Metaforinis raiškos būdas administracinėje lietuvių kalboje

RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas METAFORINIS RAIŠKOS BŪDAS KEY WORDS: metaphor, meaning of words, translation, administrative language, metaphorical terms ANNOTATION Metaphorical expression in the administrative Lithuanian language was studied. This article examines how in administrative language, which is characterized by particular accuracy (uniformity), clarity, objectivity, figurative forms of expression of thought are used and what features of metaphoric expression are highlighted, determined by the specifics of the use of this language. It is possible to distinguish between metaphors of metaphorical origin, which have formed in the Lithuanian language, lost their imagery and become templates, and translation metaphors, which have come into the Lithuanian language through translations, mainly of legal acts. In view of the specificity of the usage of this language, artistic means of metaphoric expression are more typical in freer documentary genres, whose expression is closer to the publicistic style. INTRODUCTION One of the visual means of artistic expression – metaphor – is understood as transferring the name of one object, action, state, phenomenon or their characteristic to another object, action, state, phenomenon or their characteristic. Representatives of cognitive linguistics have expanded the concept of conventional artistic metaphor and shown that thinking and speaking in metaphors is an essential feature of world perception (Lakoff, Johnson 1980). There is a distinction between linguistic and poetic metaphors. Linguistic metaphors are the result of Vladimir Vladimirovich. Metaphorical expression in administrative Lithuanian language | 2 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.15 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 vaizdingumą ir semantinį dvilypumą, vartojamos nominaciniais ir komunikaciniais sumetimais. secondary indirect nomination, they preserve a certain sense of meaning. These metaphors are objective, systematic and reflect a collective view of the logical relationships of objects. individualios, atlieka estetinę funkciją. Aloyzas Gudavičius teigia, kad metaforas galima laikyti mąstymo bei pažinimo būdu, Artistic metaphors are used as stylistic figures, they are subjective, which is realized by metaphorical statements. (Stevens 2009: 125). Metaphoric statements must contain certain signals or direct instructions to the listener, what associations arose in the speaker's consciousness when speaking about the object of the act of speech. (Gudavičius 2014). Thus, metaphor can be perceived as a certain strategy of thinking – the ability to think about some things as about others. Such a way of thinking helps to perceive abstract objects, which are attributed (physical shape, size, weight, quantity, appearance, etc.) or humanized (assigned characteristics of human beings), their position in space is determined. Metaphor studies help to better understand how people know the surrounding world, with what they identify developing phenomena and what their characteristics they observe. The aim of this article is to investigate the use of metaphorical means of expression in the administrative Lithuanian language and to compare their peculiarities in Lithuanian and translated European in Union documents. The sources of the research are legislation and other documents published in the Register of Legislative Acts (https://www.e-tar.lt/portal/en/legalActSearch) and Lithuanian translations of documents published in the European Union law portal Eur-lex (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/homepage.html?locale=en). The consumption of recent years was investigated. In order to clarify the already established metaphors, the sources were also used the tips of the Kanceliarinė kalba, which included only the most typical means of linguistic expression used in documents of the end of the 20th century. Vladimir Vladimirovich. Metaphorical expression in administrative Lithuanian language | 3 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.15 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 The object of the study – means of metaphorical expression in documents, they are studied using descriptive and comparative methods. Recently, a number of studies on linguistic metaphors have been carried out in Lithuanian linguistics. Metaphorical terms of various fields were investigated: computing and information technology Maskaliūnienė, Paura 2013; Stunžinas 2018), jūreivystės (Drukteinytė 2015), teisės (Celiešienė 2016; (Gedzevičienė 2018), construction (Stunžinas 2006), economics (Vladarskienė 2012) and others. Aušra Kamandulytė (2019) investigated metaphors with the green color lexicon, Ona Petrėnienė (2010) – the use of metaphors in popular science texts, the publication Conceptual Metaphors in Public Discourse: A Dictionary of Conceptual Metaphors was prepared. The translation of such metaphors is examined as a separate problem (Pažūsis 2014, Zaikauskas 2014 and others). Metaphorization in the administrative Lithuanian language has been studied mainly from the translational aspect (Gražytė, Maskaliūnienė 2009; Kamandulytė 2019), metaphorical terms of legal texts have been studied (Gedzevičienė 2018). As it can be seen, the main focus of researchers is on metaphorical terms, i.e. noun compounds, although Dalia Gedzevičienė also distinguished verb metaphors as a separate structural group of metaphorical legal terms. The specificity of metaphorical expression in administrative language Administrative language is the most strictly regulated form of common language. Kazimieras Župerka points out that the administrative style is characterized by the following stylistic features: formality, standard (standardity), objective accuracy, clarity, conciseness, logic; non-characteristic – individuality, emotionality, visuality (Župerka 1997). Thus, individual and visual means of expression are avoided in this area of language use, and therefore, according to the specificity of the style, artistic metaphors are not suitable here. KancKP galima rasti ne vieną rekomendaciją nevartoti žodžių perkeltine reikšme, pavyzdžiui, rašoma, Vladimir Vladimirovich. Metaphorical expression in administrative Lithuanian language | 4 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.15 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 kad „gilus, i dažnai be reikalo vartojamas visokiam didumui, stiprumui ar svarumui reikšti“, patariama „įnešti administracinėje kalboje buvo stengiamasi neleisti plisti verstiniams metaforiniams nevartoti įvairių abstrakčių dalykų padarymo reikšme“. Iš tokių siūlymų galima spręsti, kad pasakymams, kurių perkeltinės reikšmės nebuvo įprastos lietuvių kalboje. A distinctive feature of this language variant is standardization. It is precisely this specific feature of the usage of this language that makes it possible to use linguistic metaphors as the only way of naming various concepts, and the visuality of such metaphors is faded and fits with the conciseness of this style, without any harm to clarity, since it does not allow for ambiguities. Depending on the word that gives the statement a figurative meaning, it is possible to distinguish the metaphorical expression of the following syntactic structure: 1) noun metaphors, which can consist of: a) a noun used in a metaphorical sense, e.g.: voice “voting right” DŽ, channel “source from which something is obtained; the way, the path, by which something is obtained” DG, the foundation “the essential, most important thing, on which everything else is based, the basis” DG, the threshold “the clear limit of change” DG, the gap “the gap” DG, the source “what gives the beginning, from where something comes out” DG; (b) noun compounds with a figurative focus, e.g.: [administrative, fiscal] burden, [quality, student, consumer] basket, [logistics, supply] chain, [railway, voltage, air] junction; (c) metaphors of a character with a figurative accent, e.g. high office, serious crime, silver economy, black market, green card, green company, green service; 2) verb metaphors, e.g.: to circumvent the law, to stamp a check, to take responsibility, to release a commission, to break the rules, to prevent a crime, to get past the eye; Vladimir Vladimirovich. Metaphorical expression in administrative Lithuanian language | 5 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.15 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 3) constant metaphorical word combinations, e.g. behind closed doors, to life. Metaphorically, general concepts are tended to be described in order to be able to predict their metaphorical pagrindinį ypatumą, pvz.: vieno langelio principas, tvirtos rankos pozicija, plyno lauko investicija. expression. CASE OF METAPHORIC EXPRESSION IN OFFICE LANGUAGE INSTRUCTIONS The office language instructions (hereinafter – KancKP) record the most characteristic usage of the administrative Lithuanian language in the 20th century. In addition to the proposed, correct cases of expression, recommendations are also provided on what language tools are not suitable for this area of language use. When looking at the KancKP, it is clear that this publication first of all includes standard metaphorical statements used in Lithuanian administrative language, i.e. templates of metaphorical expression that have long been established in the language, mainly verb metaphorical compounds, in which verbs or their forms are used in figurative sense, e.g.:. cancel a conference, cancel a holiday, cancel a business trip, cancel a job, cancel a permit, call a meeting, raise candidates, raise qualifications, raise requirements, raise shortcomings. There are fewer noun metaphors, but some are very typical of administrative language, e.g.: high office, public meeting, current year, cover letter, third party. The metaphorical compounds of administrative language correspond to the general directions of metaphorization established by cognitive linguists. D. Gedzevičienė found that “the content marked by legal concepts is metaphorically imagined as a certain material object with which some physical action is performed or which has characteristics and properties characteristic of a certain object (most often an object, less often a person or an animal, and even less often another natural object)” (Gedzevičienė 2018). In essence, these insights apply to administrative language, whose metaphorical RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Metaforinis raiškos būdas administracinėje lietuvių kalboje | 6 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.15 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Expression is also characterized by objectiveness, i.e., for example: make an effort, issue a document, accept a document, return a power of attorney, withdraw from circulation, cover expenses, write off a balance, write off a bonus. In administrative language, the spatial arrangement is important, because in this area there is a very clear structure, hierarchy is emphasized, apparently, that is why this direction of metaphorization was chosen to describe concepts as objects in space. Movement in space is indicated by verb combinations such as: to bypass the law, rules, question, problem; to arrive at a conclusion; put on the agenda, put on the list; bring to account, bring to accountability, bring to a fine, bring to the court, raise candidates, raise shortcomings, raise qualifications, raise requirements; to initiate, terminate the proceedings; transfer the balance; suspend mandates, membership; to promote, degrade positions. Although the verb metaphors are more frequently used in KancKP, they can be transformed into nouns, which can be used as terms, e.g.: incrimination, inclusion in the list, promotion of candidates, promotion of qualifications, termination of a case, suspension of powers. Expressions associated with the openness (closure) of the space: open meeting, open vote, left the question open, open letter; closed session, behind closed doors; open, close an account, etc. It is necessary to mention the upward and downward directions separately, the upward direction is more relevant, more realized when it is necessary to mark more important, more significant things. In KancKP it is written that the adjective aukštas, -a is used in certain cases with the meaning of grandeur, importance or honorability: aukštas // high guest, high position, high category, high qualification, high level. It also uses the noun form aukštasis svečias, aukštasis mokslas, aukštoji mokykla and the higher and highest degree: aukštesnė institucija, Lietuvos Aukščiausiasis Teismas, perkelti (skirti) į aukštesnes (žemesnes) pareigas, promoti, degraduoti pareigas. KancKP rasta tik keletas suasmeninimo atvejų, nors personifikacijos kryptis būdinga administracinei kalbai ir tai aiškiai pasakoma: „Dokumentas gali būti suvokiamas ir kaip Vladimir Vladimirovich. Metaphorical expression in administrative Lithuanian language | 7 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.15 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 veikėjas, ir kaip priemonė“. Ryškiausias suasmeninimo pavyzdys – juridinio subjekto (organization) the name of the legal entity, as well as the third party can be a certain organization. With the particular accuracy of administrative language, I strive to count and number everything, i.e. to establish a clear order, and the metaphorization of numbers is related, for example, the transitive numeral third, -ioji “can mean a person or institution not directly related to the matter, when the interface is not entirely random: The money collected from people fell into third hands. The transfer of data to third parties is prohibited. Third country’. The second, -a, adjective made from the plural number secondary, -ė, is used "to indicate something that follows something, originates from something or is not so important: secondary questions, documents, secondary thing". The fact that some metaphorical compounds are translational is confirmed by the recommendations for use presented in the publication, for example, the fact that adverbs in figurative meanings are used less than the adjectives from which they are made, for example: „highly common in the literal sense; used in figurative senses less than the adjective high; do not use with the meanings „great, very, good“: highly (=highly) respected guest, highly (=very, greatly, well) appreciated the work“ KancKP. It is indicated that the noun ryšys is used in the sense of an abstract connection, and its base verb rišti, from which it is made, is not. A non-metaphorical adjective has an antonym, e.g. open voting, but secret voting, not closed voting. KancKP corrects words used in a figurative sense, clear values from Russian language, for example, it states that “the verb to express the state is not suitable to stand: (=yra) trys klausimai“; būdvardžio glaustas, -a siūlyta „nevartoti laiko trumpumui nusakyti: Darbotvarkėje stovi glaustas (= trumpas) laikas, glausti (= trumpi) terminai”; the verb nuomėti “not suitable in the sense of removal, cancellation and other cases where there is no removal”; verb to redirect Vladimir Vladimirovich. Metaphorical expression in administrative Lithuanian language | 8 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.15 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 ‘not to be used in the sense of sending, assigning, transferring’; suggested noun path „not to use to describe a way of doing a job or activity: Considered problems and ways of solving them (=ways)“. Explaining the inappropriateness of the term workers’ movement, it is argued that: “it is not suitable to describe changes; must be turnover: Efforts are made to reduce the turnover (= turnover) of department staff. The movement of employees means only their movements – not sitting or standing still. Employee turnover cannot in any way be described as fluctuating." The KancKP recorded established metaphorical statements of administrative language, most of which are verb combinations, the transfer of meaning of which is related to the concretization of abstract things, usually perceived as having the characteristics of an object. The recommendations of the KancKP show that metaphorical expression spread also due to the influence of the Russian language, so in some cases such a way of expression was not supported. In order to clarify the peculiarities of the metaphorical expression of the administrative language in the 21st century, it is necessary to distinguish two variants of its use: documents published in Lithuania, published in the Register of Legislative Acts, and EU translated documents, published in the EU law portal Eur-lex. It is also necessary to take into account the fact that there are administrative style posts, and the choice of language means depends on the genre of the document. As can be seen from the analysis of the metaphorical expression of the most important administrative Lithuanian language publication of the end of the 20th century – KancKP, moderate metaphorization was always characteristic of administracinei lietuvių kalbai, nors aiškus ir polinkis riboti metaforines raiškos priemones. Vladimir Vladimirovich. Metaphorical expression in administrative Lithuanian language | 9 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.15 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Due to globalization and EU integration, the administrative Lithuanian language in the 21st century is clearly influenced by business English, in which metaphors are used freely. Translators in the EU institutions are constantly faced with the problem of translating metaphors. Speaking about the specifics of the work of EU translators, Edgaras Platelis stated that there is usually no obvious need to translate a metaphorical term into the Lithuanian language also metaphorically, because the translated language is administrative-legal, which must be unconnoted, neutral. However, this translation inevitably leads to inaccuracy and ambiguity (Platelis 2018). Therefore, often, in the absence of a suitable concise neutral Lithuanian equivalent, the metaphor is translated directly, sometimes it is understandable in the translated text, and sometimes the argumentation for transferring its meaning remains rather unclear, because the models of world perception of different peoples may differ. Metaphors from translated documents also spread in Lithuanian documents. For example, in Lithuanian administrative language it is not customary to name documents metaphorically, but it is necessary to do so when mentioning EU documents, e.g. : The strategy is in line with the principles and rights of equal opportunities, fair working conditions, and adequate and sustainable social protection as set out in the European Pillar of Social Rights proclaimed by the Council of the European Union. TAR, 2018-04-26, No. 6625, resolution; the applicant ensures that the expenditure for which support is requested has not been, is not and will not be financed under the first pillar measures of the common agricultural policy by other EU funds and other public funds. TAR, 2018-03-26, No. 4480, order; <...> t v i r t i n a m e a list of activities focused on high-tech manufacturing, knowledge-intensive services, the achievement of the European Union's Green Deal objectives and social dialogue. TAR, 2020-06-03, No. 11976, order; Evaluation of changes in environmental protection regulations and prospects of implementation of the European Green Deal, taking into account Lithuania’s competitiveness and equal opportunities with other European Union Member States. TAR, 2020-04-23, No. 8531, resolution. Some of the translational metaphors in the administrative language have become dėsningumų ir panašaus patyrimo daugelis metaforizacijos atvejų kalbose yra panašūs“ Vladimir Vladimirovich. Metaphorical expression in administrative Lithuanian language | 16 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.15 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 2019: Dawn of the Dead. Metaphorical terms with a green lexicon. – Translation studies 12, 51–70. Lakoff George, Johnson Mark. 1980. Metaphors we live by. New York. Accessed online: http://theliterarylink.com/metaphors.html Maskaliūnienė Nijolė, Paura Markas 2013. Paradigmatic semantic relationships and sources of computer virusology terms. – Translation Studies 6, 130–140. 2014 Silvia Papaurėlytė. Metaphorical KARO model in Lithuanian health discourse. – Res humanitariae 16, 192–212. Pažūsis Lionginas 2014: Language and Translation, Vilnius: Vilnius University. Platelis, Edgaras. 2018. Interinstitutional Terminology Meetings. – Translation studies 11, 111–116. Robertson 2006. Lithuanian metaphorical construction terms. – Terminologija 13, 62–73. Robert Stunžinas 2018. Terminated and metaphorical terms of computer science and computing. Researches in Lithuanian Informatics and Computing Terminology, ed. Ms. Zemlevičiūtė. Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 56–93. Zaikauskas, Egidijus. 2014. Methods of translation of terms in translations of European Union legislation into Lithuanian language. – Terminologija 21, 71–88. Received 01/12/2020 Adopted on 30 December 2020 METAPHORICAL WAY OF EXPRESSION IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Metaforinis raiškos būdas administracinėje lietuvių kalboje | 17 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.15 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Summary Cognitive linguists expanded the traditional concept of artistic metaphor, proving that metaphorical thinking and speaking are the key element of world perception. The study of metaphors enhances our understanding about how people get to know the surrounding world, what they associate its phenomena with and what features of those phenomena they observe. The aim of the article is to investigate the metaphorical means of expression in the administrative Lithuanian language and to compare their peculiar features in the documents drawn up in Lithuania and the translated European Union (EU) documents. The sources of the study are the legal acts and other documents published in the Register of Legal Acts and the translations of documents into Lithuanian made public on the portal of the EU law Eur-lex. The analysis of the language usage in administrative texts revealed the following tendencies of using the means of metaphorical expression: the use of artistic metaphors in the administrative language is limited by the specificity of the sphere under analysis as figurativeness is considered an undesirable feature, and the linguistic metaphors in use have already become the clichéd means of expression. The comparison of the documents produced in Lithuania and the translated EU documents shows that the latter include more metaphors but the frequency of their use also depends on the document genre. Metaphors are more widespread in freer document genres whose expression is closer to the publicistic style (e.g., report, communication, notification, recommendation, opinion, white paper, green paper, opinion of advocates general, etc.). A similar tendency is also noticed in Lithuanian documents; most means of metaphorical expression were found in court documents. Vladimir Vladimirovich. Metaphorical Expression in Administrative Lithuanian Language | 18 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.15 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 KEYWORDS: metaphor, meaning of words, translation, administrative language, metaphorical terms RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected]