Priešas „Lietuvių kalbos žodyne“

BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Introduction to the Dictionary of Lithuanian Language ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: priešas, konceptas, iliustracinis sakinys, semantika, Lietuvių kalbos žodynas. The aim of this study is to discuss, based on illustrative sentences, a fragment of the concept BEFORE, recorded in the Lithuanian language dictionary (hereinafter – LKŽe). The study showed that the enemy in the LKŽ is primarily an unfriendly, attacking army of another country, whose actions towards the attacked (or attacked) country are stereotypical. The actions of the enemy side during warfare are also quite predictable and stereotypical. Rarely, when speaking about a country defending itself from the enemy, Lithuania (or Lithuanians) is mentioned in illustrative sentences in LKŽ. A specific enemy of Lithuania (or Lithuanians) is also very rarely mentioned in the illustrative sentences presented in the LKŽ. Enemy in illustrative sentences can also be: an unfriendly person or animal; what causes harm, harms a person or an abstract phenomenon, a specific object; 100 mg/ day įsitikinimų žmogus ar žmonės ir tas, kas ką smerkia, laiko žalingu, blogu. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS Identity is perceived by emphasizing uniqueness, which can be associated with distancing from others or even opposite. Umberto Eco, in his book Creating an Enemy and Other Commemorative Works, states: “Having an enemy is important not to define our identity, but to acquire an Angelika Gaidiene. The Lithuanian Language Dictionary | 2 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 obstacle with which to align our value system and with which to show our worth. Therefore, when there is no enemy, one must create one” (Eco 2011: 11). According to U. Eco, enemies are different from us and act according to customs that are not ours; the enemy must be ugly, because beauty is identified with goodness; the enemy always stink; sometimes the enemy is perceived as different and ugly because of its inferior origin (Eco 2011: 11–35). Speaking about the fear of immigration waves and giving the example of Italy, where the image of the Romanian is the U. Eco rašo: „Viena vertus, galime save atpažinti tik Kito akivaizdoje ir tuo remiasi ideal scapegoat for society, coexistence and customary rules. The aim of this study is to discuss, mes. Todėl pavertę jį priešu kuriame savo pragarą žemėje“ (Eco 2011: 35). based on illustrative sentences, a fragment of the concept BEFORE, recorded in the Lithuanian 1 Language Dictionary (hereinafter – LD). 1) to discuss the definitions of the enemy in the explanatory dictionaries of the Lithuanian language; 2) to identify and discuss possible enemies, their signs, actions recorded in the illustrative sentences of the LKŽ. Methods of research: semantic analysis, interpretative and descriptive. This article does not attempt to describe the whole picture of the BEFORE concept, but aims to reconstruct that fragment of the concept 2 that is recorded in the LCZ. As Aloyzas Gudavičius (2011: 113) states, “the concept itself is not an object of lexical semantics. The language of the concept is the subject of linguistics." According to Alan Cruse (2014: 396), “the basic function of a word is to activate the concept with which it is associated”. Ronaldo 1 The subject of the article – the concept of BEFORE – was chosen not by chance. A collective study of several authors (Veslava Čižik-Prokaševa, Anželika Gaidienė, Aurelija Gritėnienė, Danutė Liutkevičienė, Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semėnienė) is currently being written, entitled Lithuanian friends and enemies 1922–2022: semantic and structural changes, which reveals the semantic and structural changes of the selected identity words (friend, enemy, Russia, Germany, etc.) and their causes. 2 The concept in this work is understood as a unit of structured knowledge of the person and society, accumulating complex knowledge about a certain object, phenomenon, action or otherwise, related to the categorization and conceptualization of the world. The content and structure of the concept can change depending on the 2016: 15). ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ. Priešas Lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 3 surrounding world (Gaidienė doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 According to Langacker (1987: 56), words are "access points" to the structure of conceptual knowledge. Zinaida Popova and Joseph Sternin (2007: 79) also state that “linguistic nomination is the key that opens the concept of man as a unit of thought, allowing to operate on it in the process of thinking”. Thus, it can be said that each individual nomination reflects only certain characteristics of the concept, i.e., reflects a certain fragment of the concept (Gudavičius 2009: 51). According to the Lublin ethnolinguists, “the perception present in language, which includes certain concepts, must be highlighted from various linguistic sources, and subsequently broken down by styles and types, time and space” (Smetonienė et al. 2019: 12). The pasaulio vaizdo profiliais, o jų aprašymas leidžia suformuluoti visapusišką dalyko vaizdą resulting constituents are called (Smetonienė et al. 2019: 12). The view is supported that “[A]nalyzing dictionaries data it is possible to reconstruct the lexicographic world view in language” (Rutkovska et al. 2017: 31), and a comprehensive picture of the subject requires the analysis of different types of data – not only systemic (lexicographic), but also questionnaire, textual (for more on this see. Smetonienė et al. 2019: 12–16). Using the LKŽ as a textbook is not a new thing. Viktorija Daujotytė-Pakerienė was one of the first to write that the LKŽ is a fundamental text of Lithuanian culture that must be read and studied (2002: 34). The LKŽ is special in that “it has read Lithuanian literature, a large part of klasikos <...>“ (Daujotytė-Pakerienė 2002: 36). Šis žodynas unikalus ir tuo, kad jam būdingas historical and dialectal material, so its research as a source can help reconstruct fragments of Lithuanian worldview through lexicon up to the 21st century. That the LKŽ is an important and interesting source of research has already been proven by scientific research works: the political worldview is recorded in this dictionary (Zabarskaitė 2010), using (Zabarskaitė 2012), žodyne fiksuotą Adalberto Bezzenbergerio medžiagą, aprašytos marios, pamarys ir pamariškis investigating the imagery of the Shermuksh (Gritėnienė 2016), the dictionary (Gritėnienė 2017), terminology (Umbrasas 2019), Russia (Gritėnienė 2020). Angelika Gaidiene. Priešas in the Lithuanian language dictionary | 4 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 The research material for this article was collected from the electronic version of the dictionary, which includes all volumes of the dictionary (hereinafter – LKŽe). The detailed search found over 450 illustrative sentences, in which the word enemy was used. 90 percent of the 3 sentences found in the LKŽ consist of sentences taken from various written and manuscript sources: sentences found in the writings of specific writers, cultural figures, etc. (e.g. Maironis, Salomėja Nėris, Petras Cvirka, Justinas Marcinkevičius, Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius, Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas, Žemaitė, Ieva Simonaitytė, Antanas Vienuolis, Jonas Jablonskis, Juozas Balčikonis, etc.), as well as sentences found in encyclopedias, dictionaries, chrestomatias and sentences found in written language (rš = written word or sentence) and in the press (sp = written word or sentence). Only about 10% of the sentences found in the LKŽ, in which the lexical entity „enemy“ is used, consist of sentences written from living language. Since a larger part of the sentences found consists of sentences from various writings and the press, it is important to recall that the LKŽ did not avoid (self-) censorship and ideological interference in the content of the dictionary during the Soviet period (for more on this see tomo žodyne sumažėjo ideologinės medžiagos, o po nepriklausomybės atkūrimo jos visai Gritėnienė 2020: 42–43 and others) and only “from XVI disappeared” (Zabarskaitė 2010: 128). However, as Vytautas Vitkauskas (2002: 11) states, even during the period of (self-) censorship, “the most important facts for science were the facts of dialects and ancient texts, vivid sentences, vivid people’s life, thinking”. When examining the concept of BEFORE, it should be mentioned that it has been studied little from a linguistic point of view. This concept has been discussed quite extensively in Viktorija Makarova’s (2014) article, which presents the results of the comparative analysis of the Lithuanian culture concept PROEŠAS and the Russian culture concept ВРАГ. The study was (lietuvių kalbos ir rusų kalbos tekstynų). Prieita prie tokių išvadų: 1) tas pats subjektas lietuvių conducted on the basis of 100 examples from the publicistic discourse in the consciousness of the people can be a friend and become an enemy; 2) Lithuanians enemies are Polish attacking 3 Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semėnienė (2020) wrote about the concept of DRAUGAS in journalism. Angelika Gaidiene. Priešas in the Lithuanian language dictionary | 5 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 factions and Bolsheviks; 3) Lithuanian culture does not allow the speaker to label the enemy (‘X is an enemy’), but this can be done in a softer form, for example, by using the construction ‘X’s enemy’; 4) Lithuanian can describe the actions of the enemy neutrally, without negative connotations (Makarova 2014: 191). Regarding the concept of BEFORE in anthropology, history, philosophy, ethnology, etc., it can be said that the oppositions between oneself and another (foreign) are more often explored here (cf. Savoniakaitė 2014), where the other (foreign) may not only highlight the features of national identities, but also the other (foreign) may be perceived as an enemy. Philosopher Leonid Donsky (1997) has reflected on the enemies of mass culture. 1. DEFINITION OF THE PRODUCT IN THE INTERPRETATIONAL DICTIONAries In the expository dictionaries of Lithuanian language – LKŽe, Contemporary Lithuanian Language Dictionary (DŽ7i) and General Lithuanian Language Dictionary (BŽ) – the number of meanings of the word priešas varies (see table 1). ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ. Priešas Lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 6 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 TABLE 1. 1. who fights for opposing interests 2. unfriendly, LKŽe4: DŽ7i: attacking party 2. unfriendly, bending to another man army unpleasant 6. robber, evildoer 7. counterdefense 9. something bad man man 4. that which harms, does harm 4. who does not like something, does not recognize 5. who condemns something, hostile, unacceptable (?) in BZ manuscript5: 2. man of opposing considers it harmful, bad 5. everything that does harm, beliefs 3. party and army with which war is waged 4. who does not like something, considers it harmful 5. that which does harm, harms 3. opposing beliefs, hostile interests 3. country and army with which war is waged 8. priešprieša, priešybė 1. žmogus, kuris nedraugiškai nusiteikęs, linki kitam žmogui bloga, jo nekenčia 4 The name of the group is a homonym. In this case, the actual enemy, marked with the first homonymous number. 5 After the word enemy, the formulation and number of meanings of the final editing of the lexicographic article may change. Angelika Gaidiene. Priešas in the Lithuanian language dictionary | 7 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 From the values presented, it is clear that the enemy values recorded in the DŽ7i and BŽ manuscript are defined similarly, only the order of their presentation differs, cf. the first and second definitions: 1. "who fights for opposing interests" DŽ7i and 1. “a person who is unfriendly, wishes another person evil, hates him” BZ (manuscript); 2. "unfriendly, wishing another bad person" DŽ7i and 2. "a man of opposite beliefs" BZ (manuscript). The LKŽe enemy has nine meanings, five of which coincide with the DŽ7i and BŽ manuscripts. The LKŽe meanings užfiksuotomis reikšmėmis, plg. 1 lentelėje pateiktas 1–5 LKŽe reikšmes. Paskutinės keturios (6–9) are specific and are recorded only in this dictionary. In summary, it can be said that in the aforementioned explanatory dictionaries, the enemy is defined as an unfriendly, bad-wishing person (e.g.: After a dispute they became enemies in LKŽ), the enemy is a person of opposite beliefs (e.g.: People’s enemy in LKŽ; Ideological enemy in BŽ), the enemy is the country and the army with which war is waged (e.g.: Repulse [defeat] the enemy in BŽ), the enemy is the one who (the subject, i.e., alive) dislikes something, considers it harmful (e.g.: (e.g.: Cold – the most Rūkymo priešas LKŽe) ir priešas yra tai (objektas, vadinasi, negyvas), kas daro žalą, kenkia important enemy of gardens in LKŽ). Pasižiūrėkime, koks PRIEŠO koncepto fragmentas fiksuojamas LKŽe iliustraciniuose in the sentences – who is the enemy, what are his characteristics, actions are highlighted as the most important. 2. INTRODUCTION TO THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE DICTIONARY IN ILLUSTRATIVE SENTS 2.1. Enemy – the army of the attacking country The largest part of the illustrative sentences in the LKŽe consists of sentences that record the fight with the enemy – an unfriendly, attacking army of another country. The abundance of Angelika Gaidiene. Priešas in the Lithuanian language dictionary | 8 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 such sentences is determined by the long-established need to defend their territories, to have external enemies who seem to be always ready to attack, cf. The event described in U. Eco’s book: “Once upon a time in New York I had to ride a taxi driven by a man with a difficult to decipher name. He explained that he was Pakistani. He asked where I came from, I answered – from Italy. <...>. Finally asked who are our enemies. He patiently explained that he wanted to know with which nations we have been at war for centuries over territories, ethnic hatred, constant violations of borders and the like. I said we are not at war with anyone. <...> He remained dissatisfied” (Eco 2011: 10). So it seems important for a nation to have enemies to fight. In the sentences recorded in LKŽ, the army is revealed through the actions carried out and it is often not clear to which specific country the army belongs. Also often neįvardyta, kas yra „mes“, kariaujantys, – Lietuva ar kita šalis. 2.2. Actions of the attacking party's armed forces during warfare Regarding the actions of the enemy – the army of the attacking country – it can be stated that the illustrative sentences in LKŽe reflect stereotypical behaviour: a) the enemy is initially preparing, e.g.: building a fleet, gathering forces, e.g. : Enemy now again b) organizes the attack, pastatė didelį laivyną ir rengiasi iškelti kariuomenę į mūsų žemę J. Balč 6 (ž. kelti). Priešai jėgas traukia rš (ž. traukti); for example, detects the enemy, surrounds it, e.g. : The enemy has discovered their campsite (see camping). By the time the inhabitants were awake, the enemies had already managed to apremti the whole city (see support). And the enemies surrounded them with a bow of fire. The enemies wanted to suddenly overwhelm us rs (see overwhelm); c) starts an attack, for example, 6 Abbreviations like LKŽe. Angelika Gaidiene. Priešas in the Lithuanian language dictionary | 9 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 invades, breaks into, penetrates a city, castle or similar, e.g. : Enemies attacked the city with all the madness rs (see madness). They defend their territories and people from enemy invasions. After the wall was broken down, the enemy invaded the castle Š (see demolish). The enemy attacked from three sides. The enemy invaded, the war broke out. The enemy attacked the city from the east. A fierce battle ensued. The enemy would have wanted to penetrate back V. 7 Myk-Put (see raging) The penetration of the enemy into the depths of the country aroused Lithuanian writers to fight rš (see penetration); (see attack). The enemy fired DŽ1 (see shoot). d) šaudo (iš patrankų, kulkosvaidžių ir pan.), pvz.: Priešas atakavo mūsų pozicijas rš The enemy fired without ceasing from the cannons (see cannon). The enemy fired thousands of stones from their whistles. The enemy shot at us with a machine gun. The enemy began to shoot from rifles (see shooting). Two days and two nights burned the fiery hell set on earth by the enemy E. Miež (see hell); how much of it bound, how much digged! "J. Jan (ž. mišti)". Because of the e) traukiasi, pralaimi, pvz.: Priešas jau linksta, traukiasi, myšta 8 ... Kiek jo sugauta, unfavorable situation, the enemies lost rs (see favor); (f) die, e.g. : In the black hell of the waves, not one enemy was killed rs (see hell). Finally g) conquers (or invades) a country (state), settles here, e.g., the enemies conquered our priešas užspringo pats savo krauju, netekęs šimtų kareivių ir daugybės technikos rš (ž. springti). country rs (see conquer). In the very middle of his state, in his heart, so to speak, the enemy is making a nest for himself. In a foreign land, the enemy behaves cruelly – rages, destroys, burns houses, kills people, takes away their bread, e.g. : The enemies in our country were thundering (see thundering). The enemies raged in our land DZ (see raging). Enemies are destroying our homes, killing people, taking away our treasures. 9 7 8 „krikti, irti“ in LKŽe. 9 "kill" LKŽ. Angelika Gaidiene. Priešas in the Lithuanian language dictionary | 16 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Enemies of monkeys, mice, moths – other animals, e.g. : The best monkeys for farsightedness are the baboons: in a flat field they can spot their most vicious enemy, the leopard, at less than a kilometer away (see farsightedness). It has been observed that mice and moths settle permanently in gardens, breeding extremely quickly, because their greatest enemy – owl sp (see thinning) has become very rare. The enemy of the beast is man, e.g. : The beast faces one on one with his most hateful enemy – man sp (see hateful). 2.5. Enemy – that which causes harm Kai kuriuose LKŽe iliustraciniuose sakiniuose fiksuojamas žmogaus (žmonių) priešas – an abstract phenomenon or a concrete (non-living) thing, very unfavorable, damaging, harmful, for example, fate, time and distance, knowledge of reality, arrogance, lies, charisma, pleasure, vodka. Plg. : Fate, my eternal enemy, did not want to give me that happiness J. Balč (see provide). Time and distance are the enemies of human relationships (see Relationships). Weak knowledge of reality is the worst enemy of writers. The enemy of creativity is the non-verbal (see išpuikimas rš (ž. kūrybiškumas). Netiesakalbingumas 15 – didžiausias priešas, kenkėjas pačiam verbality). "The Death of the Deadly Enemy" (PDF). My weapons are directed against the main enemy – against the animalistic, consumerist and, unfortunately, powerful principle: life is pleasure. His greatest enemy is vodka DŽ (v. enemy). In the LKŽ there are sentences that mention the enemy of an abstract phenomenon (e.g., science, progress, etc.) or a specific (non-living) thing (e.g., gardens, airplane) – superficiality, nationalism, bureaucracy, cold, icing, e.g. : 15 "Speech of the Truth". ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ. Priešas Lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 17 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 The enemy of science is superficiality (see superficiality). Nationalism is bureaucracy (see marksizmo priešas (sov.) sp (ž. priešas). Vienas žiauriausių mūsų pažangos priešų yra enemy). Cold is the most important enemy of gardens (see enemy). Planes flying in the northern regions had previously encountered a dangerous enemy – icing sp (see. icing). 2.6. Enemy – a person or people of opposite beliefs There are several sentences in the LKŽ that use the term "people's enemy". It should be recalled that the enemy of the people “in Soviet terminology is a person who fights against the Soviet power or at least openly disagrees with it, often accused only for this” VLE. The enemies of the 16 people, based on the examples recorded in the LKŽ, sought to blackmail, discredit, and the party crushed them (enemies of the people) and so on, e.g. : The enemies of the people sought to blacken, 17 discredit the best of that nation (sov.) sp (v. mortal). To remove from the ranks of the cooperative all the greedy elements of society and the enemies of the people (sov.) sp. (see klasikinio palikimo atstovus (sov.) rš (ž. juodinti). Partija sutriuškino mirtinus liaudies priešus greedy). There are examples in the LKŽ where a common enemy is mentioned, e.g. : In the pre-revolutionary years, the Bolshevik Party had already mobilized the working people of all Russian nationalities for a common struggle against the common enemy. Long years of oppression united our peoples into an iron cohort of fighters against a common enemy. (see section 4.4). The agents of the Order, Randama ir tokių pavyzdžių: Bažnyčios priešai pranešdinėjo popiežystei galą Gmž (ž. supported by the Pope and the Emperor, proclaimed in Western Europe that Lithuania remained pagan, that the Lithuanians were true Saracens and enemies of Christianity, etc. 16 For more information, see https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/liaudies-priesas/. 17 The Communist Party is in question. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ. Priešas Lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 18 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Saracens). In those days, when sending articles to Varpas, we used to use as many different nicknames as possible, so that the enemy would think that the group of writers was the largest Pt (see nickname). These sentences reflect the (self-) censorship in the LKŽ – in the Soviet era it was dangerous (or not allowed) to talk about some enemies who did not correspond to the official ideological beliefs. The examples given (especially the first two) reflect the ideological beliefs “imposed” at the time. 2.7 Enemy – who condemns what, considers it harmful, bad There are several illustrative sentences in the text of the dictionary, which talk about what is the smerkiama, laikoma žalingu, blogu, pavyzdžiui, piniginiai žaidimai, rūkymas. Plg.: Aš esu enemy of all kinds of money games (see money). The enemy of smoking DZ (v. enemy). 2.8. Enemy vs. Friend As a separate subgroup in this article are distinguished such sentences recorded in LKŽV, in which the opposition of enemy and friend is obvious. There are many such sentences in the dictionary. Thinking about contradictions and their abundance lies in the very origins of the creation of the world, when the world was seen as a unity of two opposite poles, opposite origins (Vėlius 1983: 10). There are many examples of contradictions, e.g.: earth and heaven, life and death, love and hatred, friend and enemy, etc. (see Ermanytė 2003, 2015). It would seem that these opposite poles are far from each other, but as life shows, this is not the case. In the case of the opposition of enemy and friend, the relationship between enemy and friend, or the priklausomai nuo įvairių aplinkybių (tiek vidinių, tiek išorinių), gali pasikeisti akimirksniu evaluation of the attitude to friendship, may change. This is also shown by the sentence found in the LKŽ, which records that only time can show who the subjects are in relation to each Angelika Gaidiene. Priešas in the Lithuanian language dictionary | 19 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 other – enemies or friends, cf. : Whether we are friends or enemies, the future has yet to show, German V. Krēv (b. parodyti). In those cases where it is desired to emphasize the vagueness, foreignness or indifference of the subject towards him, the opposition of enemy and friend is based on completely opposite concepts: True, Greta is not an enemy, but neither is she a friend of the Queen, she is a stranger, as strange as I. Simon was on the first day after Vilis's wedding (see stranger). In the LKŽ there is also a treatment of sentences in which the subject, once a friend, can easily become an enemy or simply change his (not) friend: People find their best friend as the worst enemy J. Jabl (see 1 find). If he refused to obey me as a good friend, I will force him as an enemy! V. Krėv (in charge). grumtis ne tik su priešais, bet ir su draugais: For a whole century fighting with Gindamas savo nuomonę, šeimą, teises, kovodamas dėl išlikimo ir pan., subjektas gali enemies and friends, I tired myself and tired others V. Krėv (see tired). What is in my hand is mine, even if it is not the sword of an enemy, but of a friend. The opposition of enemy and friend is also reflected in Lithuanian folk sayings, presented in LKŽ: For a friend – love clear, for an enemy – hard anger must be carried in your heart rš (see hard). Eat breakfast yourself, share lunch with a friend, and give dinner to an enemy. "Borrowing – friend, giving – enemy" TŽIII375 (see borrow). "Stupid friend is more dangerous than enemy TŽV600 (see stupid)". IŠVADOS After analyzing about 450 illustrative sentences in LKŽ, in which the lexical element enemy is used, the following fragment of the concept OF ANOTHER is formed. Angelika Gaidiene. The Lithuanian Language Dictionary | 20 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 The enemy in the LKŽ is first of all an unfriendly, attacking army of another (often unnamed) country, whose actions in relation to the attacked (or attacked) country are stereotypical: at first preparation for fighting, later organizing and starting the attack, and the outcome of the attack is defeat, death or victory (conquest of land, country). Sometimes LKŽe are larger, and iliustraciniuose sakiniuose pabrėžiama, kad priešas yra narsus, atkaklus, jo pajėgos yra the weaponry is better. The actions of the defending side during warfare are also quite predictable and stereotypical: preparation for battle, attack, and the outcome of the attack is victory, death, or surrender. Rarely, when speaking about a country defending itself from the enemy, Lithuania (or Lithuanians) is mentioned in illustrative sentences in LKŽ. A specific Lithuanian (or Lithuanian) enemy is also very rarely named. The enemy can also be an unfriendly person or animal (e.g. another person, a nation), something that causes harm to a person (e.g. time, distance, arrogance) or an abstract phenomenon, a specific object (e.g. superficiality – the enemy of science, cold – the enemy of gardens). An enemy can also be a person or people of opposite beliefs (e.g., an enemy of the people, an enemy of the church). The enemy is also the one who condemns something, considers it harmful, bad (for example: he is an enemy of gambling, smoking). In the LKŽ illustrative sentences there is an obvious opposition of enemy and friend, and the relationship between them can change instantly (depending on internal and external factors) or the treatment of the attitude to friendship can change. Kaip matyti, LKŽe iliustraciniuose sakiniuose konkretus priešas (ypač kalbant apie the army of another country) is not named. This can be caused by (self-) censorship in the LKŽ, political correctness, which does not allow to clearly define the enemy. In addition, the word enemy is both semantically and emotionally strong, so perhaps it is avoided to name the enemy loudly and specifically, it is safer to talk about an unnamed, but known enemy. Of course, it should be borne in mind that the illustrative sentences in the LKŽ are presented without Angelika Gaidiene. 21 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 context, and in the source itself (or in the story of a living person) the enemy could be named, but not mentioned in the specific illustrative sentence included in the LKŽ. In order to be able to substantiate these thoughts more specifically, more sources need to be examined, for example, the textbook of contemporary Lithuanian language, questionnaire data, etc. ŠALTINIAI BŽ – Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas (rengiamas), vyr. red. D. Liutkevičienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: http://bkz.lki.lt. DŽ7i – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas (internetinis), vyr. red. S. Keinys, 7-as patais. ir papild. leid., Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2015. Prieiga internete: http://lkiis.lki.lt. LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, t. 1–20, 1941–2002 (elektroninis variantas), vyr. red. G. Naktinienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2005. Prieiga internete: www.lkz.lt. LITERATŪRA Cruse Alan 2014: Prototype Theory and Lexical Semantics. – Meanings and Prototypes. Studies in Linguistic Categorization 20, London and New York: Routledge, 382–402. Daujotytė-Pakerienė Viktorija 2002: Pamatinis kultūros tekstas. – Dvidešimt „Lietuvių kalbos žodyno“ tomų, sud. J. Zabarskaitė, Z. Šimėnaitė, Vilnius: InterSe, 34–38. Donskis Leonidas 1997: Masinė kultūra ir jos priešai. – Tarp Karlailio ir Klaipėdos: visuomenės ir kultūros kritikos etiudai, Klaipėda: Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla, 128–141. Eco Umberto 2011: Sukurti priešą ir kiti proginiai rašiniai, Vilnius: Tyto alba. Ermanytė Irena 2003: Antonimų žodynas 23 (elektroninis variantas), Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos instituto leidykla. Prieiga internete: http://lkiis.lki.lt/antonimu. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ. Priešas Lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 22 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Ermanytė Irena 2015: Antonimų žodynas 25 (elektroninis variantas), Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos instituto leidykla. Prieiga internete: http://lkiis.lki.lt/antonimu. Gaidienė Anželika 2016: Lietuvių kalbos gėrimo ir valgymo veiksmažodžių semantinių ryšių ypatybės: daktaro disertacija, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Gritėnienė Aurelija 2016: Šermukšnio vaizdinys Lietuvių kalbos žodyne. – Tautosakos darbai 52, 85–104. Gritėnienė Aurelija 2017: Žodyno vaizdinys Lietuvių kalbos žodyne. – Bendrinė kalba 90, 1– 19. Prieiga internete: http://www.bendrinekalba.lt/?90. Gritėnienė Aurelija 2020: Rusija Lietuvių kalbos žodyno iliustraciniuose. – Baltu filoloģija 29(1), 41–61. Gudavičius Aloyzas 2009: Etnolingvistika: tauta kalboje, Šiauliai: Šiaulių universiteto leidykla. Gudavičius Aloyzas 2011: Reikšmė – sąvoka – konceptas ir prasmė. – Res Humanitariae X, 108–119. Langacker Ronald 1987: Foundations of Cognitive Grammar 1: Theoretical Prerequisites, Stanford: Stanford University Press.  Makarova Viktorija 2014: Литовское слово priešas и русское слово враг. – Res Humanitariae 16, 182–191. Prieiga internete: http://journals.ku.lt/index.php/RH/article/view/1020. Popova Zinaida, Sternin Josif 2007: Язык и национальная картина мира, Воронеж: Истоки. Rutkovska Kristina, Smetona Marius, Smetonienė Irena 2017: Vertybės lietuvio pasaulėvaizdyje, Vilnius: Akademinė leidyba. Savoniakaitė Vida, sud., 2014: Savas ir kitas šiuolaikiniais požiūriais, Vilnius: LII leidykla. Smetonienė Irena, Smetona Marius, Rutkovska Kristina 2019: Kalba. Tauta. Valstybė, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ. Priešas Lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 23 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Umbrasas Alvydas 2019: Terminologija Lietuvių kalbos žodyne. – Terminologija 26, 162–183. Vaičiulytė-Semėnienė Loreta 2020: Draugo konceptas publicistikoje. – Vertybės lietuvių ir lenkų kalbų pasaulėvaizdyje 5, 337–365. Prieiga internete: https://www.journals.vu.lt/open-series/article/view/21405/20514. Vėlius Norbertas 1983: Senovės baltų pasaulėžiūra: struktūros bruožai, Vilnius: Mintis. Vitkauskas V. 2002: Didysis akademinis mūsų Žodynas. Dvidešimt „Lietuvių kalbos žodyno“ tomų. Sud. Jolanta Zabarskaitė, Zita Šimėnaitė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 8– 14. Zabarskaitė Jolanta 2010: Politinis pasaulėvaizdis didžiajame Lietuvių kalbos žodyne (valstybė, įstatymas, valdžia). – Parlamento studijos 9, Vilnius: Lietuvos nacionalinė Martyno Mažvydo biblioteka, 126–143. Prieiga internete: http://www.parlamentostudijos.lt/Nr9/9_kalba_1.htm. Zabarskaitė Jolanta 2012: Kitoks didžiojo Lietuvių kalbos žodyno skaitymas: Adalbertas Bezzenbergeris, marios, pamarys, pamariškis. – Mažoji Lietuva: paribio kultūros tyrimai, sud. G. Blažienė, N. Morozova, J. Zabarskaitė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 239– 271. Gauta 2020 12 05 Priimta 2020 12 30 ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ. Priešas Lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 24 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 THE ENEMY IN THE DICTIONARY OF THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE Summary The goal of this study is to dissect, using illustrative sentences, the fragment of the concept of ENEMY (Lith. PRIEŠAS) recorded in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (LKŽe). The article has the following objectives: (1) discussing the definitions of enemy in the modern Lithuanian thesauri, (2) identifying and discussing potential enemies, their attributes, actions recorded in the illustrative sentences of the LKŽe. The study employed these methods: semantic analysis, interpretation, and description. Thesauri (the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (LKŽe), the Dictionary of the Modern Lithuanian Language (DŽ7i), and the Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language (BŽ)) define enemy as an unfriendly, ill-meaning person (e.g., ‘They became enemies after the dispute’ (Lith. Po ginčo jie pasidarė priešai, LKŽe)); an enemy is someone with opposing beliefs (e.g., ‘enemy of the people’ (Lith. Liaudies priešas, LKŽe), ‘ideological enemy’ (Lith. Idėjinis priešas, BŽ)); an enemy is the opposing country and army at war (e.g., ‘repel [overcome] the enemy’ (Lith. Priešą atmušti [nugalėti], BŽ)); an enemy is someone who dislikes something, considers it harmful (e.g., ‘enemy of smoking’ (Lith. Rūkymo priešas, LKŽe)); an enemy is something that causes damage or harm as well (e.g., ‘cold is the garden’s enemy No 1 (Lith. Šaltis – svarbiausias sodų priešas, LKŽe)). Analysis of nearly 450 illustrative sentences from the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language with the lexeme enemy (Lith. priešas) has pieced together the fragment of the concept of ENEMY as described below. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ. Priešas Lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 25 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 First and foremost, enemy in the LKŽe is defined as an unfriendly, assailing army of another (often unidentified in the illustrative sentences of the LKŽe) country; Its actions with respect to the country that is being (or has been) assaulted are stereotypical: first it prepares for combat, then organizes and launches an attack, which culminates in defeat, death, or LKŽe accentuate victory (the occupation of the land or country). Sometimes the illustrative sentences of the that the enemy is brave, persistent, its forces are larger, weapons better. The actions of the country defending itself against the enemy in war are also rather predictable and stereotypical: preparation for combat, the launching of an attack, which culminates in victory, death, or surrender. On rare occasions, the illustrative sentences of the illustrative sentences presented LKŽe refer to Lithuania (or Lithuanians) as a country defending itself against an enemy. The in the LKŽe contain very few mentions of the specific enemy of Lithuania (or Lithuanians) as well. In the illustrative sentences of the LKŽe, enemy can also be an unfriendly person or animal (e.g., another human being or nation), that which causes damage or harm to a human being (e.g., time, distance, arrogance) or an abstract phenomenon, a specific object (e.g., superficiality is an enemy of science; cold is an enemy of the garden). Enemy can also be a person or persons of opposing beliefs (e.g., an enemy of the people; an enemy of the church). Furthermore, enemy is he who condemns something, considers it harmful or evil (e.g., he is an enemy of gambling for money; an enemy of smoking). The illustrative sentences of the LKŽe carry a clear-cut opposition between enemy and friend; their relationship can change in an instant (depending on internal and external factors), and so can the approach to friendship. It is evident that the illustrative sentences recorded in the LKŽe do not mention the specific enemy (especially when it comes to the army of another country). This can be the product of the LKŽe’s (self-)censorship, political correctness that prevents any clear