Arbitraliųjų lietuvių kalbos kolokacijų nustatymas

BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ, JURGITA VAIČENONIENĖ Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas ARBITRALIŲJŲ LIETUVIŲ KALBOS KOLOKACIJŲ NUSTATYMAS KEY WORDS: arbitrary collocations, Lithuanian language, limited lexical conjugation, vector method, automated determination, linguistic manual determination. ANNOTATION The object of this paper is the arbitrary collocations of Lithuanian language. Their connectivity is based not on semantic, but on lexical constraints, such collocations do not directly reflect nonverbal reality. The relationship between their words is arbitrary: although theoretically it is possible to choose more than one conjugation partner for a similar meaning, one is more likely to use one. The article describes methods for determining arbitrary collocations, tested during the project “Manual Linguistic Analysis and Automated Computational Linguistics Method (ARKA)”. The material for the study was taken from the Lithuanian language database of constant word combinations. ABSTRACT The article aims to describe the methodological approaches of arbitrary collocation (AC) identification developed within the framework of the project “Arbitrary Collocations of Lithuanian: Identification, Description and Usage (ARKA)”. The source of the research was the “Database of Lithuanian Multiword Expressions”. Arbitrary collocations were determined by combining manual and semi-automatic methods of computational linguistics. INTRODUCTION Didelę pastoviųjų žodžių junginių dalį, kaip žinoma, sudaro kolokacijos, tačiau, jas By automatically identifying from textbooks by statistical or hybrid methods (for more see Bielinskienė et al. 2019: 15–22), a number of such compounds are also identified, JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ, JURGITA VAIČENONIENĖ. Arbitraliųjų lietuvių kalbos kolokacijų nustatymas | 2 which are used for collocations. doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.06 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 are assigned because the frequency of the words that make up them being used together is automatically assessed as statistically significant, e.g.: six years, sunny day, beautiful woman, etc. The object of this study is arbitrary collocations (hereinafter – AC), i.e., those characterized junginiai remiantis semantiniais, o ne leksiniais apribojimais (Marcinkevičienė 2010: 90–91). Kai kurie tyrėjai kolokacijomis laiko tik tikrąsias kolokacijas (kitaip dar vadinamas by limited lexical restrictedness: although theoretically it is possible to choose more than one nekalbinės tikrovės, ryšys tarp jų žodžių – arbitralus (išsamiau apie arbitralumą žr. Kovalevskaitė ir kt. 2021). conjugation partner according to a similar meaning, one tends to use one, e.g., understand the hint, rather than *perceive the hint, reach by the hand, rather than *take by the hand. Rūta Petrauskaitė writes: “The absence of a direct connection with nominal reality leads to the fact that not only the conjugability of the same word differs greatly in different languages, but even in the same language one collocation member cannot be replaced by another, synonymous to it, without risking that the said phrase will sound unusual, e.g., laikas eina, bėga, slenka, but not *žingsniuoja, skuodžia, šliaužia” (Marcinkevičienė 2010: 91). According to R. Petrauskaite, the main word conjugation partners of real (arbitrary) collocations are unpredictable, the basis of conjugation of such collocations is lexical limitations (Marcinkevičienė 2010: 90). Until now, AK have not received much attention from Lithuanian language researchers, although their identification would help to distinguish these collocations as a core of Lithuanian language collocations, especially useful for translation, Lithuanian language as a foreign language teaching, lexicography purposes. For these purposes, AK are analyzed in the project,,Arbitrary Lithuanian language collocations: recognition, description, use (ARKA)“, which aims to describe Lithuanian language AK and prepare lexicographical and educational resources for AK. 1 Straipsnio tikslas – aprašyti, kokie metodai taikyti vykdant projektą ARKA lietuvių language AK recognize, and compare the results obtained by different methods. AKs were analyzed using non-automatic linguistic analysis and automated computational linguistics methods. 1 The project is funded by the Lithuanian Science Council (No. S-LIP-20-18), see https://arka.pastovu.vdu.lt. JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ, JURGITA VAIČENONIENĖ. Arbitraliųjų lietuvių determination of language collocations | 3 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.06 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Sources: 1) The Lithuanian language database of permanent word combinations (hereinafter – PŽJDB), which contains about 12,000 collocations; 2 2) Delfi.lt text, composed of 3 70 million words, covering texts published in 2014–2016 from various sections of the Delfi.lt news portal (more about the textbook Bielinskienė et al. 2019: 14–15). man, woman, thing, etc.). Tiriamoji medžiaga – kolokacijos, sudarytos iš 97 daiktavardžių (vieta, aplinka, būdas, Their structure is adjective/adjectively used participant + 2400 collocations recognized as 4 AK. Most of them are two-word, but some are three-word; The latter are usually composed daiktavardis, veiksmažodis + daiktavardis, daiktavardis + daiktavardis. Atlikus tyrimą, apie of verbs, adjectives and nouns (may vary in the order of the elements). The first part of the research material, i.e. collocations with adjective + noun structure, is discussed in the previous article (Kovalevskaitė et al. 2021). It presents an attempt to recognize AK using one of the methods of computer linguistics – automated (vector) method, this method is also presented in detail. This article summarizes the entire study of AK recognition. The first section presents both methods used – manual (see section 1.1), together with a description of the criteria and tests used, and automated, using a group of collocations with a verb + noun structure to reveal its application (see section 1.2). The second chapter, based on the data from all phases of the study, discusses and compares the results of the methods, their advantages and disadvantages, relevant for the evaluation of the list of identified ACs and the planning of further AC studies. 1. METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF ARBITRAL COLLOCATIONS Rašant apie AK nurodoma, kad ribą tarp arbitraliųjų ir vadinamųjų trivialiųjų kolokacijų būtų galima brėžti ties abstrakčiųjų daiktavardžių riba: „<...> kolokacijos, kurių pagrindą sudaro abstraktieji daiktavardžiai, gali būti laikomos tikrosiomis, nemotyvuotomis, 2 http://resursai.pastovu.vdu.lt/paieska/paprastoji https://klc.vdu.lt/pastovuSearch.html 3 4 These are both concrete and abstract, usually constant word combinations determined from Delfi.lt tekstyno, sudarantys daiktavardžiai, išsamiau apie juos žr. Bielinskienė ir kt. 2019. JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ, JURGITA VAIČENONIENĖ. Arbitraliųjų lietuvių language collocations determination | 4 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.06 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 o pastovūs junginiai su konkrečiaisiais daiktavardžiais paprastai remiasi nekalbine tikrove ir yra trivialūs“ (Marcinkevičienė 2010: 91). Taigi, vienas iš darbuose apie kolokacijas įvardytų criterion is the semantics of nouns. During this study it became clear that the majority of AK yra sudarytos su abstraktų pavadinimais, tačiau pastebėta, kad arbitralumas būdingas ir kolokacijoms su konkrečiaisiais daiktavardžiais, plg.: apriboti greitį, atlikti mankštą, imti kyšį, actually leave the field, take credit, talk on the phone, put on a performance, etc. The challenge of this study was not only to adapt the criteria for recognition of AK, but also to choose a methodology that would be suitable for working with a large amount of data, so that, based on it, it would be possible to compile Lithuanian language AK lists after examining a large number of collocations (for this purpose, PŽJDB material was used). During the project, two methodologies for determining the AK were tested and applied: manual and automated. First, the manual method was used, selecting the criteria for the recognition of the AK (see section 1.1). Since the BDRC contains a large amount of data, one of the project’s tasks was to test a method that would allow the recognition process of the AK to be at least partially automated, in addition to the manual method (see Section 1.2). 1.1. Manual determination of the PC Two main criteria were used for the non-automatic determination of AK: 1) the criterion of limited lexical connectedness, which was assessed using the substitution of synonyms and / or lexical semantic groups of nouns; 2) perkeltinės reikšmės kriterijus. Jei kolokacija atitiko bent vieną kriterijų, ji laikyta arbitraliąja. Toliau aptariama, kaip taikytas kiekvienas kriterijus siekiant įvertinti, ar kolokaciją laikyti arbitraliąja. 1.1.1. AK nustatymas pagal ribotą leksinį junglumą As mentioned in the introduction, arbitrary collocations are considered to have limited lexical conjugability, i.e. to an adjective or verb used with a specific meaning in the combination with daiktavardžiu, būdingas tam tikras, daugiau ar mažiau arbitralus, pakeičiamumo ribojimas (arbitrary restriction on substitutability; Nesselhauf 2003, 2005). Thus, based on the notion of limited lexical conjugation, any collocation point in a certain sense cannot be a language JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ, JURGITA VAIČENONIENĖ. Arbitraliųjų lietuvių collocation point. 5 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.06 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 used with all syntactically and semantically possible collocates. Although theoretically it is possible to find substitutes for collocates, they would either not fit at all, or they would be unusual, e.g.: favourable vs. *beneficial environment; layered vs. *layered novel. Linguists checked the criterion of limited lexical conjugation by two tests: 1) according to the synonyms of the verb or adjective (i.e. whether it can be replaced by other words of similar meaning, considered synonyms); 2) according to lexical semantic groups of nouns. Since the AK are considered such collocations, one of the elements of which can not normally be replaced by another word – a synonym of close meaning, the synonyms substitution test (adapted from Nesselhauf 2003) was applied to recognize the AK: if one of the elements of the collocation cannot be replaced by another word – a synonym of close meaning, the AK is recognized by the synonyms būti pakeičiamas kitu artimos reikšmės sinonimu, tokia kolokacija laikyta AK. Pavyzdžiui, substitution test (adapted from Nesselhauf 2003): if one of the elements of the collocation cannot be replaced by another word – a synonym of close meaning, the AK is recognized by the darbas ir spręsta, ar pakeičiamumas galimas; jeigu ne – kolokacijos pripažintos kaip AK. synonyms substitution test (adapted from Nesselhauf 2003). However, it must be admitted that finding a synonym was often quite difficult, so the second test – the lexical semantic groups of nouns – was often applied. Limited lexical convergence was also assessed according to the diversity of lexical semantic groups: based on the collocations provided by PŽJDB, the extent of lexical convergence with semantinių grupių daiktavardžiais jungiasi kolokacijos būdvardis ar veiksmažodis, ir taip several lexicons was assessed. In order to determine as precisely as possible with which words a noun can be used, the whole paradigm of the noun was analyzed, i.e. all the collocations made in su tuo daiktavardžiu. Bet, nors visą tiriamąją medžiagą sudaro apie 12 tūkst. kolokacijų, the available NPLDs. If only one collocation with a given adjective/verb occurred in the material, the linguists filled the paradigm based on their sense of the language as native speakers; if there were multiple collocations in the database, limited lexical connectivity tests were applied to the available paradigm. Based on the lexical semantic groups of nouns, the extent of conjunction was assessed under the following conditions: JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ, JURGITA VAIČENONIENĖ. Arbitraliųjų lietuvių kalbos kolokacijų nustatymas | 6 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.06 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 a) kolokacijos nelaikytos AK, jeigu su tam tikru būdvardžiu / veiksmažodžiu jungiasi many nouns of different lexical semantic groups and those groups are abundant. Such adjective/verb conjunction is considered broad, without more explicit lexical limitations, cf. collocations with good abundance: good result, work, world, person, time, life, way, thing, country, team, day, decision, year, weather, place, half, season, opportunity, price, match, car, food, sign, health, road, man, child, product, question, beginning, means, etc. ; also plg. buy: buy a car, food, product, property, land; b) if an adjective/verb is joined by many nouns of different lexical semantic groups, but one group stands out or only a few nouns of a certain semantic group are used, the collocation could be considered as AK. For example, although the conjunction to build is broad, this verb can be used not with the names of all vehicles, e.g. to build a car (as well as to build a bicycle, a motorcycle), but to moor a ship, to land an airplane. Consequently, parking co-location due to limited connectivity is classified as AK. The verb have is considered a word of broad lexical conjugation, because it can form many and different collocations, but in its entire paradigm the collocation to have a matter stands out – it is considered arbitrary. With subjurti are used words of two lexical semantic groups – group of natural phenomena and feelings – but collocations are made only with the nouns subjuro oras and subjuro nuotaika, so both cases are AK; (c) Collocations belonging to a single large semantic group are not considered to be AK. based on the sense of language of the native speaker, can fill the paradigm with other words (calculate can be money, loan and other financial things), so calculate taxes is not Pavyzdžiui, PŽJDB rasta tik viena kolokacija nuskaičiuoti mokesčius, bet lingvistai, recognized kaip AK. Tai PŽJDB iš vienos kolokacijos sudaryta, bet teoriškai gausi leksinė semantinė grupė. Limited lexical conjugation is checked by evaluating both words of the collocation: adjective / veiksmažodžio negalima pakeisti kitais sinonimais (1 testas) arba (ir) daiktavardžių paradigma limited (test 2). For example, the collocation served food would indicate that there can be many nouns of the food group (can serve food, drinks, dinner, lunch...). Thus, it does not meet test 2 condition a because the semantic group is one, but it meets condition b because it cannot be pakeisti į paduoti. Taigi, pagal 2 testą kolokacija pripažįstama arbitraliąja. Kitas pavyzdys: JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ, JURGITA VAIČENONIENĖ. Arbitraliųjų lietuvių supplied language collocations determination | 7 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.06 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 The verb surengti is used with nouns denoting events, events (organize elections, concert...), so such collocations should not be considered arbitrary according to the criterion of abundance of the semantic group, but they can be assigned to the AK according to test 1, because organizti in this case cannot be replaced by synonym surengti. The synonym test is not always applicable. For example, it cannot be applied when there are several AK variants, e.g.: prices rise and prices rise, increase; the question torments and the question torments; give an opportunity and give an opportunity; acquire the right and acquire the right. Also, this test cannot be applied in such cases as pay taxes, inhabited city – for words to pay, accommodate a synonym is difficult to offer even hypothetically. If no synonym is found, substitution cannot be tested, as there must be at least a theoretical possibility of choosing between two (or more) synonyms. Linguists who performed the test of limited lexical convergence in both synonyms (test 1) and lexical semantic groups (test 2) relied on their competence as native speakers. However, the results of such work are inevitably influenced by the factor of subjectivity (on this problem of synonymization see Divjak, Gries 2006: 24–26). Therefore, an automated method has been tested to assess the interchangeability of synonyms (see section 1.2). 1.1.2. Determination of the AK by means of a portmanteau In some earlier studies (see Howarth 1998) such collocations were called restricted collocations. kolokacijos, kurių vienas iš dėmenų – perkeltinės reikšmės, vadinamos ribotosiomis According to Anna Reder (2006: 82), collocations with a figurative word are compounds of limited conjugation, in which the unpredictable relationship between the collocation and the word is kolokacijos narių lemia konvencija, o metaforiškumas yra konvencijos dalis. Todėl šios important for language learning (Lewis 2000: 29). For example, the English adjective heavy smoker heavy vartojami įvairūs daiktavardžiai, kurie reiškia dalykus su požymiu „sunkus“, bet žodžių is used to refer to a person rather than an object, so it is worthwhile to distinguish this collocation as a remarkable word combination when learning the language. conjugation, and Būdvardžiai, vartojami perkeltinėmis reikšmėmis, paprastai pasižymi ir platesne collocations with adjectives of broader conjugation are more difficult for learners (Nesselhauf 2005: 238). Identification of language collocations for relevance to language teaching JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ, JURGITA VAIČENONIENĖ. Arbitraliųjų lietuvių and translation | 8 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.06 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 (Volungevičienė 2010; Stulpinaitė et al. 2016) in determining the Lithuanian AKs used the transference criteria. Kolokacijas analizuojant neautomatiškai, AK požymiu laikytas vieno iš kolokacijos use of adjectives, verbs or nouns in an indirect sense. This was determined by analyzing the entire paradigm of a given word, generated from Delfi.lt textbook data (see table 1, column 1). From this paradigm it is clear with what other adjectives or verbs a particular noun forms collocations and what meaning it and its collocations – adjectives and verbs – have in these collocations. Sometimes, to determine whether a word is used in a literal or figurative sense, only the broader context allows – then PŽJDB, Delfi.lt textbook, cf. green + car: Unicredit Leasing representative in Lithuania notices a couple more trends in the green car market. The green car piloted by Marius Slaboševičius was half a second behind <...>. The Tesla Model S has won several best car awards, including the 2013 World Green Car of the Year. Interesting concept cars of green cars. The examples show that the adjective green describes a car as environmentally friendly, but does not specify its color. This collocation was considered arbitrary. Of 5 course, in the Delfi.lt text, from which the PŽJDB is made up, you can find a number of cases where green describes the color of the car. Combinations of nouns with adjectives and verbs are considered AK if at least one of the elements has a figurative meaning. In this case, the tests described (see 1.1.1) shall not apply. The use of adjectives and verbs in the figurative sense is particularly characteristic of the collocations of abstract nouns, as well as of several nouns denoting specific things, for example, with nouns age, environment, protection, way, thing, part, attention, right, property. duomenys, galimybė, gyvenimas, informacija, įstatymas, įvykis, kalba, karas, kartas, klausimas, laikas, metas, pabaiga, pagalba, pradžia, reikalas, rezultatas, saugumas, sprendimas, sveikata, 5 Atkreipiame dėmesį, kad apie išskirtinę vartoseną signalizuoja ir įvardžiuotinės formos. JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ, JURGITA VAIČENONIENĖ. Arbitraliųjų lietuvių kalbos kolokacijų nustatymas | 9 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.06 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Kolokacijos su abstrakčiaisiais daiktavardžiais, kaip nustatyta R. Petrauskaitės (see Marcinkevičienė 2010), can form conceptual metaphors (e.g.: gentle means, sharp criticism, dry result, leaked information, stirred speeches, data leakage, loophole in the law). As R. Petrauskaitė states, “the most important criterion of metaphoricity is the transfer of meaning, which emerges 6 from the contradiction of concrete and abstract nouns. When the properties of a specific thing are taken as the basis for putting the abstract into context, for forming a word combination with it, then a metaphor is born <...> one, usually abstract, thing is perceived as another, concrete, using the terminology of the latter <...>“ (Marcinkevičienė 2010: 178). Adjectives (rarely verbs) used in a figurative sense in combinations with specific nouns give them semantically non-specific properties (e.g. fast food, bright woman, visible person). As in the case of abstract nouns, the meaning of the word combination is often understood not from the individual words, but from the number of words in the semantic groups of the word combination. For (pvz.: geležinis žmogus, auksinis amžius, laukinė moteris, taip pat žr. anksčiau pateiktus pavyzdžius su daiktavardžiu automobilis). Kitų kalbų kolokacijų tyrimuose (pvz., Strakatova, Hinrichs 2019) leksikalizuotoms kolokacijoms priskiriamos perkeltinės reikšmės kolokatą turinčios kolokacijos, kuriose perkeltinė reikšmė išryškėja tik su ribotu konkrečių leksinių example, the meaning of the adjective heavy in compounds with nouns smoker, rain, traffic (i.e., hardened smoker, heavy rain, intense traffic) has been determined to have a high metaphorization nėra prototipinė, nes žymi ne svorį, o intensyvumą. potential with a medium lexical conjugation to destroy (to destroy life). Among the adjectives 7 žodžiai, pavyzdžiui, veiksmažodžiai paralyžiuoti (paralyžiuoti eismą), sekti (senka laikas), many such as, used in direct 6 Apie erdvines, ontologines ir struktūrines metaforas kolokacijose taip pat žr.: Drūlienė 2008a, b; Šilinytė 2008. The aim of this article and the whole project is not to classify the metaphors, so we do not go into it, although it is understood that CA can be an interesting object of research for cognitive linguists. 7 Based on the formula presented by Susane Handl in 2008, the collocationality estimates of the analyzed collocation elements were determined on the basis of Delfi.lt textbook. These investigations will continue. So far, it can be said that AK should be medium strength compounds, i.e. that neither one nor the second (or third) spot should have a very low or very high collocation estimate. If, for example, the first spot is high and the second is low, then the first spot may be used with few words and the second with many words, e.g.: psychoactive substance, autistic child, fresh water, shady place, tripartite contract, minor child, carbonated/distilled water, travelling car. JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ, JURGITA VAIČENONIENĖ. Arbitraliųjų lietuvių determination of language collocations | 16 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.06 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Another feature of the automatic selection was revealed during the purification of VEs: since the vectors method collects words according to their context similarity, VEs can only be composed of synonyms that are not suitable at first glance. In other words, without knowing the specific nouns, due to which two or more verbs are combined into one VE, the quality of some VEs can be misjudged. For example, in the 60th VE there were such words: show, jausti būtų suklysta, nes jis čia atsidūrė dėl šiems veiksmažodžiams bendro konteksto, kuriame demonstrate, feel. Immediately after deleting the word, we are talking about feelings, e.g. demonstrate, show feelings and, for example, feel angry, feel disappointed, etc. The verbs jeigu kalbama apie kainas. Visi trys VE apsispręsti, priimti, pasirinkti veiksmažodžiai yra decrease, cheapen or increase, rise can be synonyms, and the verb take, which is usually deleted, appeared here because it means to make a decision, in other words, this VE should be read as follows: decide, make a decision, choose. 12 Such examples show that more and/or different synonyms can be identified automatically, because the vector method assesses the similarity of the meaning of the context rather than of individual words. It is hardly possible to synonymously link the verbs lose, lose weight, lose weight, but we find them in one VE, because they are used in a general context, in which there was also the noun weight. More examples can be given, e.g.: tęsti, užtrukti, gyvuoti, egzistuoti, užsitęsti; to be interested and engaged; drink and consume; set yourself up and prepare; call, contact, report; restore, restore, revive; review, correct, update, modify; provoke, cause, overgrowth; to shock, shock, overwhelm; endure, endure, overcome. In the context of sports, all four verbs – secure, win, achieve, preserve – are synonymous, because sometimes conquest is described as: secured a place in the final or preserved the title. Such results indicate that it is important to include more than one word in the evaluation of synonymy, because the members of the synonym group can be both single words and constant word groups. 12 There are such words in VEs that are syntagmatically related, e.g. offendieren and niet willen. Since never want is often used in a common context with offend (when it is in the compound never wanted to offend, but...), they are combined into one VE. Another case: stop: to stop, to cry. The verb to cry here arose because of the fact that the person chosen from the context that was common to him stopped crying. In other words, very long (and inappropriate) VEs are formed for those auxiliary verbs that are used as auxiliaries and are broadly conjugated because of their grammatical characteristics, e.g.: daryti, imti, pradėti, norėti, reikti, privalėti, reikti, stengtis, negalėti. JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ, JURGITA VAIČENONIENĖ. Arbitraliųjų lietuvių kalbos kolokacijų nustatymas | 17 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.06 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 junginiai. Taikant vektorių metodą, kai lyginamas konteksto panašumas, kaip tik ir išryškėja the relationship of individual words to context. It would be difficult for a linguist to cover so much data (see Divjak, Gries 2006 for more on the use of a wide range of distribution indicators for automatic synonym analysis). It has been observed that the verb VE of more specific meaning and narrower conjugation is often shorter and cleaner, probably due to the narrower conjugation. When comparing the synonyms worrying, worrying, worrying and fearing, it is clear that worrying is a longer and less pure word, it contains words with a broader meaning, for example, fearing (worrying: worrying, fearing, fearing), while fearing is composed only of those four words: fearing: worrying, worrying, fearing. It has also been observed that in VEs based on verbs of a more specific meaning (to give, to run, to take out, to stand up, to hunt, to breathe, to break down, to imprison), there may be few or no synonyms at all, because the words collected according to the verb of a specific meaning are related thematically, not synonymously, e.g.: take out: throw out, delete, take out; hunting and fishing; breathing and walking; boiled and fried; imprison and convict; break down: break, overheat, explode, clog, ignite. Such VEs also consist of two words, but they can be longer. Sometimes they are very long, for example, 26 verbs were conjugated with a supporting verb. In summary, the adjustment resulted in 2634 of 3800 IU (70 %). Thus, the automatically generated EVs are not sufficiently accurate to be applied without editing to the subsequent stage of determining the AC. Such errors may be caused by the fact that the lexical diversity in the texts may be less. More accurate VE generation would Delfi.lt tekstyno ypatumų – nors jo žodžių apimtis didelė (apie 70 mln.), vieno stiliaus require a larger variety of functional styles. 1.2.3. Rezultatai: VE kokybė ir arbitralumo pripažinimas Palyginus būdvardžių ir veiksmažodžių VE prieš peržiūrą ir po jos, paaiškėjo, kad In both cases, a considerable number of VEs were rejected as non-informative: 2) out of 3800 1) iš 1927 būdvardžių VE po peržiūros liko 800 VE (41 proc.); verbs, 1166 VEs (30%) remained after review. The remaining EVs also had to be edited. It is true that there is no assessment of how many words are most often deleted in one VE. Often it was necessary to delete auxiliary, not quite independent JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ, JURGITA VAIČENONIENĖ. Arbitraliųjų lietuvių kalbos kolokacijų nustatymas | 18 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.06 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 veiksmažodžius: daryti, imti, gyventi, vertėti, reikti, privalėti, pradėti, gauti, norėti, stengtis, to succeed. A lot of words to be deleted were at the end of the VE, where words with the lowest applied rating limit (0.5; the highest rating is 1) were found, but there were also a lot of cases when a word with a high rating was deleted, which is presented in a certain VE in positions 2-5 (a VE can consist of up to 20 words). It should be noted that the assessment according to VE and is limited to those words that are in that VE. If there may be other synonyms, but they were not present in the VE that is being evaluated (they were not selected by the vector method, not used in Delfi.lt text, etc.), some of the collocations could have been classified as non-bitralic (or vice versa). For example, when evaluating the collocations falling star and rising star, the VE is used, which contains the verbs to grow, fall, rise, decrease, develop, increase. In this VE there is no collapse, which could be synonymous with falling, so the falling star is not recognized in AK. 1) as mentioned in subsection 1.2.2, the vector method allows to identify more and different synonyms than by using only the introspection method; 2) the vector method is suitable for processing a large amount of data, and it would be hardly possible to evaluate the contextual similarity of such an abundance of words manually. After applying the substitution test to the VEs of verb synonyms, 291 collocations were recognized as arbitrary. It is obvious that it is the synonyms in VE that determine which collocations will be recognized as AK. On the one hand, this is the limitation of this method, on the other hand, it is the limitation of the method itself. When galimybė automatizuoti arbitralumo nustatymo procesą. the recognition of arbitrariness depends only on a particular VE, it can often happen that some collocations are not selected according to one, but according to another VE. create, form, Pavyzdžiui, vertinant kolokacijų kurti įvaizdį ir formuoti įvaizdį arbitralumą pagal 368 VE neither of the two collocations would be assigned to AK. But the verbs create, create an image formuoti yra ir kitose VE, prie kurių priskirtas tas pats daiktavardis įvaizdis, todėl kolokacija as AK is recognized by another VE (45): create, create, develop, develop, implement, prepare, establish. Galimas ir kitas atvejis: tos pačios kolokacijos gali būti pripažintos kaip arbitraliosios more than one EV, e.g. performing an exercise, doing an exercise can be assessed as an AC both according to the 11th (perform, perform, do), and according to the 15th EV (do, JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ, JURGITA VAIČENONIENĖ. Arbitraliųjų lietuvių perform, create; determination of language collocations | 19 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.06 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 (see section 4.4). The problem arises when an arbitral collocation is not considered arbitral if it cannot be determined by any of the EIs. This was quite often the case when evaluating variantus. Pavyzdžiui, su daiktavardžiu mokesčiai vartojamas ir kelti, ir didinti, abu šie collocations verbs are in the 52-VE, according to which arbitrariness is assessed, so these collocations will not be assigned to the AK. However, they are variants of AK (e.g. grow, rise, increase prices). The same applies to carrying out / conducting / conducting a study (according to the 11th VE these compounds are not recognized as AK). In the same VE were obtained and acquired, therefore, to obtain a diploma and obtain a diploma are not recognized as AK. Such cases show that when assessing the arbitrariness of collocations according to the criterion of limited lexical convergence, both the test tools used are important and that the non-automatic method is more suitable for determining AK variants. Since the substitution testing of synonyms is so closely related to the words in a particular VE, it may also happen that collocations of similar but opposite meanings are not selected. For example, collocation increases dissatisfaction selected, and decreases dissatisfaction – no. Both would automatically be rated as AK. Thus, when the arbitrariness is assessed using the data assessed by linguistic introspection, part of the AO lost by method 2 is preserved. In the case of non-automatic linguistic methods, there is subjectivity. The automated method is more objective, although it must be acknowledged that the data is more fragmented (only as many and such VEs as are collected are used for testing). Furthermore, not all collocations that are AK are recognised as such. 2. RESULTS OF THE DETERMINATION OF RAC It is clear from the number of RACs identified that there are very few overlapping RACs identified by manual and automated methods (see sections 2.1 and 2.2 for more details), which means that both methods separately provide important data. The data collected by the manual analysis method is much more than the data determined by automated analysis, but the manual analysis applied not one, but two selection criteria (limited lexical conjugation and transitive meaning), while the vector method applied only limited lexical conjugation. JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ, JURGITA VAIČENONIENĖ. Arbitraliųjų lietuvių kalbos kolokacijų nustatymas | 20 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 leksinio junglumo. Taigi, taikant daugiau kriterijų, surenkama daugiau kolokacijų su įvairesniais būdvardžiais ir veiksmažodžiais. Remiantis konkrečių AK pavyzdžiais, šiame skyriuje bus paaiškinama, kodėl gauti exactly the results as determined by the criteria applied and the data used. First of all, aptarsime, ką gauti duomenys rodo. Visos AK su vienu konkrečiu būdvardžiu arba veiksmažodžiu gali būti nustatytos skirtingai: a) tik vienu iš dviejų metodų; b) dalis collocations – one, part – another; (c) partial collocations by one method, partial collocations by the other method or partial collocations by both methods. In the following subsections we will discuss different structures of AC by commenting on the results obtained by both methods. 2.1. Arbitrary collocations of adjectives and nouns In total, 1048 AKs with the structure adjective + noun have been identified. These collocations include 320 different adjectives. It is true, that with some adjectives (big, small, open, high, modern, exclusive, main, etc.) several or several dozen CAs were formed, while with others (e.g., short, thorough, changeable, spicy) – single CAs (on average, 3.3 collocations were formed with the same adjective; see table 3 for more details). TABLE 3. ACs determined by different methods (adjective + noun) Manually Automated Both methods 577 230 (2.5) 306 86 (3.56) 165 42 (3.93) ACs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by determined by AKs AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined Sk. (proc.) Differebūdvardžių skaičius (vidutinis AK skaičius, kurios Determination of collocations of with the same language with the nt Sk. (proc.) Differebūdvardžių skaičius (vidutinis AK skaičius, kurios the same language with the same same language with the same nt Sk. (proc.) Different būdvardžių skaičius (vidutinis AK skaičius, kurios language with the same language language | 21 by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined by AKs determined JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ, JURGITA VAIČENONIENĖ. Arbitraliųjų lietuvių doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.06 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 As can be seen from Table 3, the majority of CAs were determined by the non-automatic method – more than half of all CAs (e.g., cruel image, slave labor, straight question, painful difficult day, dalykas); apie trečdalis AK nustatyta automatizuotai (pvz.: vertingas turtas, unikalus projektas, optimal way), while the smallest proportion (15.74%) comprises those CAs that were determined by both methods (e.g., fratricidal war, intensive trade, huge project, low price). Similar proportions can be seen in the AK with verbs (see section 2.2). An analysis of the AK adjectives shows that some are AKs determined by one method only (see examples above), while others are AKs determined by both methods. AK (e.g., large, small, strong). At the beginning of the study, the hypothesis was raised that the variety of adjectives is higher in the AKs determined by the non-automatic method, and lower in the AKs determined by the automated vector method. This hypothesis has been confirmed: 235 different adjectives were used in the first method, which means that the same adjective has an metodu nustatytose AK yra 86 skirtingi būdvardžiai, taigi vidutiniškai 3,56 AK sudaryta su average of 2.5 adjectives. Vector of the same adjective. The least variety of adjectives (42) among the AKs determined by both methods, but also the least of such collocations. In this AK sudaryta vidutiniškai 3,93 kolokacijos. Manytina, kad tokia nedidelė būdvardžių įvairovė group, a relatively small number of data with the same adjective has been determined. There is a high probability that the collocation will be arbitrary if it consists of such adjectives as big, big, huge, huge, small, tense, dangerous, serious, strong, heavy with abstract nouns, because these adjectives will be used in an indirect sense. When discussing how the applied methods led to precisely such results, as in the example of collocations determined by one, part – another, part – norėtume aptarti AK su būdvardžiu protingas, nes iš jo matyti visa įvairovė, t. y. dalis both methods. Of the eight adjective smart collocations (smart decision, smart city, smart child, smart man, nouns decision and city) were selected manually, collocations with child and man selected protingas laikas, protingas būdas) kaip AK pripažintos šešios: šio būdvardžio kolokacijos su automatically, and collocations with time and way selected by both methods. Linguists have established that the semantic group "persons" is common for this adjective. Adjectives of similar meaning can be combined with the words of this group (can be JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ, JURGITA VAIČENONIENĖ. Arbitraliųjų lietuvių kalbos kolokacijų nustatymas | 22 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.06 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 ne tik protingas, bet ir išmintingas žmogus), todėl protingas vaikas ir protingas vyras tarp AK entered only as a result of automatic selection (collocation wise man Delfi.lt text is not recorded), later, when reviewing the data, they were rejected. Linguists have seen that other nouns (decision, time, way) are mainly assigned to the lexical semantic group of “abstracts”, but still collocations are made only with certain abstract nouns, i.e., the possibilities of choice in this group are limited, which indicates arbitrariness. Therefore, all these collocations are declared arbitrary. Only two of them (reasonable time and reasonable way) are determined as AK automatically, because the test of lexical semantic groups is not applied when using the vector method. Hand-determined AKs. For example, with the adjective high, nine collocations are recognized as arbitrary: high score, high official, high price, etc. Here the adjective is used in an indirect meaning (and almost only with abstract nouns), so the criterion of the transitive meaning led linguists to classify these collocations as AK. Very often these collocations were not detected by the automated method, because the synonym substitution test did not have VEs with the corresponding adjective (high, closed, painful, weak, wide, comfortable, light, loose, long or fast), so it was not possible to assess substitution. As already mentioned in the previous section, the results of the automated method depend heavily on the availability of synonyms to check for interchangeability and the quality of the synonym sequence. This case illustrates that, using only the automated method, part of the AK may remain unknown. Another reason why some AK may neatpažintos, o lingvistinė kompetencija gali kompensuoti tekstyno duomenų trūkumą. not be recognized automatically is that not all nouns may be associated with a certain synonym sequence of meaning, because the method of part of the nouns is a prominent event. This means kontekstas gali skirtis. Pavyzdžiui, tarp būdvardžio ryškus kolokacijų daug tokių, kurios nustatytos neautomatiškai (pvz.: ryški moteris, ryškus žmogus) ir tik viena AK nustatyta abiem that the VE with this adjective was, but with it automatically susieti ne visi trys daiktavardžiai, o tik įvykis. Automated method of determining AK. AKs with the adjective efficient are determined only by the vector method, e.g.: efficient means, efficient result, efficient system, efficient work. VE had more synonyms (e.g. effective), but collocations effective language collocations priemonė, veiksmingas rezultatas ir kt. tekstyne neužfiksuotos, todėl, pritaikius negalimo JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ, JURGITA VAIČENONIENĖ. Arbitraliųjų lietuvių determination | 23 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.06 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 interchangeability test, colocation with effective recognized AK. Here it is important to add that linguists, based on the competence of native speakers, have assessed this case differently: substitution is possible (it is possible to use both an effective means and an effective means), therefore it was decided not to consider these collocations as AK. Automatically, the AK recognized many such collocations, the adjective of which is evaluative, e.g.: outstanding (because synonymously linked with special), strange (linked with unusual), modern (linked with modern), basic (linked with essential), complex (linked with difficult). Linguists were more inclined to exclude such cases from the AK. Collocations with stable, such as stable life, stable price, stable week, stable state, are recognized as arbitrary only by the vector method, because substitution is checked by having the synonym constant, which is not used as a collocation with the corresponding nouns. However, linguists did not recognize these collocations as arbitrary, because, looking at the stable conjugation, it is clear that it is really wide, and no limits have been set, and constant is not considered stable as a synonym, cf.: stable work, stable state, stable price, stable result, stable life, stable week. CA was determined by both methods. Among the available data, there is no case where all the collocations of the same adjective recognised by the AK are determined by both methods. In all cases, both methods determined only part of them, and among those adjectives there are usually those that can be used in an indirect meaning, e.g.: hangos, gyors, szomorú, kicsi; such nelengvas, patrauklus, pavojingas, rimtas, stiprus, sunkus, tvirtas. Kaip jau minėta, daugumos adjectives AK determined only by a non-automated method, for example, collocations with the adjective weak (see also the examples mentioned above). This is because, in AK method 2, they nustatant neautomatiškai, tokie atvejai atrinkti pagal perkeltinės reikšmės kriterijų, o taikant passed only if they were members of the synonym sequence used for the substitution test. Patikrinus, kiek atskirais metodais surenkama kolokacijų vienam iš produktyviausių nouns, similar trends are seen as in Table 3: the majority of the CAs are obtained by the manual method, but there is a significant proportion of CAs that are determined by automated methods. JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ, JURGITA VAIČENONIENĖ. Arbitraliųjų lietuvių determination of language collocations | 24 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.06 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 TABLE 4. Fixed AK with noun solution and adjectives Manually nustatytos AK Automatically Both nustatytos AK methods nustatytos AK 1) responsible 2) pre-existing 3) drastiškas 4) bold 5) formal 6) strict 7) smart 8) wise 9) constructive 10) creative 11) stupid 12) temporary 13) decisive 14) fatal 15) light weight 16) illogical 17) irrational 18) baked 19) comfortable 20) advanced 21) practical 22) opposite 23) smart 24) rational 25) conscious 26) safe 27) savarankiškas 28) skandalingas 29) painful 30) skubotas 31) skubus 32) sumanus 33) taikus 34) correct 35) tvarus 36) vieningas 1) clear 1) 2) 3) strange 4) specific 5) creative 5) 6) useful 6) 7) 8) Optimal 9) simple 10) poor 11) realus 12) complex 13) unique fast categorical 2) logical 3) difficult 4) serious risky difficult unexpected 7) harmful 8) Robust JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ, JURGITA VAIČENONIENĖ. Arbitraliųjų lietuvių kalbos kolokacijų nustatymas | 25 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.06 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Given the example of the noun decision, it is important to mention another aspect related to the automated method: some of the collocations assigned as arbitrary may be the question of diskutuotinos, t. y. gali atrodyti lyg esančios ant ribos, arčiau netikrųjų. Pavyzdžiui, gali kilti whether such collocations as a clear decision or a strange decision should really be considered arbitrary. It would seem that the adjectives clear, strange, creative, useful, unexpected and can kiti gali būti derinami ne tik su sprendimas, bet ir su daug kitų daiktavardžių, su kuriais jie be connected by meaning, cf. all the collocations of these adjectives, which are established in Delfi.lt text: clear sign, clear image, clear information, clear result, clear decision, strange event, sistema, aiškus dalykas; keistas dalykas, keistas būdas, keistas klausimas, keista vieta, keistas strange image. Linguists checked limited lexical conjugation not only by the synonymy test, but also by lexical semantic groups, so clear and strange decisions of collocations were not classified as arbitrary. When evaluating lexical limitation automatically, these collocations were assigned to the AK, because when checking the substitutability of synonyms it was determined that the noun solution formed collocations only with one of the synonyms pair clear, understandable and synonyms pair strange, unusual members. These examples show that more accurate AK results can be expected for limited lexical conjugation by applying not only the synonymy test but also the test of lexical semantic groups. 2.2. Arbitrary collocations of verbs and nouns 1171 AK, consisting of a verb and a noun. This is quite similar to the collocations formed with skaičius į AK, sudarytų su būdvardžiais, skaičių – 1048. Taip pat gana panašiai, palyginti su adjectives (see Table 2), distributed by different methods (see Table 3): approximately half of the ACs were determined by manual means (e.g., to come to the aid, to look at life, damaged apniukusi diena, aptarti galimybes, iškviesti apsaugą), apie trečdalis – automatizuotai (pvz.: property, accumulate property), and almost a fifth were determined by both methods (e.g., to perform a duty, to give a command, to see a matter). The lexical diversity of this structure was also analyzed, i.e. how many different verbs make up the AK determined by a certain method. An average of 2.05 of the AK discussed in this subsection was formed with the same verb (see Table 5). JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ, JURGITA VAIČENONIENĖ. Arbitraliųjų lietuvių determination of language collocations | 32 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.06 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 LITERATŪRA Bielinskienė Agnė, Boizou Loic, Bumbulienė Ieva, Kovalevskaitė Jolanta, Krilavičius Tomas, Mandravickaitė Justina, Rimkutė Erika, Vilkaitė-Lozdienė Laura (sud.) 2019: Lietuvių kalbos kolokacijų žodynas, Kaunas: Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas. Prieiga internete: https://doi.org/10.7220/9786094673733. Divjak Dagmar, Gries Stefan T. 2006: Ways of Trying in Russian. Clustering and Comparing Behavioral Profiles. – Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 2(1), 23–60. Drūlienė Viltė 2008a: Erdvinės metaforos Daiktavardinių frazių žodyne: magistro darbas, Kaunas: Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas. Drūlienė Viltė 2008b: Lietuviškosios metaforikos vertikalumo matas. – Darbai ir dienos 50, 73–90. 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Arbitraliųjų lietuvių kalbos kolokacijų nustatymas | 34 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.06 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 ARBITRALIŲJŲ LIETUVIŲ KALBOS KOLOKACIJŲ NUSTATYMAS Santrauka Šiame straipsnyje sprendžiama arbitraliųjų lietuvių kalbos kolokacijų atpažinimo problema. Tam skirtas projektas ,,Arbitraliosios lietuvių kalbos kolokacijos: atpažinimas, aprašymas, vartojimas (ARKA)“. Arbitraliosiomis kolokacijomis laikomos kolokacijos, kurių žodžių junglumo pagrindas yra ne semantiniai, o leksiniai ribojimai. Tokios kolokacijos tiesiogiai neatspindi nekalbinės tikrovės, o ryšys tarp jų žodžių – arbitralus: nors pagal panašią reikšmę teoriškai galima rinktis daugiau negu vieną junglumo partnerį, bet linkstama vartoti kurį nors vieną, pvz., suprasti užuominą, bet ne *suvokti užuominą. Tyrimo šaltinis yra Lietuvių kalbos pastoviųjų žodžių junginių duomenų bazė, kurioje pateikiama apie 12 tūkst. kolokacijų; ištyrus kolokacijas su 97 daiktavardžiais, arbitraliosiomis priskirta apie 2400 kolokacijų, kurių struktūra yra būdvardis / būdvardiškai vartojamas dalyvis + daiktavardis, veiksmažodis + daiktavardis, daiktavardis + daiktavardis. Straipsnyje aprašyti du pagal minėtą projektą išbandyti arbitraliųjų kolokacijų nustatymo metodai: neautomatinis lingvistinės analizės ir automatizuotas kompiuterinės lingvistikos metodas. Nustatant AK neautomatiškai, taikyti du pagrindiniai kriterijai: perkeltinės reikšmės kriterijus ir riboto leksinio junglumo kriterijus, kuriam įvertinti taikyti veiksmažodžio ar būdvardžio sinonimų pakeičiamumo ir (arba) daiktavardžių leksinių semantinių grupių testai. Vienas iš AK nustatymo kriterijų – riboto leksinio junglumo – buvo tikrinamas ir automatizuotai, vektorių metodu nustačius pakeičiamumo testui reikalingus sinonimus. Automatizuoto metodo taikymą sudarė šie etapai: 1) automatinis, kai vektorių metodu buvo surenkamos vektorių eilės su panašų kontekstą turinčiais žodžiais; 2) neautomatinis – vektorių eilių tvarkymas paliekant tik sinoniminiais ryšiais susijusius žodžius; 3) iš dalies automatinis etapas, kai kolokacijos buvo automatiškai susiejamos su konkrečiomis sinonimų eilėmis ir po peržiūros lingvistų patvirtinamos arba nepatvirtinamos kaip AK. Neautomatiniu metodu nustatyta apie pusė AK, automatizuotu metodu – apie trečdalis. Neautomatinei analizei taikytas ne vienas, o du atrankos kriterijai, todėl neautomatiškai nustatytų duomenų daug daugiau negu nustatytų automatizuotai. Nors JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ, JURGITA VAIČENONIENĖ. Arbitraliųjų lietuvių kalbos kolokacijų nustatymas | 35 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.06 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 automatizuotu metodu galima sumažinti subjektyvumą vertinant duomenis ir supaprastinti arbitralumo vertinimo procedūrą, tačiau pastebėta ir tai, kad arbitralumo pripažinimą lemia vektorių eilėje esantys sinonimai, taigi dalis AK gali likti neatpažintos. Vektorių metodu surinktus sinonimus reikia atskirti nuo kitais semantiniais ryšiais susijusių žodžių, tam reikalinga lingvisto patikra. Tačiau, nepaisant šio ribotumo, vektorių metodas yra tinkamas dideliam duomenų kiekiui apdoroti, o rankiniu įvertinti gausybės žodžių konteksto panašumą būtų sunku. Abiem metodais atpažintos kolokacijos sudaro tik penktadalį visų nustatytų AK, todėl yra pagrindo manyti, kad siekiant atpažinti AK svarbu taikyti tiek automatizuoto, tiek ir neautomatinio metodo teikiamas galimybes. JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ, JURGITA VAIČENONIENĖ. Arbitraliųjų lietuvių kalbos kolokacijų nustatymas | 36 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.06 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 IDENTIFICATION OF LITHUANIAN ARBITRARY COLLOCATIONS Summary In this article, we describe the methodological approaches of arbitrary collocation (AC) identification developed within the framework of an ongoing project “Arbitrary Collocations of Lithuanian: Identification, Description and Usage (ARKA)”. The object of this research is arbitrary collocations of the Lithuanian language the collocability of which is determined by lexical rather than semantic constraints. Such collocations do not directly reflect the non-linguistic reality and the relation between the collocates is arbitrary: although there may be several close synonyms, a particular one is preferred in a certain word combination (e.g. suprasti užuominą vs. *suvokti užuominą). The source of the research was the Database of Lithuanian Multiword Expressions encompassing over 12.000 collocations. The structural composition of the identified 2400 arbitrary collocations was as follows: adjective (participle)+noun, verb+noun, and noun+noun. Arbitrary collocations were determined by combining the manual linguistic analysis and semi-automatic methods of computational linguistics. The manual method included two major AC identification criteria: lexical restrictedness and (or) meaning transfer. Lexical restrictedness was measured using two tests: the synonym substitution of pre-modifier and (or) semantic field comparison of the head noun. Moreover, lexical restrictedness was also assessed using a semi-automatic approach by analyzing synonym pairs in the automatically generated vector strings. The semi-automatic approach consisted of three stages: (1) the automatic generation of vector strings with potential synonyms; (2) the manual vector string editing to reduce the noise, and (3) the semi-automatic process during which the collocations were compared to particular synonym pairs in vector strings and approved or not approved by linguists as arbitrary. Approximately half of ACs were detected by using the manual method based on two AC identification criteria, whereas about one-third of ACs were identified using the semiautomated method based on one criterion. On the one hand, the semi-automatic method can reduce the subjectivity in data evaluation and simplify the AC identification procedure. On JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ, JURGITA VAIČENONIENĖ. Arbitraliųjų lietuvių language collocations | 37 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.06 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 the other hand, as arbitrariness is determined on the basis of the available synonyms in the vector string, some ACs may not be identified because of the insufficient scope of the generated synonyms. Also, the automatically generated synonyms need to be manually analyzed to eliminate semantically unrelated words. Despite these limitations, the method is suitable for processing large amounts of the data. It would be difficult to manually assess the contextual similarity of such a large number of words. About one fifth of ACs were identified using a combination of both methods. These results suggest that different methodological approaches allowed the researchers to detect more arbitrary collocations. It is maintained that taking into consideration the mentioned advantages and disadvantages, the best results in the Lithuanian arbitrary collocation identification are acquired when combining both manual and semi-automatic methods. KEYWORDS: arbitrary collocations, Lithuanian, lexical restrictedness, vector space model, semi-automatic approach, linguistic manual approach. JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ, JURGITA VAIČENONIENĖ Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas Kristijono Donelaičio g. 58, 44248 Kaunas [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]