Svetimžodis „kreatyvus, -i“ ir jo vediniai: reikšmės ir atitikmenys

BENDRINĖ KALBA | 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 ROBERTAS STUNŽINAS Institute of Lithuanian Language FOREIGN WORD CREATIVE, -I AND ITS SUBJUNCTIONS: MEANS AND Equivalents KEY WORDS: creativity, creative society, creative, creative. In the fourth book of Language Advice, the word creative is considered an unrecognizable foreignness, and the normative equivalents – work, creation and creator – are provided (KP 4 2013: 41). In texts of colloquial, publicistic and scientific style, it is possible to detect cases of use of a related loanword – the adjective creative and its hybrid derivatives creative, creative. These are adjectives used quite often1, their status is not yet defined, their normative equivalents are not clear, they are used in more than one meaning and compete with more than one equivalent. This article describes the circumstances of use of the adjectives creative, creative and creative, determines their meanings and equivalents. The material is collected from electronic and printed texts of various styles, in total more than 70 creatives of the adjective and its equivalents are examined. of the adjective creative, -i, and its derivatives creative, -ė, of Latin origin2, probably introduced through English (cf. creative); creative, -a and the appearance of Lithuanian equivalents is related to the modern concept of creation, creativity. Creativity is perceived not only as the ability to create works of art or do something new in the fields of science and technology, but also as the emergence of new ideas, a necessity of social and economic life, one of the most important tasks of education. "Richard Florida's Creative Classes". Creative society theory states that the creative class consists of people who create economic value through their creative activities and contribute to the economic well-being, to the economic growth of society and the state. According to the concept of a creative society, artists, writers, teachers, advertisers, creators or presenters of television or radio programmes, performers of songs, performances or circus numbers are considered to be creators. Creatives are innovators, inventors, architects, engineers (technical creation), financiers, managers or doctors – everyone who needs creative solutions (see Kačerauskas 2014a: 156–157). The foreign words under consideration are used to refer to various subjects, and the concept of creative society (class) is to be mentioned first. Adjectives creative, -i; Creative, -ė is used to describe a group or group of creative individuals, e.g.: 1 For example, the search engine Google shows over 6000 uses of the adjective kreatyvas, -i. The data is approximate, not taking into account some peculiarities of the search engine. 2 Cf. creo, creāre, creāvī, creātum – “(with) kurti” (see Kuzavinis 1996: 206). 3 The noun genitive form – creative society – is also used. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt equivalents | 2 New orientations in the insights of sociocultural reality are analyzed in the book of the ISSN 2351-7204 ROBERTAS STUNŽINAS. The foreign word creative, -i and its derivatives: meanings and American sociologist R. Florida “The Creative Class: People Who Change the Future” based on the statement that original, provocative and promising proposals, ideas, ways of acting and means arise and are created in spaces where culture self-realizes in creative dynamic forms (Šerpetis 2011: 144). creative class, bourgeois bohemian society (Kinčinaitis 2013: 75). I know how to assemble an army: <...> 2. regular army. <...> hipsters and all Kita vertus, atsiranda autorių, kurie bando perrašyti parodomojo vartojimo istoriją ir reikšmę šiuolaikinėje kinds of crappies (creative class-designers, advertisers, artists and otherwise “arrived”)5 (respublika.lt). The adjective creative, -ė indicates that the results of the activity are related to creativity, e.g. : They even came up with an alibi - it's supposedly a "creative" work of students (aha, name me that university) (plus.google.com). According to R. Florida, the creative class consists of people working in science and engineering, research and development, (high) technology-based industries (in other words, innovation-based industries), art, music, culture, aesthetics and design industries (in other words, creative production industries), as well as representatives of knowledge and competence-based professions in the fields of health care, financial intermediation and legal services (Remeika, Čepaitis 2008: 2). However, Lithuanian words are used much more often in the same situations (when discussing the creative society, its activities and results); most often – adjective with suffix -inis, -ė kreybi nis, -ė or noun kreyba originator, e.g. : Creative society – a new, growing world of people working in science and creative work (mokslofestivalis.eu). The article examines the scientific approaches of the creative society by defining its terms based on such different sciences or their branches as aesthetics and philosophy, sociology and communication, economics and management (Kačerauskas 2014b: 6). In addition, the community can be treated analogously to a creative individual, who in creative activity seeks not so much wealth as happiness (Kačerauskas 2014b: 7). Production resources for creative production are very abundant, and the creative products themselves are characterized by a particularly high diversity, which has resulted in a hyper-competitive business environment in the AI sector (kikas.lt). In particular, it is about economic evaluation, when one or another creative product is in demand on the market (Kačerauskas 2014a: 159). Compounds with the suffix -inis, -ė adjective creative, -ė and with the noun creation genitive can be called grammatical synonyms. When speaking about grammatical synonyms, synonymous are considered to be those forms of them that have identical or similar semantically generalized meaning and perform analogous grammatical functions (Kniūkšta 1976: 120). Some terms are used only with Lithuanian equivalents and variants with foreign words do not occur, e.g.: creative (creative) economy, creative (creative) industries, creative (creative) workshops, etc. In addition, there are cases of noun creator and creator pronoun, e.g.: 4 The sources of the examples are given in two forms. The data of articles and master thesis are given at the end of the article, otherwise only the website address is given in parentheses. 5 The language of the examples has not been corrected. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 ROBERT STUNŽINAS. The foreign word creative, -i and its derivatives: meanings and equivalents | 3 ladies as a Kačerauskas pabrėžia profsąjungų trukdymą kūrybinių idėjų sklaidai, kurios patiria tapatumo krizę tiek taptool of (anti-) creative strategy, both representing the factory society, which is increasingly being displaced by the creative society, encompassing both individual creators and their groups for the storm of ideas <...> (Valivonytė 2013: 135–136). Because, contrary to the dreams of the ruling party, then we will not be able to talk about Lithuania as a “creative society”: old people are certainly not as creative, receptive to new technologies and motivated as young people (cf. vu.lt). The concepts of creative and creator are not equal, so the statements “creative society” and “creator society” are considered partial (ideographical) synonyms. Creators are usually considered to be those who create something in science, art or other fields (see LKŽe), while creators are specialists in various fields of activity who need creative and creative solutions (see Kačerauskas 2014a: 157 for more details). The creator of the noun originator is also used when speaking about the results of activity, e.g. : It is like a public think-tank, where the production of experts and creators is qualitatively merged with the community and external creation, problem identification (idkaunas.wordpress.com). There are also other foreign-language equivalents. The characteristic of groups of people is also indicated by a noun or non-noun adjective with the suffix -ingas, -a kūrybingas, -a, a noun or non-noun participant of the present tense active kind creating, -i, e.g. : The Creative Europe project plans to allocate about 500 million euros to the visual and performing arts (delfi.lt). The document also notes that in order for Europe to successfully exploit its most important resource – culture – it also needs a new cosmopolitanism, a dynamic and creative society and an appropriate environment (bns.lt). Knowledge and creative society (portalas.emokykla.lt). A learning and creative society is not only a guarantor of successful economic development, but also of democratic maturity (delfi.lt). When talking about human qualities, the derivative of the adverb -iškas, -a creative, -a is used in the meaning of "creative", e.g. : And when the highly skilled, talented and creative Freshmedia hackers will offer me to add a comment section to this blog, you will have complete freedom to express your opinion on all 7MD related questions and topics on the internet (archyvas.7md.lt). If you are as clever and creative - send your work to [email protected]:) (skinslt.blogas.lt). Other foreign words are used with the same meaning – creative, creative, e.g. : We need a creative person who can think of an eye-catching serious and original logo, so that there are no copies of ideas (uzdarbis.lt). Electricity is the current of electric charges. This definition was put in place by a creative physics teacher at our school <...> (menozona.blogspot.lt). Sometimes it is difficult to say exactly in what sense foreign words are used – “creative” or “creative”, e.g. : Creative thinking is not given to everyone, unfortunately (lrytas.lt). BENDRINĖ KALBA | 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 ROBERT STUNŽINAS. The foreign word creative, -i and its derivatives: meanings and equivalents | 4 All the creative actors I met were very unpredictable. But while working, their value is greater than 10-20 “grey” work bits (linkedin.com). Thanks to this possibility, it is possible to cut various shapes that can only be imagined by a creative designer Kai kada svetimžodžio reikšmė aiškėja iš kartu vartojamo lietuviško atitikmens, pvz.: (kreive.lt). “Creative decisions — the basis of these decisions is a creative (creative) thinking action model” (Lesevičienė 2010: 7). In general, the suffixes -ingas, -a derivatives denote the abundance of a characteristic, and -iškas, -a derivatives have the meaning of a characteristic (DLKG 2006: 197, 207). According to Viktorija Daujotytė, the adjective creative differs little from creative: "The suffix -ingrodo possession of creative powers. <...> Creative, having creativity, no matter how unusual it sounds. <...>. Creative. What does this adjective mean in Lithuanian, how does it distinguish from creative? It separates slightly, as much as it pushes the direction of action: a person acting creatively finds unexpected solutions, sees a way out, turns in an unexpected direction, sees what has not been noticed, perceived until now” (Daujotytė 2010). The creative and creative synonymity of adjectives is also shown by the use of their derivatives. For example, the dictionaries refer to creativity as both the ability to create and to think creatively: 1. A combination of personality characteristics that allows productive work to achieve original, socially significant, qualitatively new results of activity. 2. the ability to think independently, to abandon stereotypes, to quickly understand problematic situations, to find new solutions, to raise new ideas; development that creates fundamentally new intellectual potential (SportŽ 2002). A complex of personality characteristics that allows productive work to achieve original, socially significant, qualitatively new results of activity. Pupils’ creativity is expressed in the originality of thoughts, ideas, ideas when performing school tasks, criticizing old ideas, searching for and finding new ones (EdukologŽ 2007). Sometimes, in texts of scientific style, it is attempted to distinguish the meanings of foreign words and Lithuanian adjectives, e.g. : Creative are the employees of advertising agencies, creative was Picasso, creative people are searched for in newspaper ads <...>, creative people study in art academies, and so on. The definition of creativity is older than that of creativity – every creative person is creative, but not every creative person is creative. Therefore, the concept of creativity is defined differently, but many authors agree that it is a person's ability to discover new. The concept of creativity is broad – from productive original results in solving problems to artistic production. In a broad sense, it can be understood as productive thinking, manifesting itself in various areas of human expression <...> (Koženevska 2005: 7). However, here the creative, -i is used in the meaning of “creative”, and the creative in the meaning of “creative”. In the same situations, the Lithuanian adjectives kūrybinis, -ė, kūrybingas, -a and kūrybiškas, -a are used much more often, e.g. : In today’s dynamic business environment, employees are often asked to discover methods or solutions that are not yet heard or seen by anyone. This is aimed at employing human creativity, so this quality is increasingly appreciated. How to discover and use your creative thinking, psychologist Genovaitė Petronienė (delfi.lt) agreed to tell. “Creative Thinking in a Future Perspective” – this is the theme of the seminar, with which the VDU Educational Studies Centre started the new academic year (uvm.vdu.lt). BENDRINĖ KALBA | 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 ROBERT STUNŽINAS. The foreign word creative, -i and its derivatives: meanings and equivalents | 5 Creative thinking opens up human creative powers and gives an opportunity to look at life from a different angle (panele.lt). In the sense of "creative", foreign words are used when you want to say that an object, picture, painting, advertisement or other thing is unusual, peculiar, original, e.g. : A collection of creative and unusual things (humorodoze.lt). Plenty of creative paper and envelopes for your creative activities (vestuvesaz.lt). Creative cottage for $320,000 <...> A Swedish citizen sells a cottage for $320,000. Outside the cottage is like a cottage, nothing fancy, but inside… a real alien ship! (yeah.lt). What themes can be used for creative wedding photos? Anything! There are no limits, full freedom for imagination (pajuriofoto.lt). A woman who lost weight: a kind of creative portraits “before” and “after” slimming (yeah.lt). Foreign words are also used when speaking about abstract things, for example, when one wants to say that some way of solving a problem is unexpected or inventive, e.g. : Oh, what a very creative solution, no need to untie the seat belt to open the beer can (automotong.lt). Sometimes the meaning of a foreign adjective is explained by the words that follow it, e.g. : What is original, creative (inventive) advertising? (asvyras.lt). The same things are named by Lithuanian and international adjectives kūrybiškas, -a; inventive, -a; original, -i, e.g.: creative things (idomybes.pasmama.tv3.lt), inventive things (cha.lt), original things (lol.tv3.lt), creative photos (tavosekme.lt), inventive wedding photos (smstv.lt), original wedding photos (lol.tv3.lt). In the same situations, advertising is usually called both creative and creative, e.g. : Creative advertising factory. If you think that advertising can only be created by people with special talents, who are commonly referred to as “creatives” in the industry, you are mistaken. There are some techniques that can be used to generate ideas, which instantly create a lot of new / interesting, sometimes even shocking scenarios for commercials and films. During the course you will learn to be creative and get to know the creation of advertising (delfi.lt). Modern, modern and without digital technologies and computer simulation programs creative advertising (facebook.com). Also, advertising is described by adjectives inventive, original, for example: inventive advertising (cha.lt), original advertising (mano.automanas.lt). When we want to say that the style of music, architecture is unique, unrepeatable, improvised, the foreign words are used in the meaning of "creative", e.g. : This is an absolutely free ensemble, open to any kind of synthesis and interaction, whose sounds should be attractive to both jazz and rap and various experimental, alternative and other creative music connoisseurs (diazoscena.blogspot.lt). This is a very interesting creative style, which has interfaces and with regular classical, hai-tek and modern styles. The architectural style presents a mixture of these styles, taking something distinctive and distinctive from each of them. But in this style, unlike the mentioned ones, attributes are not the main thing. It is important to use many elements of the above style features (mano-sodas.blogspot.lt). BENDRINĖ KALBA | 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 ROBERT STUNŽINAS. Foreign word kreatyvus, -i and its derivatives: meanings and equivalents | 6 It is difficult to determine Lithuanian equivalents, because the meaning of foreign words and compounds with them is not quite clear. For example, creative is called non-traditional, improvisational music, peculiar, distinctive architecture, e.g. : Combining different styles, they debuted as singing poetry performers, but immediately stood out with their melodic and creative music and their own instruments, if you can call them saws, drawers, bells and water (mic.lt). All this reminds me of the beginning of the Soviet-era film Irony of Fate, or After the Sauna, which has become a New Year’s classic. It shows with a light irony – surprisingly uncensored at the time – how stylish and creative architecture gradually turned into uniform buildings resembling boxes (sa.lt). Creative, creative is called a type of photography, when photographing a staged situation, e.g. : As a rule, wedding photo albums are interesting mainly for relatives and close friends of the young couple, but "creative" style photos - here is another matter. You will be left with a non-standard story in pictures, which will be interesting to browse for everyone, even strangers bride and groom personally (pajuriofoto.lt). A retrospective exhibition of Stasys was held in Vilnius, National Art Gallery, which also showed sculpture works and creative (directing, installation) photography (kunstkamera.lt). Foreign words creative, -i; creative, -ė to describe the type of photography competes with ten words of Lithuanian and mixed origin. The most common adjectives in Lithuanian are kūrybinė, kūrybiška, e.g. : Lately, creative photography has become more important to the author than reportage photos that capture events (ltmkm.lt). Creative photography Razauskai Atelier <...> Razauskai Atelier is a creative photography studio. All people photography services, but perhaps slightly different – creative idea testing, pleasant communication and good mood. We do not stand in a corner with a camera, we actively moderate photo sessions so that you do not have to look at boringly directed photos (skelbiu.lt). The same applies to the adjective artful, for example. : Artistic photography is original, artistic photos, when photographed in nature, in unusual places, playing with images, colors, moods, details, clothing (wedding dresses, shoes, veils), symbols. The elements of direction are used (apievestuves.lt). However, the terms creative photography and artistic photography are not synonymous in all situations. The term art photography also refers to a branch of the visual arts, e.g. : Art photography is a type of photography, a branch of visual arts. It is based on the subjective, individual view of the photographer on reality (193.219.191.176/mm/ars1/Pages/fotografija/foto_teor.htm). In such cases, contextual synonymy can be discussed. Contextual synonyms are formed only in certain contexts, when the same thing is alternately referred to by words of different meanings (LKE 2008: 488). There are more competitors for foreign words. Some of them are the prefixes -inis, -ė Vedic, e.g. : Directorial photography is more a guarantee that the photos will be what the young people expect. Basically, this mode of photography is posing, artistic photoshoot, thoughtful moments (apievestuves.lt). BENDRINĖ KALBA | 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 ROBERT STUNŽINAS. The foreign word creative, -i and its derivatives: meanings and equivalents | 7 There are also irregular derivatives, e.g. : Reportage and stand-up photography? (photographer.com). Vedic words with suffixes -inis, -ė are not made from such base words, which are themselves Vedic and have an abstract meaning (Akelaitis, Pečkuvienė, Žilinskienė 2009: 175). Instead of the foreign word kreatyvinė, the noun participles of the passive type present tense poseojantieji, statiniaieji, e.g. : Posing – when a wedding photographer poses, he indicates how and where to stand, turn, etc. (apievestuves.lt). <...> this is not a static photography, but a reportage, objects are moving, we wanted to show the emotions of the participants (efoto.lt). In addition, there are unnamed past participles of the same kind, for example, posing photography, placed photography, directed photography (skelbiu.lt, lfc.lt, efoto.lt). However, the present tense forms of the noun are used to indicate a species characteristic. The adjective creative, -ė is also used to denote the characteristics of other fields of activity, for example, creative is called a type of therapy, during which something is created, e.g. : Creative therapy is used in the education of children with special needs: fairy tales, sand (panemunesld.kaunas.lm.lt). However, much more often this type of therapy is called an adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė creative and noun creation with the pronoun, e.g. : During the creative therapy sessions, the methods of art, fairy tales, puppets, clay therapy will be used to help you purify your values, take a closer look at yourself, restore your strength, give you an even greater sense of self-confidence and return the opportunity to live peacefully and harmoniously with yourself and those around you (gaivastis.lt). In creative therapy classes we learn to free our inner “I”, to play and improvise (psichikossveikatoscentras.lt). CONCLUSIONS 1.In scientific, publicistic and colloquial style texts, the verbs creative, -i and its derivatives creative, -ė, creative, -a are used to name concepts of the theory of creative society (class), to describe the characteristics of people, fields of activity, objects, things depicted. Foreign words are used to indicate that someone engaged in or is connected with creative activities, creative, creative, peculiar, unusual, original, inventive. Creative, -i and its derivatives are usually used with the same meanings. 2. Foreign words compete with 17 different Lithuanian and mixed-origin equivalents. Correspondences depend on the things to be described, but the most commonly used grammatical synonyms are creative, -ė and creative pair, adjectives with suffixes -ingas, -a; -iškas, -a. In some cases the equivalents are not identical and have the same meaning only in certain situations. 3.The analysis of foreign words and their equivalents shows that ir kūrybiškas, -a bei iš jų padaryti daiktavardžiai, kai kalbama apie žmones ar jų grupes, vartoLithuanian adjectives kūrybingas, -a jami are synonymous. The meanings of these adjectives are distinct – creative, -a used in the meaning BENDRINĖ KALBA | 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 ROBERT STUNŽINAS. The foreign word kreatyvus, -i and its derivatives: meanings and equivalents | 8 "creative, having creative powers", and kūrybiškas, -a – meaning "finding unexpected solutions, original, unexpected, inventive". 4. Foreign words are a superfluous and unclear means of expression, often additional words are needed next to them. It is sufficient to use ordinary words composed by means of one's own language to describe the things mentioned. When we want to emphasize that a person, a group of people or their totality creates something, has creative powers, the words creative, -ė, creative, -a, creative are used. If you want to say that a person finds unexpected solutions, sees what has not been noticed, use the adjective creative, -a. The same adjective is used if you want to say that some object, represented thing, style of music or architecture is original, unusual, improvised, unrepeatable. ŠALTINIAI Kačerauskas T. 2014a: Kūrybinė klasė: ekonominiai, sociologiniai, filosofiniai aspektai. – Filosofija. Sociologija 25, 155–163. Prieiga internete: www.lmaleidykla.lt/publ/0235-7186/2014/3/155-163.pdf (žiūrėta 2015 m. spalio mėn.). Kačerauskas T. 2014b: Kūrybos visuomenės terminai ir sampratos. – Logos 78, 6–18. Prieiga internete: litlogos.eu/L78/Logos_78_006_018_Kacerauskas.pdf (žiūrėta 2015 m. spalio mėn.). Kinčinaitis V. 2013: Kultūros ir meno rinka pokyčių visuomenėje. – In ter-stu dia hu ma ni ta tis 15, 69–84. 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Available online: terminai.vlkk.lt/pls/tb/tb.search (accessed October 2015). Received 31/10/2015 Adopted on 16 December 2015