Prielinksnio „dėl“ konstrukcijos administracinėje lietuvių kalboje

BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas CONSTRUCTION APPENDIX KEY WORDS IN ADMINISTRATIVE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE: administrative language, titles of documents, prepositions, syntax. Statistics show that in Lithuanian the preposition dėl is quite common. In the frequent dictionary of the current written Lithuanian language: (in decreasing order of frequency) (Grumadienė, Žilinskienė 1997) – it is the forty-first word (the seventh of the prepositions). In the texts from which the dictionary was prepared, 2637 uses of this prefix were recorded in 782 samples. For the prefix because, more common prefixes are from, with, from, after, about, for. The statistics for administrative language are slightly different: the most common preposition is the preposition for. On 02 October 2014, 327,555 documents were found in the database of legislative acts of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania, and 127,788 documents in the database of European Union legislation and other public documents “EUR-lex”, in which this prefix was used, and in those documents often more than once. The order of other most common prepositions is similar in the Frequently Asked Questions of the Current Written Lithuanian Language and in the database of legislation of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania: in used in 242 298 documents, from – in 176 533 documents, with – in 168 894 documents, according to – in 162 718 documents, from – in 152 767 documents, for – in 128 514 documents, about – in 102 762 documents, after – in 87 746 documents; and in EUR-Lex: in used in 96 736 documents, from in 90 732 documents, with in 90 709 documents, according in 85 325 documents, from in 61 572 documents, about in 55 087 documents, after in 43 030 documents, in favour in 41 532 documents. As can be seen, because it is particularly widespread in the administrative language, the frequency of its use in this area of language use differs from the frequency in the general language as a whole. This is why the construction of this prefix can be considered a specific feature of the administrative language. The question arises as to why the preposition because has become so common in this area of language use and what means of language it replaces. The aim of the article is to examine the most typical cases of expression in administrative language, the reasons for the prevalence of the preposition due to the construction and the competition after discussing the meaning of the preposition due to in dictionaries and other linguistic works. The object of the article is the documents published in the database of European Union legislation and other public documents EUR-lex in 2012-2014, which are considered to be the administrative variant of Lithuanian language, therefore it is likely that the changes highlighted here will spread to the entire administrative language. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Vladimir Vladimirovich. Prefix for construction in administrative Lithuanian | 2 ADDENDUM ON MEANING DŽ6 indicates that the preposition dėl in Lithuanian is used to indicate 1) the reason: Dėl šalčio neisiu. They gathered together for nothing; 2) marking the goal: To fight for freedom. For the sake of everything (for the unforeseen event); 3) marking the discount: Because of me can go; 4) highlighting the meaning of the sentence: It is beautiful because of its beauty; for what first. for what reason, why: Why did you not come? Therefore, Mr President, the reason, therefore: I did not come because I was sick. The same values were given in LKŽe. These dictionaries do not mention the very relevant meaning of the preposition in administrative language – to indicate a sign. 1998: 379–385) indicated more – seven – prepositions for the meanings: to denote cause, purpose, purpose, concession, regard, object, characteristic. In another way, the preposition because of the paprastai turinčiai dingsties, objektyvaus pagrindo (D ė l l i g o s negalėjau ateiti; D ėl kitų kalbų meaning is presented in KP S2 (39–40): the preposition because is used to indicate a reason, although the meaning system of the word may change) or the shade of concession (They will not say anything because of a few l i t ų); to the goal (Teams raced to win the race); an object with verbs of speech, emotional reaction, etc. (agree, negotiate; worry, regret, care); the character (Case d ė l damage at l yg i ni m o, discussion d ė l p r a n e š i mo ); general content area of documents (decision "On the supply of heat to residents of the district"). The use of the prefix because is also discussed in these publications. The KancKP says that this preposition is usually used to describe the reason: Not attending the meeting because of illness; I request dismissal from office due to deterioration of health; also widely used to describe the content of an object and things related to it, – can indicate the reason, motives, nature or simply the scope of the object being described: Agreed on a joint work; Speaking on the draft resolution; Sued for damages. A review of the classification of the prefix on the basis of meanings in the aforementioned publications shows that J. Šukys, and later KP S2, distinguished between the meanings of object and sign; The KancKP states that “This prefix construction is often used with the titles of documents or other verb nouns: contract for apartment rental (and apartment rental contract), statement on pension, complaint on defamation, opinion on a project, on a report; comments on the resolution, debate on the report, proposals for the construction of the school”. KP S2 separately mentions the fact that the prefix for construction is used to indicate the general content area of documents. In order to clarify the use of the prefix for constructions in administrative language, 50 documents of the European Union institutions published in the Eur-lex database in 2013-2014 were reviewed. Found 817 prefix for use cases; its meanings were distributed as follows: 1. 154 constructions were used to express the reason; e.g. : This reduction may jeopardise the entire programme OJ C 067, 06.03.2014; However, the strict application of competition policy is creating difficulties in laying the foundations for economic recovery and a strong and competitive economy OJ C 067, 06.03.2014; However, some Member States have indicated that, in their view, providing more data, as provided for in Article 2(3) of the Inventory Decision, is not feasible due to national circumstances EC Report COM/2014/536, 01.09.2014; The gap is widening, in particular as a result of the economic and financial crisis in many Western countries, which are major donors of aid EC Report COM/2014/537, 28.08.2014; Natural disasters are becoming more frequent, more complex and more impactful worldwide, and the situation is being exacerbated by climate change, rapid urbanisation and underdevelopment EC Report COM/2014/537, 28.08.2014; BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Vladimir Vladimirovich. Prefix for construction in administrative Lithuanian | 3 10 for objective 2, e.g.: Neighbouring countries and Kinshasa continue to compete for resources and control Joint Communication 52013JC0023, 19.06.2013; Number of unaccompanied minors applying for international išliko toks pat kaip ir 2012 m. – gauti 12 425 prašymai EK komunikatas COM/2014/0288, 2014 05 protection 22; Any farmer established in the Union may apply to be included in the register OJ L 063, 2014 03 04; 3. object with verbs of speech, emotional response, etc. – 49, e.g.: agreed on revised civil protection legislation in 2013 EC Report COM/2014/537, 28/08/2014; this position is to be agreed at an international conference EC Report COM/2014/537, 28/08/2014; there has been a lot of speculation in the media and the business world on the policy measures needed to ensure that the new Shanghai area ensures greater convertibility of the RMB from the outset Joint Report to the European Parliament and the Council JOIN/2014/018 final, 08/05/2014; the Commission deeply regrets the slow progress in collecting charges recovered outside the 2003 instalment scheme and outside the 2009 fee refund scheme EC Report COM/2014/0334, 06/06/2014; Member States expressed concerns about the requirements for their air carriers to take additional security measures for flights to certain third countries EC Report COM/2014/0399, 01/07/2014; the Council authorised the European Commission to negotiate a fisheries partnership agreement on behalf of the European Union EC Proposal COM/2014/0697, 09/11/2014; the European Parliament <…> recalls the proper implementation of existing social and employment legislation; Regrets the high level of illegal employment OJ C 033 E, 05/02/2013; The contracting authority notifies the successful tenderer of the decision to award the contract at the same time as the notification of the rejection Case T-48/12, Recueil 2014; Subsequently, a group of 13 Member States called on the Commission to draw up proposals to allow Member States to decide freely on GMO cultivation EC Communication COM/2014/0570, 10.9.2014; 335 for feature 4, e.g.: In addition to expressing its concerns about easy access for cross-border providers and SMEs, the Committee urges that language barriers be taken into account OJ C 67, 06/03/2014; Discussions on the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality continued in 2013 EC Report, 05/08/2014; [...] Member States were able to discuss with the Commission their needs for transposition within the European Union and their intentions for such transposition in the future EC Communication COM/2014/0288, 22/05/2014; Public consultation provided a clearer structure and direction for the debate on electoral reform Joint report to the European Parliament and the Council JOIN/2014/018 final, 2014 05 08; 5. for the general content area of documents in document titles: 273, e.g. manual workers involved in the Europos Parlamento ir Europos Komisijos susitarimas dėl skaidrumo registro organizacijoms ir savaformulation and implementation of EU policies; Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the borrowing and lending activities of the European Union in 2013; Publication of the application pursuant to Article 50(2)(a) of Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council on quality schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs; Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 871/2014 of 11 August 2014 on the reduction of fishing quotas for 2014 for certain fish stocks in respect of fishing quotas exceeded in previous years; Council Directive on consular protection for Union citizens abroad; Council Decision on the start of automated data exchange with regard to vehicle registration data with Lithuania; Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the sound level of motor vehicles; Commission communication on a single Europe BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Vladimir Vladimirovich. Prefix for construction in administrative Lithuanian language | 4 railway space development; White Paper on Insurance Guarantee Schemes Green Paper on the European Citizens' Initiative; Recommendation of the European Parliament and of the Council on key competences for lifelong learning; Council resolution on a European strategy for multilingualism; Council conclusions on European cooperation in education and training; Commission staff working document on monitoring and consultation on smart regulation for SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises). Although there are relatively few cases of the use of the prefix for constructions, the tendencies of their meanings are obvious. Almost three-quarters of the cases are intended to describe a feature or a general area of the content of the documents, so it is necessary to find out why the prefix is so suitable for use in these meanings due to its construction. REASONS FOR THE PROPAGATION OF THE CONSTRUCTION PREFERENCE AND COMPETITORS Tikėtina, kad tokį prielinksnio dėl konstrukcijų paplitimą administracinėje kalboje lėmė ne tik kalbinės, bet ir nekalbinės (teisinio reglamentavimo) priežastys. The linguistic reasons for the spread of this prefix should be considered more important. In terms of the expression of the attribute in the constructions of the prefix because, it is true that they usually include verb nouns, which can be made from verbs used with this prefix: doubt about (see doubt about); regret about (see regret about); negotiation for (see negotiate for), competition for (see compete for); concern about (see worry about); agreement on (see agree on). For example: <…> furthermore, the suitability of the procedures used to formalise these actions was questioned EC Communication COM/2014/0700 final, 08/10/2014; the Commission regretted the decision not to follow a sound procedure EC Report COM/2014/037, 22/01/2014; commercial negotiations on gas supply ended in failure for the first three projects EC Report, COM/2014/0669, 28/10/2014; <…> care must be taken to ensure that the entire life cycle of such products is sustainable and does not promote competition for land or water OJ L 354, 28/12/2013; <…> expressed concerns about abusive pricing during the euro transition period EC Report COM/2014/0706, 21/11/2014; political agreement reached at the end of 2013 on the Regulation establishing an EU assistance volunteer programme Commission Report COM/2014/537, 28/08/2014. This structure of constructions is also applied by analogy in cases where the noun is made from a verb that is not used with the prefix because, e.g. : The EU, together with its Member States, has contributed to all major global crises, in particular by taking action on the Syrian crisis EC Report COM/2014/537, 28/08/2014; or when the noun is passive, e.g. : Main cases where the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality have been challenged EC report, 05 08 2014; Public consultations have given a clearer structure and direction to the debate on electoral reform Joint report JOIN/2014/018, 08 05 2014; <...> various smaller rallies on electoral reform have been held throughout the year BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Vladimir Vladimirovich. Prefix construction in administrative Lithuanian | 5 political and socio-economic issues Joint report JOIN/2014/018, 08/05/2014; arguments on subsidiarity EC, 05/08/2014. Pranas Kniūkšta (2005: 150), a specialist in administrative Lithuanian, made a fairly strict distinction between the meanings of the prepositions dėl and apie and recommended not to confuse them. KancKP advises not to use the preposition about to denote the thought or spoken object, if not only its content is expressed, but also the reason or other secondary things, and to indicate only the spoken object itself without any extraneous things, the preposition about should be used, e.g. : Talked about the work plan. Provided information about the work carried out. Thus, the preposition about is more appropriate when speaking about more concrete things, and the preposition about – about more general, more abstract things, which are often marked by the abstracts of verbs, especially with the suffix -ing (-ing). Although the meaning of the prepositions about and because differs, the construction of the preposition about is more common, because they can describe more shades of meaning, e.g.: customer survey on the quality of the service; cf. Flash Eurobarometer survey on Europeans' satisfaction with rail transport services, EC report COM/2014/0353, 16 June 2014; but the pilot project survey (see about the pilot project); This change is the result of a group survey on the size of the forms used (see about the size of the forms used); Providing an opinion on formal applications by ERICs; an opinion on the reliability of the financial statements; An opinion on the Commission's financial management (see on the Commission's financial management), stakeholders can already give their views on the planning of the consultation on the Your Voice in Europe website. comments on the articles of the ERIC Regulation dealing with legal aspects; comments on the EPPO's provisional accounts (see on the provisional accounts); collecting data on prescriptions and use of antimicrobials; collecting data on antibiotic use; may give a false impression as to the origin of the product; create a misleading impression as to the origin of the product. Thus, the prefix due to the construction, established in the administrative language, begins to compete with the usual means of expression and gradually pushes them out of use; such competitors would be not only similarly meaningful prefix about constructions, but also statements with other prefixes, e.g.: attitude to disability (see to disability); the position on payment appropriations (see payment appropriations); a common approach to customs policy (see Customs policy); a long-term approach to emerging, recurring and exotic diseases (see emerging, recurring and exotic diseases); political approach to the International Telecommunication Union (see International Telecommunication Union). The prefix for the character of the construction, when it is necessary to describe the content of some actions, can also compete with the constructs of the genitive (1), the possessive (2) or the communicative (3), e.g. : (1) A comprehensive and detailed study on the use of children's fingerprints has not yet been carried out (see the study on the use of children's fingerprints); The contested decision was taken in the context of an investigation into restrictive practices (see the restrictive practices investigation); Assessment of assets, behaviour, position, activities, work, commitments, programme (see Assessment of assets, behaviour, position, activities, work, commitments, programme); BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Prielinksnio dėl konstrukcijos administracinėje lietuvių kalboje | 6 (2) Europos draudimo ir profesinių pensijų institucija – išreiškė susirūpinimą dėl planuojamos reformos (see planned reform); Stakeholders expressed concerns about the formulation of the reasons for the decision (see formulation of the reasons for the decision); (3) Obligations for the operation of scheduled air services (see operate scheduled air services); commitments to cease fishing permanently (see cease fishing permanently); The Parties shall notify each other of their intention to extend the Agreement (see extend the Agreement) for a period of five years; The intention expressed by the parties regarding the taxation of the transaction with VAT (see tax the transaction with VAT) must be taken into account in the overall assessment of the circumstances of such a transaction. As a non-verbal reason for the prevalence of the prefix, the legal regulation of the names of documents can be mentioned: the structure of the names of the most important types of documents in Lithuania is regulated by legislation (the Framework Legislative Act of the Republic of Lithuania, the Recommendations for the Preparation of Draft Legislative Acts approved by the Minister of Justice, the Rules for the Preparation of Documents approved by the Lithuanian Central Archives). They stipulate that in the titles of most legislative acts the regulated field is indicated by the prefix because of constructions, thus forming the titles of decrees, decisions, orders, decrees, orders and letters: On the prices of agricultural products (decision); On awarding bonuses (order); On the writing of personal names (letter); the titles of some laws are also formed (the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on the Legal Status of Foreigners)1. It is precisely according to this rather common in Lithuania model of the structure of document titles that translation titles of documents of the European Union institutions2 have begun to be made, where the prefix used to describe the content of the object and the things related to it may indicate the nature of the subject or simply the scope covered. It should also be noted that in the administrative Lithuanian language, efforts were made to distinguish between the wording of the document headings and the description of the document, the titles of the documents were tried to be more strictly regulated, but when the official title of the document is not indicated, but only says what the document is about, synonymous constructions may be used, for example, the resolution “On the depreciation of the state’s tangible fixed assets” and the resolution to write off the state’s tangible fixed assets. This encourages diversity of expression. In the translation documents of the European Union institutions, the opposite tendency is evident – the preposition, due to its construction, begins to push synonymous or similar means of language out of use. Titles of documents are only one clearly defined area of use, here more regulations can be made, indicating the use of more representative variants. Considering that the most common form of the names of documents approved by legislation in Lithuania is the compound of adjectives (enshrined in the already mentioned documents regulating the preparation of documents), the main variant of expression should be the compound of adjectives, e.g. : Declaration of the internal management and control systems of each of these delegations (‖ Declaration of the internal management and control systems of each of these delegations); Guidelines on State aid in the agricultural sector (‖ State aid guidelines in the agricultural sector) European Platform against Poverty and Social Exclusion (EPPSE) No application for recovery has been submitted (‖ application for recovery); Thematic Programme on the Environment and Sustainable Management of Natural Resources (‖ Thematic Programme on the Environment and Sustainable Management of Natural Resources); The draft presents new rules on European 1 For more information on the structure of titles of documents prepared in Lithuania, see 2005 Government. 2 For the structure of titles of translated documents dažnai konkuruoja su kitais dokumentų pavadinimų struktūros tipais. Jei galima rinktis, atsiof the European Union, see Murphy 2008. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Vladimir Vladimirovich. 2014-07-07. |access-date= requires |url= (help) European Parliament and Council Regulation on the financing of political parties and political foundations (‖ European Political Parties and Political Foundations Financing Regulations). Sometimes it would be better to use a communicative, e.g. : The request for refund of the duty paid (‖ refund of the duty paid) shall be deemed to be duly substantiated; or a prefix about constructions (in label titles), e.g. : The proposal for a regulation is accompanied by a financial statement on the planned budgetary appropriations (‖ about planned budgetary appropriations) for the financing of initial GMES actions. The same document title may contain several constructive prefixes, e.g. Commission communication on consultation on fishing opportunities; European Parliament Decision on the conclusion of an interinstitutional agreement between the European Parliament and the Commission on a common transparency register; Opinion of the European Central Bank on a proposal for a regulation on money market funds When ambiguity may arise about the place of the originator or several originators, the prefix due to the construction is inevitable, e.g. : A European strategy for a better internet for children; a European plan for the automotive industry; The projections of the Stability Programme for 2012-2013 are broadly in line with the Commission services' Spring 2012 forecast on economic growth, structure and labour market developments OJ C 219, 24.7.2012. CONCLUSIONS LKŽe and DŽ6 indicate that the preposition dėl is used in Lithuanian to indicate a reason, aim, concession; highlighting the meaning of the sentence. The semantics of this prefix is discussed in more detail in J. Šukis and KP S2, where the meanings of the attribute and the general content area in the titles of documents are distinguished. Statistical data show that på is the most common prefix in administrative languages. After examining the use of its structures in 50 European Union documents, it was found that three quarters of the cases refer to a characteristic or a general area of content in the titles of documents. The prefix because is used in administrative language for the following linguistic reasons: 1) analogy with nouns made from verbs with the prefix because; 2) the broader meaning of the preposition because allows it to successfully compete with the prepositions of more specific meanings (about, to), the compounds of the genitive and the dative, the communicative constructions. The non-verbal (legal regulation) reason is also important – the construction of the preposition because as appropriate in many legislative acts (decrees, decisions, orders, in force dekretų, potvarkių ir kt.) pavadinimų raiškos būdas nurodytas dokumentų rengimą reglamenlaws). The use of the prefix verin the titles of documents due to the construction of the prefix denoting a characteristic or indicating the general scope of the content, in cases where the usual ways of expression are pushed out of use, should be considered as secondary variants of the norm. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Vladimir Vladimirovich. Prefix for construction in administrative Lithuanian | 8 LITTERACY AND SOURCES DŽ6 2011: Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language. Editor-in-Chief S. Keinys. Sixth (third electronic) edition, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 2011. Internet access: http://dz.lki.lt. EUR-Lex – a database of European Union legislation and other public documents. Available online at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/index.htm. Grumadienė L., Žilinskienė V. 1997. Frequently Asked Questions on the Lithuanian Language: (in order of decreasing frequency), Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. KancKP 2007: Office Language Tips. South. P. Kniūkšta, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 2006. Internet access: http://lkz.mch.mii.lt/Kanceliarinis. K n i ū k š t a P. 2005: Administrative language and its use, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. KP S2: Language tips. Kn. 2. Syntax: 2. Use of prepositions and adjectives. South. R. Miliūnaitė, author of the text. A. Pupkis and J. Šukys, eds. A. Pupkis, Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedia Publishing, 2003. Law of the Republic of Lithuania No. XI-2220 of 18 September 2012. – Valstybės žinios, 2012 09 22, No. 110-5564. Order of the Minister of Justice of the Republic of Lithuania “On the Approval of Recommendations for the Preparation of Draft Legislative Acts” No. 1R-298 of 23 December 2013. – Valstybės žinios, 28 December 2013, No. 137-6952. Order of the General Archives of Lithuania “On the Approval of the Rules for the Preparation of Documents No. V-117 of 4 July 2011. – Valstybės žinios, 2011 07 15, No. 88-4229; Valstybės žinios, 2013 10 05, No. 105-5186. LKŽe 2005: Lietuvos kalbos žodynas 1–20 (electronic version). Vyr. red. G. Naktinienė, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. Online access: www.lkz.lt. M u r i n i e n e n ė L. 2008: Types of titles in translations of European Union legislation and other documents. – Language Culture 81, 170-184. Š u k y s J. 1998: Lithuanian Verbs and Prepositions: Use and Norms, Kaunas: Šviesa. V l a d a r skienė R. 2005: Document title making tendencies. – Language Culture 78, 79–89. Received 09/12/2014 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Vladimir Vladimirovich. 9 CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE PREPOSITION DĖL IN THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE | 9 CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE PREPOSITION DĖL IN THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE ADMINISTRATIVE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE Summary Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language) and Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Modern Lithuanian Dictionary) indicate that in the Lithuanian language the preposition dėl is used to signify a cause, purpose, concession; to highlight the thought of a sentence. These dictionaries do not mention the meanings of an attribute and general content area characteristic to the administrative language. Statistical data show that dėl is the most frequent preposition in the administrative language. The research of the use of constructions with this preposition in 50 European Union documents showed that about three quarters of occurrences in document titles signify an attribute or general content area. The spread of constructions with the preposition dėl in the administrative language has been determined by linguistic conditions: 1) analogy with verbal noun phrases with the preposition dėl; 2) a wider meaning of the preposition dėl allows it to successfully compete with prepositions having a more specific meaning (apie, į), genitive and instrumental phrases, infinitive constructions. In addition, the legislation regulating the preparation of documents suggests a construction with the preposition dėl as a proper expression to be used in titles of many legal acts (rulings, decisions, orders, decrees, etc.). Constructions with the preposition dėl signifying an attribute or general content area in document titles, in cases where they eliminate the usual expression variants from usage, are considered secondary variants of the norm. KEYWORDS: prepositions, administrative language, syntax, word meanings, document titles. RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected]