Leksikos pokyčiai administracinėje lietuvių kalboje

BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas KEY WORDS: administrative language, vocabulary, lexical development, modernization, loan, international word, word meaning. ANNOTATION The article examines the changes in the lexicon of the administrative language at the beginning of the 21st century, compared with the situation at the end of the 20th century. The composition of the dictionary changes in two directions: first, the lexicon is constantly supplemented with new words, new meanings, and secondly, obsolete, unnecessary words or their individual meanings are removed from the dictionary. This two-way development is also characteristic of the Lithuanian administrative language of the beginning of the 21st century: firstly, EU membership raised new demands on the language, because new needs of designation and expression arose, new phenomena, concepts, institutions, names need to be described, therefore new words are borrowed, the semantics of already used words are expanded, new ones are created, and secondly, the rapid development of technologies has pushed out of active use the names of objects that are no longer used in the office. Changes in the lexicon of the administrative language are related to its specificity. Statistical studies have shown that the vocabulary of the administrative style is not different from that of other styles, so the vocabulary renewal in this area of language use is not as rapid. ABSTRACT The article addresses the lexical changes of the administrative language, which took place at the start of the 21st century. They are compared with the situation of the late 20th century. The membership in the EU placed new requirements on the administrative Lithuanian language, resulting in new nomination and expression related needs. We have to describe new phenomena, concepts, institutions, and names. Therefore, new words are borrowed; the semantics of the words that are already in use is expanded; neologisms are coined. However, some of the words fall into oblivion, as the rapid technological development is pushing out the names of items which are no longer used in paperwork. The lexical changes taking place in the administrative language are related to the specificities of the sphere of usage of this language variety. Statistical studies revealed that the vocabulary of administrative style is not varied compared to the vocabulary of other styles. For this Vladimir Vladimirovich. Lexical changes in administrative Lithuanian language | 2 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 reason, lexical renewal does not occur at a very rapid pace in this field of language usage. INTRODUCTION Kalba nuolat kinta veikiama socialinių aplinkybių ir kitų kalbų, aiškiausiai šie pokyčiai in the lexical layer. Lexicon is the most sensitive to any changes in social life, because words are needed to name new things. Algirdas Sabaliauskas, describing the development of the Lithuanian language lexicon, described its renewal in a vivid way: “The language lexicon forms a living, constantly changing, extremely complex organism. For it to function, new words are needed, which, like new cells of the organism, replace the unnecessary words that have already fulfilled their purpose” (Sabaliauskas 1966: 114). Rita Miliūnaitė (2015) states that the Lithuanian language has been talking about rapidly renewing lexicon for several decades (cf.: Rudaitienė, Vitkauskas 1998; Mikelionienė 2000a: 15–21; Girčienė 2005; Vaicekauskienė 2007). The renewal of the vocabulary is a continuous process, it takes place all the time, sometimes more intensely, sometimes slower, more intense periods depend on the development of society. In the 21st century, with the globalization of the world and the continuing technological revolution, these social processes are reflected in the rapidly changing vocabulary. This article examines the changes in the vocabulary of one of the common language variants – administrative language at the beginning of the 21st century, compared with the situation at the end of the 20th century. Such a period was not chosen by chance, because the administrative language is particularly dependent on changes in state life, and after Lithuania joined the European Union (hereinafter – the EU) in 2004, documents prepared in Lithuania had to comply with the legal norms established in the documents of the EU institutions, most often translated from English, so the EU acquis was translated into Lithuanian and Lithuanian documents were harmonized with it. Vladimir Vladimirovich. Lexical changes in administrative Lithuanian language | 3 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 The aim of the article is to discuss the main changes in the lexicon of the administrative language and to clarify its peculiarities, comparing with the development of the Lithuanian language lexicon in general, based on the data of documents published in the Register of Legislative Acts of the Republic of Lithuania since 2000. Analytical, descriptive, quantitative methods were used. ADMINISTRATIVE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE LEXICON AT THE EARS OF THE 21ST CENTURY Changes in the Lithuanian language vocabulary Lexicologists usually point out that “the composition of the dictionary changes in two directions: firstly, there is a process of enrichment, because the lexicon is constantly filled with new words, new iš žodyno iškrenta pasenę, nereikalingi žodžiai ar atskiros jų reikšmės, t. y. vyksta žodžių nykimo, meanings, and secondly, a process of death” (Jakaitienė 2010: 2003). Jurgita Mikelionienė (2000a, 2000b) studied the new lexicon of the end of the 20th century using computer tools. According to her research, at the end of the 20th century, 59% of lexical innovations were borrowed words, 23% were native words and 18% were hybrids. In terms of lexical innovations, the term new word is usually used, it can be perceived in various ways, Rita Miliūnaitė states that new words are usually considered newly appeared words or their new meanings, as well as newly appeared abbreviations and newly formed or translated constant word combinations can be added to new words (Miliūnaitė 2015). The new 21st-century vocabulary of Lithuanian language is collected, systematized and described in the online database of Lithuanian language new words (hereinafter referred to as LKND) created by the Lithuanian Language Institute since 2011. This dataset reflects the changes in the Lithuanian language lexicon, its semantic, morphological and functional structure in recent decades (Miliūnaitė 2018). LKND not only records new words, but can also be a source of various scientific research (see Aleksaitė 2019, 2021; Murmulaitytė 2016, 2019, 2020). Vladimir Vladimirovich. Lexical changes in administrative Lithuanian language | 4 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 When speaking about the lexicon of the administrative language, it is necessary to describe its uniqueness. Vida Žilinskienė, who studied the lexicon of administrative language using statistical methods, states that the administrative style is characterized by much less diversity than the lexicon of other Lithuanian language styles, the same words are repeated more often. Emotional nuances are not characteristic of words. The most common words in administrative style, in addition to general concepts, refer to management institutions and various organizational structures, people and their duties, names of various documents or parts thereof, economic concepts, various actions, legal concepts, economic matters (Žilinskienė 2002). Having evaluated the LKND as a possible source of research, it was attempted to see how much the lexicon of administrative language is reflected in this collection of all Lithuanian language lexical innovations. According to the LKND scope of use of new words, 108 new words were found, marked with administration, 580 – politics, 78 – law (legal order). The new words marked with the above mentioned marks were searched in the Register of Legislative Acts of the Republic of Lithuania (hereinafter – TAR) and found that of the new words recorded in the LKND in the field of administration, 27 are used in documents, from politics – 10, from law (legal order) – 16. Many of the new words in the LKND are used in a free style, have an emotional-expressive connotation, so they Į bendrąją vartoseną patenkančios administracinės kalbos naujovės yra joje gerai įsitvirtinusios, jos are not suitable for administrative language, as can be seen, most of them are new words in the field of politics. reflects significant changes in the Lithuanian language lexicon. New borrowings and hybrids in administrative language Borrowings are used extensively in administrative language, V. Žilinskienė calculated that “[R]emarkable part of the lexicon of administrative texts in Lithuanian language consists of borrowings. Among the most common words of this style, which occupy 87.63% of the texts, borrowings are 23.15%, and among the low frequency words, which supplement the language or style vocabulary, borrowings are 31.90%.” (Gilmore 2003). The increase in borrowing is related to the influence of other languages, and the administrative language at the beginning of the 21st century is particularly affected by the translation of EU documents. It is usually in them that new borrowings (new meanings, new hybrid derivatives) appear first, and then Vladimir Vladimirovich. Lexical changes in administrative Lithuanian language | 5 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 they pass into documents prepared in Lithuania. There are not many real new borrowings due to the specificity of its administrative language (the vocabulary is not different and due to subjective accuracy and the desire to call the same concept with the same word so as not to create the possibility of different interpretations), there is a clear tendency to expand the semantics of 1 already established international words (Vladarskienė 2019) or to increase the number of hybrid derivatives. In terms of the integration of the borrower, the hybridization process shows the suitability of the borrower to adapt to the specifics of the new language and to establish itself in it. For example, the international word pseudonimas has long been used in Lithuanian with the meaning of “nickname”, and in administrative language, when necessary, due to the literal translation, a verb-word nest has appeared: pseudoniminis, -ė; Pseudonymise, pseudonymise, pseudonymise, pseudonymisation: Such limited personal data should be able to be stored […] as pseudonymised data in authentic or forged documents EURlex, OJ L 107, 06/04/2020; Develop tools using artificial intelligence (AI) technology to automatically anonymise or pseudonymise judicial decisions for re-use EUR-lex, OJ C 96, 13/03/2019; The European Border and Coast Guard Agency […] should take the necessary steps to pseudonymise any elements of personal data that are not necessary for the purposes for which the data are processed, in accordance with the principle of data minimisation EUR-lex, OJ L 107, 06/04/2020; Develop best practices and technical guidelines on the General Data Protection Regulation EUR-lex, OJ C 96, 13/03/2019; The Agency shall ensure that technical and reglamentą atitinkančio automatinio anonimizuoto / pseudonimizuoto teismų sprendimų skelbimo organisational measures, such as pseudonymisation, are in place to ensure that personal data are processed only to the extent strictly necessary for the purpose of the functioning of the FADO system, in accordance with the principle of data minimisation, in such a way that a natural person cannot be identified in the FADO system without the use of additional data EUR-lex, OJ L 107, 06/04/2020. The aforementioned related new words will be definitively established in the administrative language if a law is adopted, the draft of which defines the term Pseudonymization of health data – processing of health data when these data are 1 The relationship between hybrids and borrowed words is debatable and often depends on the direction of research, because theoretically hybrids could be considered all borrowed words to which Lithuanian endings have been added, hybrids are adjectives with Lithuanian suffixes, and verbs are all hybrids because they are used only with Lithuanian suffixes. RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Leksikos pokyčiai administracinėje lietuvių kalboje | 6 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 are changed in such a way that it is no longer possible to identify the data subject directly or indirectly without using additional information, which is stored separately from health data and which is subject to technical and organizational protection measures against their association with health data TAR, 202108-16, No. 17579. Another example could be the word facilitation fixed in the International Dictionary of Words (2013), but the TAR could not find it, but in the administrative language the common root words facilitate, facilitation, facilitator are used: In carrying out the JST actions specified in point 9 of the Regulations, the applicant undertakes to implement the following requirements: <...> provide mentoring services to host organizations to facilitate the intermediate and final self-assessments of the curator (s) with volunteers TAR, 2020-02-11, No. 2973; Facilitation – identification and analysis of needs in areas of smart specialization, problems relevant to business and society, formulation of ideas that help solve these problems and have the potential to create new technologies, products or services, search for ideas, partners and organization of the implementation of ideas, expert assistance to authors of applications prepared on the basis of ideas for research, technology, product or service development strategy, technology transfer, preparation of funding applications TAR, 2018-07-25, No. 12386; Cluster facilitator – a person who helps cluster members understand and define their common goals and achieve them. Finding and developing common cross-sectoral cooperation points of contact, with the active participation of cluster facilitators, helps cluster members to create products and/or services more efficiently TAR, 2017-10-12, No. 16171. In terms of the formation of hybrid new words, there are so-called false punches, the first part of which is not used as a separate word, and punches with microand macroare particularly characteristic of the administrative language, e.g. : Efforts should be made to properly align and calibrate models to ensure that they are suitable not only for the analysis of conventional macro and micro factors of financial risk, but also for non-financial risk factors EUR-lex, OJ C 57, 2019-02-013; Among the key characteristics linked to biodiversity, the production area and the macro and micro-environmental conditions specific to the relevant territory, as well as the natural location of production processes (livestock farming, cheese ir brandinimo patalpos) EUR-lex, OL C 216, 2019-06-27; Šiuolaikiniai vadybos tyrimai vykdomi production, etc.) are to be mentioned EUR-lex, OJ C 57, 2019-02-013; In order to overcome the negative impact Vladimir Vladimirovich. Lexical changes in administrative Lithuanian language | 7 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 of the fundamental transformations that the Union’s society and labour market will undergo over the next decade, investments in human capital, social infrastructure, microfinance, financing of ethical and social enterprises and new social economy business models are necessary EUR-lex, OJ L 107, 2021-09-30, No 20468; Assessment, design and implementation of alternatives to micropollutant purification technologies EUR-lex, OJ C 57, 2021-03-01, No 4085; Statistical microdata and metadata on occupational accidents provided to EUROSTAT in Regulation To create conditions for the exchange of microdata on exports and imports of European countries between EU countries, ensuring the reduction of the administrative burden on enterprises and the creation of accurate statistics, by implementing technical measures for foreign trade statistics TAR, 2021-03-17, No. 5318. Paradoxically, but in the Lithuanian administrative language, after joining the EU, puns with the first accent eurodid not spread. Although the European dictionary „Eurovoc“ (EUROVOC) presents 10 nouns (6 borrowed and 4 hybrids) with this suffix, TAR data show that these new words have not spread in the administrative Lithuanian language, e.g.: eurodolaris (0), eurokorpusas (0), 2 eurokreditas (1), euroraketa (0), eurorinka (3 uses as a symbolic name), euroskepticizmas (0), eurotinklas (0), eurotunelis (0), eurovaliuta (0), except for the punch euroobligacija (used in 90 documents since 1997). Therefore, in the administrative language, only one of the ten new words with the accent eurogrigio provided by the European dictionary is used. Administrative language reforms Naujadarų administracinėje kalboje nėra daug, joje galimi tik sisteminiai naujadarai, kurie are made according to typical patterns of production. In administrative language, it is often necessary to name the hierarchical relationships of individual parts, and the subordinates of the prefix are well suited for this purpose. The meaning of this type of action is “a smaller-scale thing (part, species) than the thing denoted by the base word (total, genus)” (ZDV), the prefix can be placed and 2 The parentheses indicate the number of TAR documents in which the new word is used. Vladimir Vladimirovich. Lexical changes in administrative Lithuanian language | 8 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 to a Lithuanian word, and to a loanword, e.g. : Sub-instrument – component of the instrument TAR, 2012-0229, No. 00487 (as of 2009 TAR found in 45 documents); After receiving funding, the provider or 3 project developer undertakes to publicize the project and specify the source of funding – <...> the municipality and the programme, sub-programme under which the project (activity) was financed and implemented TAR, 2020-02-14, No. 3387 (since 1999 TAR found in 159 documents); The project is implemented by breaking down activities into smaller, easily manageable units, sub-projects, for which separate sets of operational requirements are established. Each sub-project has a defined task of work and scope of activity TAR, 2020-01-14, No. 537 (since 2006 TAR found in 25 documents). Similarly, the prefix “smaller systematic unit or otherwise a division that is part of a larger unit or division marked by the reference word” (ŽDV) is used with a similar meaning: If the activity of the measure is intended to be financed from different sources of funding, such activity is divided into impacts, assigning it to no more than one source of funding TAR, 2021-06-28, No. 14421 (from 2009 TAR found in 46 documents). Iš naujų priesagų vedinių galima minėti neįprastą hibridą startuolis, nes priesaga pridėta to the international root, but the adjective meaning “a thing characterized by the characteristic marked by the reference word” is semantically harmonized, it refers to a company that has just started operating: Startuolis – a micro or small enterprise with a high and innovation-based business development potential, operating for no longer than 5 years TAR, 2019-04-11, No. 5961 (as of 2017 TAR found in 25 documents). Another case confirms the vitality of the suffix -sena: Optimize and make more efficient the management of cultural heritage – implement the restructuring of the institutions implementing the protection of tangible and intangible cultural heritage TAR, 2021-03-17, No. 5318 (since 2011 TAR found in 195 documents). The State Data Governance Information System has been created, the institutions have started to use the new name of the departments: Strategy and Governance Department, Governance and Analysis Division, the Strategic Management Act of the Republic of Lithuania establishes the governance provisions of the strategic management system. 