, litas is used together with the words kursas (exchange rate), devalvuoti (to devalue), taupyti (to save), įvesti (to introduce), indėlis (a deposit), skolinti (to lend), etc., while in the sense of its cash form (bank-note, coin), it goes with suglamžyti (to crumple), suplėšyti (to tear apart); in turn – centas is used together with byrėti (to fall), baltas (white), sauja (handful), mesti (to toss), kišti (to slip into), riedėti (to roll), etc. In the absence of sufficient illustrative material, The Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian distinguishes at least two of the aforementioned shades – the first or the second and the third shade. The third shade of meaning is probably far enough from the first two shades to consider it an individual meaning. However, if we did not limit with the semantic group of names of currency units alone but also considered the distinction of meanings and shades in the context of the overall lexis of The Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian, it would apparently be appropriate to provide the semantic structure of currency units as shades, the more so that it is rather commonplace in the lexicographical practice – most of the dictionaries under analysis do not divide the currency unit and its cash form into two individual meanings (if it is recorded altogether). KEYWORDS: semantics, semantic structure, meaning, shade of meaning, dictionary entry. DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius [email protected] D. MURMULAITYTĖ. Semantinė piniginių vienetų pavadinimų struktūra 75