Metaforinis raiškos būdas administracinėje lietuvių kalboje

RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language METAPHORIC MODE OF EXPRESSION IN ADMINISTRATIVE LITHUANIAN KEYWORDS: metaphor, word meaning, translation, administrative language, metaphorical terms ABSTRACT The metaphorical mode of expression in administrative Lithuanian was investigated. This article examines how figurative forms of expression are used in administrative language, which is characterized by particular precision (univocality), clarity, and objectivity, and what features of metaphorical expression emerge as a result of the specific ways in which this language is used. One can distinguish between forms of expression that originated metaphorically in Lithuanian, have lost their figurativeness, and become formulaic, and translated metaphors that entered Lithuanian through translations, mostly of legal acts. Given the specific nature of this language-use domain, artistic metaphorical devices are more characteristic of less formal document genres, whose expression is closer to the journalistic style. INTRODUCTION One of the figurative artistic devices—metaphor—is understood as the transfer of the name of one object, action, state, phenomenon, or its characteristic to another object, action, state, phenomenon, or its characteristic. Representatives of cognitive linguistics expanded the conventional understanding of artistic metaphor and demonstrated that thinking and speaking in metaphors are essential features of how we perceive the world (Lakoff, Johnson 1980). Linguistic and poetic metaphors are distinguished. Linguistic metaphors are the result of secondary indirect nomination; they preserve a certain RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Metaforinis raiškos būdas administracinėje lietuvių kalboje | 2 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.15 expressiveness and semantic duality, and are used for nominative and communicative purposes. These metaphors are objective and systematic, and reflect a collective view of the logical relations between objects. Artistic metaphors are used as stylistic figures; they are subjective and individual, and serve an aesthetic function. Aloyzas Gudavičius argues that metaphors can be considered a means of thinking and cognition, realized through metaphorical expressions (Gudavičius 2009: 125). Metaphorical expressions must contain certain signals or explicit indications to the listener of the associations that arose in the speaker’s mind when talking about the subject of the speech act (Gudavičius 2014). Thus, metaphor can be understood as a particular thinking strategy—the ability to think about one thing in terms of another. This way of thinking helps us understand abstract concepts, which are objectified (assigned physical properties such as shape, size, weight, quantity, and appearance) or personified (assigned human characteristics), and whose position in space is determined. Studies of metaphor help us better understand how people perceive the world around them, what they identify ongoing phenomena with, and which of their characteristics they notice. The aim of this article is to investigate the use of metaphorical means of expression in administrative Lithuanian and to compare their characteristics in European Union documents drafted in Lithuania and in translated documents. The research sources are legal acts and other documents published in the Register of Legal Acts (https://www.e-tar.lt/portal/lt/legalActSearch), and on the European Union Law portal Eur-lex (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/homepage.html?locale=lt) Lithuanian translations of the published documents. Usage in recent years was examined. The Guidelines for Official Lithuanian were also used as a source to identify metaphors that have become established; they include only the most characteristic linguistic means of expression used in documents at the end of the 20th century. BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Metaforinės raiškos būdas administracinėje lietuvių kalboje | 3 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.15 The research object is metaphorical means of expression in documents, examined using descriptive and comparative methods. In recent years, numerous studies of linguistic metaphors have been conducted in Lithuanian linguistics. Metaphorical terms in various fields have been studied: computing and information technology (Celiešienė 2016; Maskaliūnienė, Paura 2013; Stunžinas 2018), navigation (Drukteinyte 2015), law (Gedzevičienė 2018), construction (Stunžinas 2006), economics (Vladarskienė 2012), and others. Aušra Kamandulytė (2019) studied metaphors containing a lexeme denoting the color green; Ona Pet­rėnienė (2010) examined the use of metaphors in popular science texts; and the publication Conceptual Metaphors in Public Discourse: A Dictionary of Conceptual Metaphors was prepared. The translation of such metaphors is examined as a separate issue (Pažūsis 2014, Zaikauskas 2014, and others). Metaphorization in administrative Lithuanian has been studied primarily from the perspective of translation (Gražytė, Maskaliūnienė 2009; Kamandulytė 2019), while metaphorical legal terms in texts of the legal substyle have also been investigated (Gedzevičienė 2018). As can be seen, researchers have focused mainly on metaphorical terms, that is, noun phrases; however, Dalia Gedzevičienė also identified verbal metaphors as a separate structural group of metaphorical legal terms. SPECIFICS OF METAPHORICAL EXPRESSION IN ADMINISTRATIVE LANGUAGE Administrative language is the most strictly regulated variety of the standard language. Kazimieras Župerka notes that the administrative style is characterized by the following stylistic features: formality, standardization (formulaicness), factual precision, clarity, concision, and logicality; it is not characterized by individuality, emotionality, or imagery (Župerka 1997). Thus, in this area of language use, individual and vivid means of expressing ideas are avoided, and artistic metaphors are therefore unsuitable given the specific nature of the style. The KancKP contains more than one BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Metaforinis raiškos būdas administracinėje lietuvių kalboje | 4 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.15 recommendation against using words figuratively; for example, it states that “gilus, i is often used unnecessarily to express all sorts of size, strength, or significance,” and advises that “įnešti should not be used to mean bringing about various abstract things.” These suggestions indicate that there was an effort to prevent translated metaphorical expressions whose figurative meanings were not customary in Lithuanian from spreading in administrative language. A distinctive feature of this variety of language is its standardized nature. It is precisely this specific feature of the domain of language use that makes it possible to use linguistic metaphors as the sole means of naming various concepts; the vividness of such metaphors is striking and fits the concision of this style, without in any way compromising clarity, since it leaves no room for ambiguity. Depending on which word gives an expression its figurative meaning, metaphorical expressions with the following syntactic structures can be distinguished: 1) nominal metaphors, which may consist of: a) a noun used metaphorically, e.g.: balsas “the right to vote” DŽ, kanalas “a source from which something is obtained; a means, route by which something is obtained” DŽ, pamatas “an essential, most important thing on which everything else rests; a foundation” DŽ, slenkstis “a clear boundary of change” DŽ, spraga “a deficiency” DŽ, šaltinis “that which gives rise to something, that from which something comes” DŽ; b) noun phrases whose head is used figuratively, e.g.: [administrative, tax] burden, [quality, student, consumer] basket, [logistics, supply] chain, [railway, voltage, air] hub; c) attribute metaphors, in which the dependent constituent is used figuratively, e.g.: a high-ranking position, a serious crime, a silver economy, the black market, a green card, a green company, a green service; 2) verbal metaphorical expressions, e.g.: circumvent the law, issue a receipt, bring to justice, launch a commission, violate the rules, prevent a crime, forestall; BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Metaforinis raiškos būdas administracinėje lietuvių kalboje | 5 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.15 3) fixed metaphorical word combinations, e.g.: behind closed doors, for life. General concepts tend to be described metaphorically so that their main feature can be inferred, e.g.: the one-stop-shop principle, a firm-hand approach, greenfield investment. CASES OF METAPHORICAL EXPRESSION IN THE GUIDELINES FOR OFFICE LANGUAGE Guidelines for Office Language (hereinafter KancKP) records the most characteristic usage of administrative Lithuanian in the 20th century. Alongside acceptable, correct forms of expression, it also provides recommendations on which linguistic means are unsuitable for this domain of language use. A review of KancKP shows that the publication primarily includes standard metaphorical expressions used in Lithuanian administrative language: these are formulaic means of metaphorical expression that have long been established in the language, most of them verbal metaphorical combinations in which verbs or their forms are used figuratively, e.g.: cancel a conference, recall from vacation, recall from a business trip, call back to work, revoke a permit, call a meeting, bring to light, nominate candidates, improve qualifications, raise requirements, point out shortcomings. Fewer nominal metaphorical combinations are given, but some are highly characteristic of administrative language, e.g.: high office, open meeting, current year, covering letter, third party. Metaphorical combinations in administrative language correspond to the general directions of metaphorization identified by cognitive linguistics researchers. D. Gedzevičienė found that “the content denoted by legal concepts is metaphorically imagined as a certain material object, with which some physical action is performed, or which has features and properties characteristic of a certain object (most often a thing, less often a person or animal, and even less often another natural object)” (Gedzevičienė 2018). Essentially, these observations also apply to administrative language, whose metaphorical BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Metaforinis raiškos būdas administracinėje lietuvių kalboje | 6 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.15 expression is likewise characterized by concreteness, e.g.: make efforts, issue a document, adopt a document, return powers, withdraw from circulation, cover expenses, write off a balance, deduct a bonus. Spatial arrangement is important in administrative language because this domain has a very clear structure and emphasizes hierarchy; this is apparently why this direction of metaphorization was chosen—to describe concepts as objects located in space. Movement through space is indicated by such verbal combinations as, for example: circumvent a law, rules, a question, a problem; reach a conclusion; include on the agenda, include on a list; bring to justice, incur liability, incur a fine, bring to light, nominate candidates, point out shortcomings, improve qualifications, raise requirements; open, discontinue a case; transfer a balance; suspend powers, membership; promote, demote. Although KancKP more often gives verbal metaphorical combinations, nominal forms can be derived from them and used as terms, e.g.: prosecution, inclusion on a list, nomination of candidates, professional development, discontinuation of a case, suspension of powers. Expressions associated with openness (closedness) of space include: open meeting, by open ballot, left the question open, open letter; closed meeting, behind closed doors; open, close an account and so on. The upward and downward directions should be considered separately. The upward direction is more relevant and more frequently realized when marking more important or significant things. KancKP notes that the adjective high is used in certain cases to mean great, important, or honorable: high // distinguished guest, high office, high category, high qualifications, high level. The pronominal form is also used: distinguished guest, higher education, institution of higher education, as are the comparative and superlative degrees: higher institution, Supreme Court of Lithuania, transfer (appoint) to a higher (lower) position, promote, demote. Only a few cases of personification were found in KancKP, although personification is a characteristic metaphorical direction in administrative language, as is explicitly stated: “A document can also be understood as BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Metaforinis raiškos būdas administracinėje lietuvių kalboje | 7 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.15 the actor, and as a means.” The clearest example of personification is the name of a legal entity (organization) as a legal person; likewise, a third person may also be a particular organization. The metaphorization of numerals is also related to the particular precision of administrative language and its aim to count and number everything, i.e., to establish a clear order. For example, the ordinal numeral third “can refer to a person or institution not directly connected with the matter, when the connection is not entirely accidental: Money collected from people went into the third hands. It is prohibited to disclose data to third parties. A third party.” The adjective secondary is derived from the ordinal numeral second and is used “to describe something that follows something else, derives from something else, or is otherwise less important: secondary questions, documents, a secondary matter.” That some metaphorical expressions are translations is also confirmed by the usage recommendations given in the publication, for example, the observation that adverbs are used in figurative senses less frequently than the adjectives from which they are formed, e.g.: “highly is usual in its literal sense; it is used less often in figurative senses than the adjective high; do not use it with the meanings ‘greatly, very, well’: a highly (=greatly) respected guest, highly (=very, greatly, well) appreciated the work’” KancKP. It is noted that the noun connection is used with the meaning of an abstract link, whereas its base verb to bind, from which it is derived, is not. An adjective used metaphorically does not always have an antonym, e.g., open vote, but secret vote, not closed. KancKP recommends correcting words used figuratively that are clear calques from Russian. For example, it states that “the verb to stand is unsuitable for expressing a state: There are (=literally: stand) three items on the agenda”; for the adjective brief, it was proposed “not to use it to describe the shortness of time: brief (=short) time, brief (=short) deadlines”; the verb to remove “is unsuitable in the sense of eliminating or abolishing, and in other cases where no taking away is involved”; the verb to direct BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Metaforinis raiškos būdas administracinėje lietuvių kalboje | 8 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.15 “should not be used with the meanings ‘send, assign, transfer’”; it was recommended that the noun way “not be used to describe a method of work or activity: They considered the problems and the ways of solving them (=methods).” To explain why the term employee movement is unsuitable, the following argument is given: “it is unsuitable for describing changes; the word should be turnover: Efforts are being made to reduce the department’s employee movement (=turnover). Employee movement refers only to their physical movements—fidgeting or not staying in one place. Employee turnover must on no account be called flow.” KancKP records established metaphorical expressions in administrative language, most of them verbal constructions whose semantic transfer involves making abstract things concrete, most often by perceiving them as having the properties of objects. The recommendations in KancKP show that metaphorical expression also spread under the influence of Russian, and that this mode of expression was therefore disapproved of in some cases. METAPHORIZATION IN CONTEMPORARY ADMINISTRATIVE LANGUAGE To identify the features of metaphorical expression in 21st-century administrative language, it is first necessary to distinguish two varieties of its use: documents issued in Lithuania and published in the Register of Legal Acts, and translated EU documents published on the EU law portal Eur-lex. It is also necessary to take into account the distinction between substyles of the administrative style, as well as the fact that the choice of linguistic resources depends on the genre of the document. As is evident from the analysis of metaphorical expression in the most important late-20th-century publication on administrative Lithuanian, KancKP, moderate metaphorization has always been characteristic of administrative Lithuanian, although there is also a clear tendency to restrict metaphorical means of expression. BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Metaforinis raiškos būdas administracinėje lietuvių kalboje | 9 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.15 Due to globalization and EU integration, in the 21st century administrative Lithuanian is clearly influenced by the English language of professional communication, in which metaphors are used freely. Translators working for EU institutions constantly face the problem of translating metaphors. Speaking about the specific nature of EU translators’ work, Edgaras Platelis stated that there is usually no obvious need to translate a metaphorical term into Lithuanian using a metaphor as well, since the language being translated is administrative and legal and must be non-connotative and neutral. However, this approach inevitably leads to inaccuracy and ambiguity (Platelis 2018). Therefore, when no suitable concise and neutral Lithuanian equivalent can be found, the metaphor is often translated literally; sometimes it is understandable in the translated text, while at other times the rationale for the transferred meaning remains rather unclear, since different peoples may have different models for perceiving the world. Metaphors also spread into Lithuanian documents from translated documents. For example, in Lithuanian administrative language, it is not customary to refer to documents metaphorically, although this has to be done when mentioning EU documents, e.g.: The strategy is in line with the principles and rights set out in the European Pillar of Social Rights proclaimed by the Council of the European UnionPillar regarding equal opportunities, fair working conditions, and adequate and stable social protection in the future. TAR, 2018-04-26, No. 6625, resolution; the applicant shall ensure that the costs for which support is requested have not been, are not, and will not be financed under the measures of Pillar I of the Common Agricultural PolicyPillar or by other EU funds and other public funds. TAR, 2018-03-26, No. 4480, order; <...> approve the list of activities focused on the production of advanced technologies, knowledge-intensive services, achievement of the European Union’s Green Deal objectives and social dialogue. TAR, 2020-06-03, No. 11976, order; Assessment of changes in environmental regulation and prospects for implementing the European Green Deal, taking into account Lithuania’s competitiveness and equal opportunities with other European Union Member States. TAR, 2020-04-23, No. 8531, resolution. Some translated metaphors have become established in administrative language because, owing to “universal patterns of thought and similar experience, many cases of metaphorization are similar across languages” BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Metaforinis raiškos būdas administracinėje lietuvių kalboje | 10 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.15 (Gudavičius 2009: 122). Some such metaphorical terms may also be regarded as formations created according to a model of metaphorical meaning development shared by several languages, e.g.: [funds, taxes, decisions, assets] freeze (English freezing, French gel, German Einfrieren); free movement [of persons] (English free movement of persons, French libre circulation des personnes, German freier Personenverkehr); [currency] basket (English basket of currencies, German Währungskorb, French panier de monnaies); [money] laundering (English money laundering, German Geldwäsche, French blanchiment d'argent); low-threshold services (English low threshold services, German niedrigschwellige Angebote) IATE. However, if the transfer of meaning in a translated metaphor is incomprehensible, such a metaphor is less likely to take hold; compare <...> the startup “Vinted”, which attracted the largest amount of investment to date in the Republic of Lithuania—no less than EUR 128 million—became the firstunicorn (a company valued at over EUR 1 billion). TAR, 2020-05-19, No. 10614. Because its motivation is unclear, this metaphorical loan term is also used in other EU languages; compare: English unicorn, French licorne, German Einhorn, Latvian “vienradzis”, Italian unicorno, Bulgarian еднорог, Czech jednorožec, Polish jednorożec IATE. In administrative language in the 21st century, there is a tendency to use non-expressive metaphorical devices sparingly; some have become entirely conventional because their transfer of meaning is clear, e.g.: The draft legal act contains no gaps or provisions that would allow the legal act to be interpreted and applied ambiguously. TAR, 2020-02-21, No. 3825, resolution; Thus, in its ruling of 11 September 2019, the Supreme Administrative Court of Lithuania had tofill a gap in the law. TAR, 2020-04-09, No. 7450, ruling; <...> modernising public administration institutions and services through digital means is particularly important for reducing the administrative burden on businesses and citizens. TAR, 2020-10-15, No. 21505, resolution; also compare the accountability, financial, evidentiary, tax, supervisory, and debt burdens.accountability, financial, evidentiary, tax, supervisory, debt burden. BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Metaforinis raiškos būdas administracinėje lietuvių kalboje | 11 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.15 The metaphor of struggle is universal, but its spread in Lithuanian documents can also be linked to EU translated documents, e.g.: To properly align the provisions of Lithuanian national law with the requirements of Directive 2011/93/EU on combating sexual abuse of children, their sexual exploitation and child pornography, Directive 2014/57/EU on criminal sanctions for market abuse (market abuse directive), Directive (EU) 2017/541 on combating terrorism, amending Council Framework Decision 2002/475/JHA and amending Council Decision 2005/671/JHA. Also to properly transpose and implement the provisions of Directive (EU) 2018/1673 on combating money laundering by means of criminal law, Directive (EU) 2019/713 on combating fraud and counterfeiting of non-cash means of payment, replacing Council Framework Decision 2001/413/JHA. TAR, 2020-08-21, No. 17686, resolution; The fund-of-funds manager and the financial instrument manager must ensure compliance with the Rules and take into account the provisions of EU and national legislation, including State aid rules, standards and legislation on the prevention of money laundering, combating terrorism and tax fraud. TAR, 2020-11-18, No. 24192, order. Sometimes a microsystem of terms also arises, when the specific concepts denoted by a calque-based metaphorical term are likewise referred to metaphorically, e.g.: <...> recommends that each brain drain subcomponent of the phenomenon – brain gain, brain waste, brain circulation and return migration – be addressed through different responses. OL C 141, 2020 4 29, p. 34–38, Opinion of the European Committee of the Regions. The third objective is to strengthen the ties of Lithuanians abroad with Lithuania and thereby encourage them to return to their homeland, brain drain process into a brain circulation process. TAR, 2019-07-25, No. 12298, resolution. BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Metaforinis raiškos būdas administracinėje lietuvių kalboje | 12 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.15 In contemporary Lithuanian administrative language, EU translated documents sustain the tendency towards metaphorization, although, given the usage conventions of this field, Lithuanian metaphorical expression is rather formulaic, its expressiveness is indistinct and sometimes entirely faded. Metaphorical expression in journalistic style within administrative language Metaphors are more frequent in less formal document genres, whose expression is closer to journalistic style (e.g. reports, communications, notices, recommendations, opinions, white papers, green papers, opinions of Advocates General, etc.). The main function of these texts is to inform, but the information is presented with various aims: expressing a point of view, making proposals, encouraging discussion, and so on. In less formal translated EU documents, metaphorical expression is close to metaphors characteristic of journalistic writing; it is more expressive than neutral linguistic metaphors, but less individual than metaphors used in fiction. Even in texts of this kind, the direction of metaphorization characteristic of administrative language persists, for example, the spatial metaphor: If differences are not eliminated, they will grow even greater and a vicious “disintegration” circle will emerge. OJ C 141, 2020 4 29, p. 34–38, committee opinion; Platforms must curb coordinated manipulation and expose malicious influence operations. Joint Communication JOIN/2020/8 final. The path and direction of travel are metaphorized through various expressive means, e.g.: Today, the Commission is laying a sustainable path for our continent, following which we will make that ambition a reality and achieve climate neutrality in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050. Commission Communication COM/2020/562 final; Strengthening the single market is a step forward in ensuring a more level playing field for companies from third countries. OJ C 364, 2020 10 28, p. 108–115, committee opinion; The new Commission's support for increasing the budget of the Erasmus+ programme is a step in the right direction. OJ C 141, 2020 4 29, p. 34–38, committee opinion; BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Metaforinis raiškos būdas administracinėje lietuvių kalboje | 13 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.15 The less the EU accomplishes over the next ten years, the steeper and more difficult GHG reduction slope we will have to overcome after 2030. Commission Communication COM/2020/562 final; <...> will help us continue to pursue our shared social and economic priorities: get industry back on track, and stimulate public and private investment in the twin (digital and green) transition. OJ C 364, 2020 10 28, p. 108–115, committee opinion. Materiality (the representation of abstract things through the characteristics of concrete things) is revealed by emphasizing a coherent, closely knit structure through building metaphors, in which the foundation is the most important element, e.g.: The April communication also laid the foundations for the regional Economic and Investment Plan adopted together with this communication. Commission Communication COM/2020/660 final; <...> social justice and well-being are the cornerstones of building a resilient society with the highest standards of well-being in the world. Commission Communication COM/2020/14 final. Diversity is a system whose elements are closely interconnected, e.g.: The range of policy instruments includes moving talented individuals to those regions or cities, as well as more complex measures that create cross-border entrepreneurial networks. OJ C 141, 2020 4 29, p. 34–38, opinion of the European Committee of the Regions; However, this figure is only one side of the coin. Commission Communication COM/2020/14 final. Local authorities need not only to establish partnerships with universities, but also to understand that universities need support, including through investment in local infrastructure. OJ C 141, 2020 4 29, p. 34–38, committee opinion. Less formal genres of translated EU documents feature more expressive metaphorical devices, but the general directions of metaphorization remain the same: meaning is transferred in an effort to explain abstract matters through the characteristics of concrete things, emphasizing their hierarchical structure and systematic nature. BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Metaforinis raiškos būdas administracinėje lietuvių kalboje | 14 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.15 CONCLUSIONS An examination of the usage of administrative texts revealed the following tendencies in the use of metaphorical expression: in administrative language, the use of poetic metaphors is restricted by the specific nature of the domain, since vividness is undesirable here; however, linguistic metaphors that have become formulaic means of expression are used. KancKP records established metaphorical expressions in administrative language, most of which are verbal phrases whose semantic shift involves making abstract things concrete, most often by perceiving them as possessing the properties of objects. KancKP recommendations show that metaphorical expression also spread under the influence of Russian, and therefore this mode of expression was not approved of in some cases. A comparison of the expression used in documents drafted in Lithuania and in translated EU documents shows that metaphors are used more frequently in translated documents, although their frequency also depends on the document genre. Poetic metaphors are used in less formal document genres whose expression is closer to the journalistic style (e.g., reports, communications, notices, recommendations, opinions, white papers, green papers, opinions of Advocates General, etc.). A similar tendency was also evident in Lithuanian documents: the largest number of metaphorical means of expression was found in court documents. ŠALTINIAI EUR-lex – Europos Sąjungos teisės aktų ir kitų viešų dokumentų bazė „EUR-lex“. Prieiga internete: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/lt/index.htm. BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Metaforinis raiškos būdas administracinėje lietuvių kalboje | 15 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.15 IATE – Daugiakalbė Europos Sąjungos terminų bazė IATE. Prieiga internete: http://iate.europa.eu/iatediff/switchLang.do?success=mainPage&lang=lt. KancKP2007 – Kanceliarinės kalbos patarimai, sud. Pranas Kniūkšta. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, internetinis leidimas. Prieiga internete: http://kanceliariniaipatarimai.lki.lt/. TAR – Teisės aktų registras. Prieiga internete: https://www.e-tar.lt/portal/lt/index. TB – Lietuvos Respublikos terminų bankas. Prieiga internete: http://terminai.vlkk.lt/. 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BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Metaforinis raiškos būdas administracinėje lietuvių kalboje | 16 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.15 Kamandulytė Aušra 2019. Metaforiniai terminai su žalios spalvos leksema. – Vertimo studijos 12, 51–70. Lakoff George, Johnson Mark. 1980. Metaphors we live by. New York. Prieiga internete: http://theliterarylink.com/metaphors.html Maskaliūnienė Nijolė, Paura Markas 2013. Kompiuterių virusologijos terminų paradigminiai semantiniai santykiai ir šaltiniai. – Vertimo studijos 6, 130–140. Papaurelytė Silvija 2014. Metaforinis KARO modelis Lietuvos sveikatos diskurse. – Res humanitariae 16, 192–212. Pažūsis Lionginas 2014: Kalba ir vertimas, Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas. Platelis, Edgaras. 2018. Tarpinstitucinių terminologų susitikimų aktualijos. – Vertimo studijos 11, 111–116. Stunžinas Robertas 2006. Lietuviški metaforiniai statybos terminai. – Terminologija 13, 62–73. Stunžinas Robertas 2018. Terminizuotieji ir metaforiniai informatikos ir kompiuterijos terminai. Lietuviškos informatikos ir kompiuterijos terminijos tyrimai, vyr. red. P. Zemlevičiūtė. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 56–93. Zaikauskas Egidijus. 2014. Terminų vertimo būdai Europos Sąjungos teisės aktų vertimuose į lietuvių kalbą. – Terminologija 21, 71–88. Gauta 2020 12 01 Priimta 2020 12 30 METAPHORICAL WAY OF EXPRESSION IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Metaforinis raiškos būdas administracinėje lietuvių kalboje | 17 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.15 Summary Cognitive linguists expanded the traditional concept of artistic metaphor, proving that metaphorical thinking and speaking are the key element of world perception. The study of metaphors enhances our understanding about how people get to know the surrounding world, what they associate its phenomena with and what features of those phenomena they observe. The aim of the article is to investigate the metaphorical means of expression in the administrative Lithuanian language and to compare their peculiar features in the documents drawn up in Lithuania and the translated European Union (EU) documents. The sources of the study are the legal acts and other documents published in the Register of Legal Acts and the translations of documents into Lithuanian made public on the portal of the EU law Eur-lex. The analysis of the language usage in administrative texts revealed the following tendencies of using the means of metaphorical expression: the use of artistic metaphors in the administrative language is limited by the specificity of the sphere under analysis as figurativeness is considered an undesirable feature, and the linguistic metaphors in use have already become the clichéd means of expression. The comparison of the documents produced in Lithuania and the translated EU documents shows that the latter include more metaphors but the frequency of their use also depends on the document genre. Metaphors are more widespread in freer document genres whose expression is closer to the publicistic style (e.g., report, communication, notification, recommendation, opinion, white paper, green paper, opinion of advocates general, etc.). A similar tendency is also noticed in Lithuanian documents; most means of metaphorical expression were found in court documents. BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Metaforinis raiškos būdas administracinėje lietuvių kalboje | 18 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.15 KEYWORDS: metaphor, meaning of words, translation, administrative language, metaphorical terms RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius [email protected] BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204