3 The number of documents in which the noun is used indicates that it is not a one-time noun, but a word that is gradually taking hold in the administrative language. Vladimir Vladimirovich. Lexical changes in administrative Lithuanian language | 9 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Of the few new words in the administrative language, we can distinguish stitches, this type of verb is used more frequently, which corresponds to the general tendencies of the Lithuanian language in the formation of new words. First of all, it is necessary to talk about the most established new term in the administrative language – legislation (as of 2000, the TAR was found in 5329 documents): Legislation is a process that includes the declaration of legislative initiatives, drafting, adoption, signing and publication of legislation. <...> Legislative initiative – a proposal to establish a new or amend an existing legal regulation, indicating the objectives of establishing or amending this legal regulation and the main provisions of the legal regulation TAR, Valstybės žinios, 2012-09-22, No. 110-5564. Its spread was determined by the importance of the concept it denotes to the legislative system. EU law uses the term "non-legislative" in addition to "legislative": All legislative or non-legislative measures <...> must take into account that the right to freedom of expression includes the right to kurios gali būti laikomos kritinėmis, agresyviomis, įžeidžiančiomis arba prieštaringomis EUR-lex, express ideas, 52021DC0819, 2021-12-01. Alongside legislation, co-creation has also emerged: In evaluating this area, the link between environment creation and education is emphasized, the inclusion of participants in the educational process in the co-creation of spaces TAR, 2016-03-29, No. 6439 (as of 2017 TAR found in 9 documents). Various types of networking are already established in the administrative language (since 2008 the TAR used in 102 documents): Rural networking (hereinafter – networking) – a process of sharing ideas, information, knowledge, practices and experience, resources, taking place between rural development participants, aiming to create added value of rural development of common interest TAR, 2020-11-19, No. 24391; Social networking – a form of cooperation of social institutions, characterized by vertical and horizontal interaction of structures in the network <...> TAR, Valstybės žinios, 2008-10-23, No. 122-4647; Ensuring efficient use of public infrastructure resources, increasing the concentration of cultural services and networking TAR, 2021-06-01, No. 12361. To this day, there are still competing variants – the old form multifunkcinis, -ė (since 1994 in the TAR found in 1785 documents) and the shorter systematically created new form multifunkcinis, -ė (since 2001 in the TAR found in 2892 documents): Kultūros centras according to the nature of its activities is multifunctional – the cultural institution TAR, which promotes and disseminates various cultural fields Vladimir Vladimirovich. Lexical changes in administrative Lithuanian language | 16 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 and genres, trends. Compounds are more common (e.g., co-authoring, legislation, networking); There are also specific hybrid prefixed derivatives (e.g., paprojektis, paprogramė) as well as purely Lithuanian derivatives (e.g., neteisėkūra, papriemonė, poveiklė). New meanings of Lithuanian words result from the emerging need of the administrative language to name the objects specific to this particular sphere of language usage (e.g., documents – nuomonė); they are also driven by the influence of other languages; this pertains to translated, metaphorical meanings (e.g., colors – green, blue, silver). The lexical changes taking place in the administrative language are related to the specificities of this particular language variety. Statistical studies show that the vocabulary of administrative style is not as varied as the vocabulary of other styles. For this reason, lexical renewal does not occur at a very rapid pace in this field of language usage, but the changes are essential, as they allow us to decide on the direction in which the development of the overall standard language vocabulary is going to proceed. KEYWORDS: administrative language, vocabulary, lexical development, neologism, loanword, international word, word meaning. RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected]