Žodžio „pãreigos“ reikšmė ir vietininko problema

BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ The meaning of the word pronoun and the problem of the pronoun KEY WORDS: meaning of the word, pronoun, conjugation, norming, administrative language. The word „pareiga“ is quite common in the current Lithuanian language, and the plural form „pareigos“ is particularly characteristic of the administrative language. DŽ noun pareigų is described as a necessary action according to the law, custom, morality: Citizen's rights and obligations. - That's the feeling. I've done everything. He is ~as a man. We hold the prerequisite above all, and the prerequisite (3b) dgs. occupied position in the service: Take over ~as. "S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E- .S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.- S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.- S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.E." It would seem that the meaning and use of the word in common language is already established, but the revision of the normative evaluation of the use of verbs in the Subcommittee on Grammar, Spelling and Punctuation of the State Lithuanian Language Commission prompted a closer examination of the use of this word, and especially its plural form. The aim of the article is to clarify the origin of the word duty and its nuances, to examine the history of the norming of the word duty in local offices, the actual usage and to assess the validity of the current codification. ORIGIN AND MEANING OF THE WORD The noun pareiga is a verb abstract, made in the prepositional form. In the database of the Lithuanian etymological dictionary, based on Carl Darling Buck (1949), it is indicated that ide. words in languages that denote the concept of “duty”, usually derived from words meaning “must”, “have”, “obligate”. Another semantic source of words with this meaning are the concepts of “activity”, “care”, “what touches something” and so on. Lie. “duty”, made as “eiga” (go) from pareiti. In the LKŽ, the verb pareiti has the following meaning recorded in dialects: "priklausyti, priderėti: Po kiek jam ant dienos parėėjajo? Ms. For us, the carriage of firewood (for the carriage of firewood) costs five hundred Lkv. So how much money do I get for that wheat? Ss. I'll give you five more cents, Al." This meaning testifies to the semantic connection of the verb and the noun. Vladimir Vladimirovich. The meaning of the word “necessity” and the problem of the BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 placeholder | 2 The noun “necessity” is described in LKŽe as something that is necessary, obligatory to do; work, action related to service, occupation, promise; pridermė: Friendship remains friendship, and duty remains duty The duty of every citizen is the right of a decent man to say J. Jabl. That was his duty (he had to do so) J. Jabl. Both of them were people of the office of T. Tilv. Subscribers... are just rushing to do their duty to A1884,392. The man appointed to the dog’s place must also fulfil the dog’s duties: milk the young, guard the BsPIII9. Mano pareig man liepia tat daryti BŽ374. Jam pavesta daug pareigų BŽ61. Vaikų master’s house while lying down, etc. Education is the most important duty of parents. As can be seen from the description of the dictionary, this is a written word, written from the living language only from Kurtuvėnai. In the language, apparently, from the dictionaries and press 1 of Fryderyk Kuršaitis and Pilypas Ruigis (used in Aušra in the late 19th century). It is also found in the writings of Jon Jablonski and Jon Basanavičius. The more special meaning of "a position occupied in the service" has acquired the plural preposition of this word. The LKŽ indicates that this word was used by J. Jablonski: Teacher's duties I will take J. Jabl. The committee also had to take up court duties. However, there are doubts about the appropriateness of the word duty for the common language. Arnoldas Piročkinas stated that J. Jablonskis has not corrected his word in the press, in public. However, such a correction is recorded in Liudas Gira’s “Notes from Lithuanian Language Lectures” stored in the Manuscripts Department of the Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, where the duty is replaced by verbal prefix. Later, J. Jablonskis used the word duty in Our Dictionary (1918) in the heading “Duty and uprightness” (Piročkinas 1986: 38). Antanas Salys regarded duty as a word that was almost alien to the people's language. In his opinion, the original meaning of the word is "dedication" and he suggested a prefix for the words Pflicht, долг, обязанность. He believed that the duty could at least be left to the official position, должность to be separated (Salys 1936: 162). In fact, in the Language Advisor the words duties, duties and obligations are presented as synonyms (words of similar meaning), noting that the duty is more related to the service, for example, not all officials perform their duties properly (KP 1936: 90). At that time, the word itself was already used in common language, although its meanings were still being debated. 30 years later, Jonas Palionis (1961: 50), evaluating the terms of the Legal Terms Dictionary (1954), defended the plural of the word duty as the equivalent of the concept должность. Thus, it can be said that in the middle of the 20th century the plural of this word in its separate meaning was already established both in general and in special (legal, administrative) language. 1 In 1963, the LKŽ file still contains a card with a sentence written in the village of Zervynai: Svoto pareigos tokios, moka ingirc tų savo žanykų. Vladimir Vladimirovich. The plural meaning of this word has been slightly clarified in the special BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 publications – the status held in the place of work or service: He is head of the department. Dismissed from the office of judge KancKP; the person’s place of work or service, his status in that place (Kniūkšta 2005); In 2008, the 2008 AKSŽ describes duties as the totality of functions and responsibilities performed in the activity. Thus, despite different opinions on the suitability of nusakanti tam tikros profesijos ar veiklos srities darbuotojo etiką ir teises. the word duties for common language, this verb noun that appeared in writings has become established in common language, and its plural form duties has taken hold to denote the meaning related to the service. Thus, there is no longer any doubt about the suitability of the words duty, duty for the common language in the 21st century. Only his local humor is reproached. In general, the use of locality in Lithuanian language is often mistaken, the history of correction of this humorous use was started by J. Jablonskis (Smetonienė, Dambrauskaitė 2011), although this linguist did not write about locality in office. Jonas Kruopas, when examining the use of locality, stated that “locality has to be left in those cases where we can justify it, whether it is a verb or a verb, with examples of Lithuanian language, e.g.: he is in office, in service”, because an almost specific place is said (he is in service) (Kruopas 1939: 125). 2 In the second half of the 20th century, due to the influence of the Russian language, a number of translations were made, especially with irregular localities. Rita Miliūnaitė, discussing the motives for the correction of the vice-president, drew attention to the fact that the vice-president was criticized for being used excessively, obsessively, and inaccurately (Miliūnaitė 2003: 146). Zigmas Zinkevičius denounced not the word duty, but its excessive use where this word is not needed, and corrected the locals in the following sentences: A. V. began working as a tutor on October 1, 1964. He was a member of the National Library of Canada (1968–1972). In the opinion of Kazis Ulvydas (1974: 10–11), the substitute in joint responsible positions, in the position of teacher, is foreign to Lithuanian language, uncharacteristic, unfounded and unmotivated. These words are not found because of the non-Lithuanian usage of the locals, which makes them unclear and irregular. Sometimes the context requires not so much to say to work as a director, as simply to be a director or to hold a director's position. 2 This statement has been criticized by Pranas Kniūkšta, who believes that it is an unnecessarily justified translation statement (Kniūkšta 1992: 78). Vladimir Vladimirovich. 4 Jonas Šukys (1976: 147) bases the correction of a pronoun in the position BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 of a pronoun on stylistic rather than syntactic considerations: “A pronoun that is not needed in the sentence at all should not be used. Such pronouns are used when trying to speak in a sophisticated, overly scientific way. As a result, the language becomes puffed up, bureaucratic. The errors of this bureaucratic and parasitic local usage are not spreading rapidly in a matter tiek sintaksinės, kiek stilistinės. Jos kenkia kalbos aiškumui, glaustumui, gyvumui. Deja, mūsų of days.” Among others, one example is given with a local in the position: The father worked as a brigadier (preferably a brigadier). The first edition of the Language Practice Advices (1976: 308) states that the pronoun is not used to denote positions, and gives two examples of improper use: He is in a position of responsibility (=Goes into a position of responsibility). The second edition of this publication (1985: 346) repeats the same corrective examples assigned to the sphere of expression of the inappropriate action or state manifestation. He was also criticized by the locals for being a recklessly used loser. thought that it was more correct and accurate to say with the noun of the function, e.g. : She worked temporarily as a teacher in the 2nd class (= teacher) (1988, pp. 33). At the end of the 20th century, the position of deputy was often corrected in various publications, usually without giving reasons for the correction (e.g., Piročkinas 1990: 128; Šukys 1991: 10; Malakauskas 1996: 10). 10). More detailed information about unsuitable locals is provided by J. Šukis (1998: 304–305). He also lists the compounds with positions among the irregular substituents, because “[t]he substituent in positions is used more and more unnecessarily to describe the way of performing official work related to the current positions <...> He works in the position of director (= director; is a director, is in the position of director/directs). She worked temporarily as a technician (=technician, held a technical position). Sometimes people who are not sufficiently prepared work in responsible positions. Such employees should not work in multiple positions (= have multiple positions, work in multiple jobs/places). He was voted not to be re-elected as Director (=Director; Voted not to be re-elected/to be not re-elected as Director) <...> He was downgraded (=appointed/relocated to a lower position; He was downgraded)”. He also said that he would not be running for re-election, but that he would be willing to take on the post if he was elected. Congratulations on your new position (=beginning/receiving a new position) (Šukys 1998: 315). Vladimir Vladimirovich. The meaning of the word prerequisite and the problem of the local | 5 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 KancKP as unnecessary evaluated statements to work in positions; promoted, degraded in positions, they are offered to correct responsible positions; promoting, degrading positions; transfer (appointment) to a higher (lower) position. KP S1 (2003: 109) as non-translatable translation statements are indicated such localities: are in responsible positions, worked as a nurse, were promoted in positions. Thus, the history of the submitted amendments shows that usually only a few statements with a placeholder in the position are deprecated, i.e. the way of placeholders to work in the position, degraded (exalted) in the position and the state of placeholder to be in the position. There have been various reasons for correcting these statements: firstly, it is criticized not because it is systematically inappropriate, but because of stylistic considerations, because it is used excessively, obsessively, unnecessarily; statements made unclear. It is also believed that this pronoun is foreign to the Lithuanian language, uncharacteristic, unfounded and unmotivated. CURRENT ACTUAL CONSUMPTION Although the sayings with a placeholder have been corrected for more than half a century, the actual use shows that these placeholders are not only in carefully edited texts. The data of the Textbook of Contemporary Lithuanian Language shows that most of such localities are used in publications (in December 2016, 799 cases of use were found, of which 557 in publications (It was in this position that V. Grigaravičius managed to achieve the most impressive victories against Dzūkijos bandits and chase out the "bublių", "plikių", "tamošaičių" gangs; My workload in this position is slightly less than that of other vice-rectors; He served in this position for the entire period of the reorganization of the Lithuanian Army into the 29th Territorial Rifle Corps - until 31 December 1940), and 131 in administrative literature (may be employed only in the manner specified in the annex to this order and only in certain positions; Employees whose knowledge is also assessed as unsatisfactory at the third inspection shall not be allowed to work in the positions occupied; Income from secondary positions was taxed). In the Register of Legislative Acts from 1990-01-01 to 2016-12-01 deputy in office was used in 587 documents (in some of them more than once), e.g.: in new positions the period from unlawful dismissal until the court ruling becomes final would not be counted into the years of work for which annual leave is granted TAS, 2016-11-15, No. 26808; Integration into the labour market and successful application of ideas in the positions occupied will contribute to sustainable growth of the country's economy TAS, 2016-05-10, No. 11726; Teachers working in top positions are elected to the council TAS, 2016-04-05, No. 7629. RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Žodžio preigos reikšmė ir vietininko problema | 6 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 A review of the documents of recent years, in which this deputy is found, shows that these are mainly documents prepared by courts and municipalities. The Eur-lex database contains 450 documents in which the term "substitute" is used (The term of office of an appointed member who has been in office for a maximum of 4 years may be renewed within the overall period of six years; The final pensions paid are affected by increases in the average salary of members, in particular as they advance in positions and change careers; annul the decision of 23 March 2012 not to confirm the applicant as head of unit and to transfer him to the Directorate-General for Internal Policies); Thus, the problem of use in the position of a pronoun remains relevant and to date, as can be seen from the cited examples of usage in recent years, the pronoun in question is used in various statements, including those whose suitability for use has not been discussed. In modern administrative language, the pronoun in office, which is considered unpresentable, is especially often used to denote an abstract place (a) and state (b): a) 15 teachers are employed in the main positions TAR, 2016-07-07, No. 19363; Judges are not allowed to work in secondary positions, except for pedagogical and scientific research work T; The first - third rank lawyer - degree is awarded to a prosecutor or investigator who has served in the prosecution office in this position for at least 6 months T; to provide redundant workers with the opportunity to find employment in another sector or in another position Eur-lex; (b) the latter has been in that position for only one month in T; remains in the occupied position T; he has held that position longer than his predecessors T; The applicant submitted a reply that he agrees to remain in the position of Chief of the Širvintų District Police Station of the Vilnius Regional Police Station, TAS, 2016-06-16, No. 16928; The nine NCB representatives appointed pursuant to Article 5(2) and Article 5(8) of Decision ESRB/2014/2 remain in their positions until the end of the initial term of office specified in Article 5(8) of Decision ESRB/2014/2 Eur-lex; He was replaced in this position by Captain St. Bagdonas T; In his previous role, he was one of the key figures involved in the 2004-2008 Eurozone restructuring. repression of the democratic opposition and civil society Eur-lex. In current administrative texts, the substitute in office is also found in such indicative statements where it describes a particular aspect of the job or service, for example: tikrą jų pobūdį, dalį ar sritį, pvz.: According to the defendant, the applicant’s attempt to obtain a state pension for work in positions that she did not hold is unlawful and unfounded TAR, 2016-03-16, No. 4942; Such provisions would make it possible to appoint highly qualified lawyers to responsible public offices, at the same time enabling them to continue their career as judges after the end of their work in the positions to which they were elected or appointed TAR, 2015-05-18, No. 7583; The appellant states that the appeal courts Vladimir Vladimirovich. The meaning of the word “necessary” and the problem of the “local” | 7 The BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 court incorrectly described her work as an accountant in the companies AB “Š. Š. “, UAB “L” and UAB “V” during the period TAR, 2016-03-14, No. 4602; learned that he is unfit to occupy the position of a superintendent of the Public Police squad “Vytis” according to column I due to a postoperative skull fracture, but he was not prohibited from working in other statutory positions TAR, 2016-08-26, No. 22685; Newly recruited officials shall be certified after six months of service in a specific position or at the end of a traineeship period T; the applicant sought to continue her service in the Human Resources Board of the PD as a career civil servant TAR, 2016-06-22, No. 17386; issued a certificate that he is fit for service as a police officer TAR, 2015-04-17, No. 5966. It is also possible to find indicative pronouns that describe verb nouns (see verbs used to indicate being in a position with a pronoun), e.g. : Indicated that the applicant understood that the presence in the position of the director of the company is incompatible with the duties of a civil servant TAS, 2016-04-08, No. 8330; There are other procedures for demotion in positions, not at all related to rotation procedures TAS, 2016-06-16, No. 16928; The procedures for hiring and promoting employees, as well as the appointment to senior positions in the security structure should be based on clearly defined and publicly published criteria Eur-lex; Emphasises the need to remove obstacles to the recruitment, retention and promotion of female researchers in Eur-lex; T. It is not always easy to find a suitable, short and correct equivalent to the position of the deputy, which would correspond to the meaning to be expressed, e.g.: Heads of state institutions who have finished their term of office and have not been employed in other positions of head of a state institution or have been employed in other positions of civil servant, would have the possibility to return to the position of head of a state institution within 4 years TAR, 2015-06-13, No. 9237; taking into account the functions established for the position, a civil servant holding positions that do not supervise can be transferred to a higher position, remained in the current position or transferred to a lower position without reducing the salary TAR, 2015-06-13, No. 9237; learned that he is unsuitable to occupy the position of head of the Public Police Squad “Vytis” under column I due to a postoperative skull fracture, but was not prohibited by the TAR from working in other statutory positions, 2016-08-26, Nr. 22685. The problem arises when the word office, whose pronoun cannot be given, is used next to homonymous pronouns, e.g. : Prohibition of employment in the educational system, law enforcement, radio and television and other positions related to state secrets and strategy T. Vladimir Vladimirovich. The meaning of the word pronoun and the problem of the pronoun | 8 The BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 close semantic connection of the pronoun with the words work and service raises doubts about the inrepresentability of the pronoun in office, since the pronouns are usable both in office and in work. Comparing the meanings of the words duty, service and work, it is clear that service is described as the duty of a civil servant DŽ or as work, performance of duties KancKP; one of the meanings of the word work – occupation, service, business DŽ, and duties are defined as the place of work, service, activity and status in that place. Especially important is the semantics of the place of service (position occupied) emphasized by various sources, by the way, DŽ indicates that the third meaning of place is service. The verbs with which it forms compounds can also help to clarify the meaning of the word duty more precisely, e.g.: eiti pareigas, vykdyti pareigas, tinkamai atlikti pareigas, turėti keletą pareigų, paskirti į pareigas, priimti į pareigas, patikėti pareigas, grąžinti į ankstesnes pareigas, atleisti nuo pareigų. The fact that the meaning of the position is closely related to the place is shown by compounds with verbs used to indicate a change of position in a certain place, e.g.: povýšiť funkciu (see the meaning of "promote in the service, give a higher rank" DŽ); degrade positions (cf. the meaning of "transfer to a lower, lower place, position, service" in DŽ); transfer to a post (see the meaning of “transfer, transfer to another place” ‖ prk. Přrkl student to a higher class DŽ); also with adjectives that can describe a place, e.g. the adjective laisvas – laisvos pareigos (see laisvas „unoccupied, empty: ~ų vieta“ DŽ). Another argument, indicating the close connection of the meaning of the word duty with the meaning of the word place, is the use of the term place of work in the legislation. In the Labour Code of the Republic of Lithuania TAR, 2016-09-19 (and according to it, wherever there is talk about certain employment relationships), the term workplace is used in two meanings: 1) the place of performance of work functions (e.g., the workplace and environment of each employee must be safe and harmless to health, equipped in accordance with the requirements of occupational safety and health normative legislation); 2) the duties of the employee, his work (During the period of leave, the employee is left with the workplace (duties); The employer must inform employees working under fixed-term employment contracts about vacancies to which they will be accepted for work under an indefinite employment contract). Examples of such usage abound in other legislation, e.g. : Employers would not be obliged to pay wages garantuojama darbo vieta (einamos pareigos) tuo laiku, kai jie atlieka tarėjo pareigas, tačiau to persons for this time TAS, 2016-10-13, No. 25101; <...> proposes representatives to the open competition to fill the vacant director’s position TAS, 2016-06-03, No. 14808; If the employee’s profession, specialty, qualification, where appropriate – and health Vladimir Vladimirovich. The meaning of the word need and the problem of the local worker | 9 condition, BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 are suitable to fill the vacant job (positions), the employer must offer him this job (positions) TAR, 2015-04-24, No. 6286; Person responsible for heating management – a person appointed by decision and contract of the building owner or manager, having education in the field of technology sciences, certified for the workplace and having a valid qualification certificate issued by the State Energy Inspection at the Ministry of Energy (hereinafter – the Inspection) TAR, 2012-09-26, No. 111-5655. The arguments presented, showing the connections between the words duty and place, suggest that the word pronoun of duty could not be considered a major error. It was not considered a mistake in interwar Lithuania, although the influence of other languages on its spread was clear. GENERAL REMARKS The noun pareiga is a verb abstract, made in the prepositional form from the verb pereiti. This is the word of the scripts, apparently from them it has passed into the dialects. There have been doubts about the suitability of the word „pareiga“ in the meaning of „accessory“ for common language, it has been considered a foreign word to Lithuanian language and it has been suggested to use it at least to mark an official place. However, the word duties has become established in common language, and the plural form duties has been adopted to denote the meaning related to service. At the beginning of the 20th century, the placeholder was used in offices as justified by examples of Lithuanian language, i.e. marking an almost specific place. Later, in the middle of the 20th century, several sentences with a pronoun were corrected, i.e. the pronoun of the way to work in a position, the pronoun of being in a position and the pronoun of being in a position. First of all, such locals are reproached for stylistic reasons, because they are used in excess, intrusively, unnecessarily; moreover, made the statements unclear. It was also believed that this pronoun was foreign to Lithuanian language, uncharacteristic, unfounded and unmotivated. In modern administrative language, pronouns that are not considered to be presentable are used quite often in positions, especially in unedited texts, they are used to indicate manner, state, characteristic. After examining the definitions of the word duty in Lithuanian dictionaries and the actual use, it became clear that one of the characteristic semes of this word is the figurative meaning of place, can be perceived as a certain service or work area, nature, status; kuriais pareigos sudaro junginius, reikšmės. Be to, viena iš termino darbo vieta reikšmių – this is confirmed by the words, with "duties". Therefore, the softening of the normative assessment in the position of local should be considered. There are cases when it is difficult to exactly replace the locality considered unrepresentable by other means of expression, because the meaning changes slightly and the statement becomes longer, more complex in structure.