J. Jablonskis – lietuvių literatūrinės kalbos ugdytojas

Ll -E-TOU5-- V-1-1 K.A4-L-B:- O.-T.-Y. ROS CLAUSIMAIL. IV Li'T=E-T-- :U--V. O-8: T'S Ri: MO: KE 87 L IIA K'A DE-Mi1:.J A J. JABLONSKIS —LITHUANIA'S LITERARY LANGUAGE EDUCATION! K. ULVYDAS 19th century. late and 20th centuries The first decades in the history of the Lithuanian literary language are extremely significant: at this time the process of forming the Lithuanian nation and national language, the Lithuanian literary language, which began its development as early as the 16th century, took place most intensively and finally ended. in the middle of the 19th century, at that time it rose to a new level of national language, a new stage in the development of the national Lithuanian literary language began. J. Jablonskis occupies the most prominent place among linguists in the history of the formation of the Lithuanian national literary language. His contributions to Lithuanian language culture and Lithuanian language science are so significant and extensive that they would require detailed monographic studies. It is not for nothing that he has often been called the father of the Lithuanian literary language, its greatest educator. And in fact, all his creative activity from the very first years of university studies until the last breath of his life is dedicated to reviving and developing the Lithuanian literary language, to raising the Lithuanian language science. Born on December 30, 1860 in the village of Kubiliai, near K. Naumiestis, into a Lithuanian peasant family, spent his infancy and early childhood in his native village, from the age of 12 to 17 (at least during summer holidays) lived in In the shadows, near K. He was born in Naumiestis, then went on vacation to Rygiškiai, in the vicinity of Griškabūdis, where his parents had bought a farm. From the name of the village Rygiškiai came ir J. Jablonski's common nickname — Rygiškių Jonas. i Thus, J. Jablonskis spoke his very first words in the dialect, on the ta basis of which the Lithuanian national literary language was destined to be formed. From the native dialect of the Southern Highlands Western, or Suwalki, J. Jablonski did not depart from it all iš his life, he drew from it p mainly the substance for all his scientific works on language ir practice. To make it more prominent J. Jablonski, still a young ir child, strong character, it is important to remember the situation of ir Lithuanian language studies at that time. ! Abbreviated message read in December 1960 m. 24 d. Lietuvos TSR At the scientific conference organized by the Institute of ir Lithuanian Language and Literature of the J. "Jablonsk100 i's Birthday Anniversary". The Lithuanian language, ir despised and forgotten by the majority of the city’s inhabitants, persecuted ir and destroyed by the tsarist authorities, ir was only heard in the straw shelter. Here, since time immemorial, the difficult steps of working man’s life were accompanied by easy melodic and dreamy folk songs, raising the spirit of working people and ir inspiring them to hope for a better and brighter life; here on long winter evenings, often only with burning coals, the most fantastic fairy tales were followed, the most picturesque riddles were thought out, the inexhaustible folk smile sounded. The schools were extremely small, and ir Lithuanian was not taught in them. Tik Marijampolės (current In order to divert Lithuanian children from Polish influence, the tsarist authorities had allowed one weekly Lithuanian language lesson as an optional subject in the Kapsuko gymnasium (which J. Jablonskis graduated from in 1881). Although in J. Jablonski’s childhood and youth such significant works of Lithuanian fictional literature classics had already appeared, such as the immortal works of K. Donelaitis “Metai”, A. Baranauskas “Anykščių šilelis”, M. Valančiaus “Metai ir naktis” and J. ‘Palangos "Juzė" ir kt. but all this was still so scarcely distributed and so difficult to access and obtain, that there is nothing to say about the influence of those works on the young J. Jablonski. In Western Europe, the Lithuanian language was made famous by A. Šleicher, who wrote the first scientific grammar of the Lithuanian language in 1856. Exactly 20 years later, in 1876 (when J. Jablonskis was studying at the gymnasium), F. Kuršaitis published a detailed and very carefully written grammar of the Lithuanian language. The Lithuanian language, as one of the most important and relevant objects of research, was considered not only by the most famous linguists of Western Europe, but also by Russian linguists — such representatives of comparative- -historical Indo-European or Slavic language studies as A. Potebnia, F. Fortunatov, I. Boduen de Kurtene, and later A. Šachmatov and others. Of the Lithuanians themselves, A. Baranauskas and his student, the phenomenal linguist K. Jaunius, were the most involved in the study of the native language. With all this in mind, we must not forget that the czarist reaction suppressed any expression of Lithuanianness, even the mere reading of Lithuanian books printed in Lithuanian letters was considered a huge political crime, for which the most severe punishment was imposed. The Church spoke to the people the language in which were written "Broma, atverta ing viečnastį", "Shields of the Saints", "Hell", kantičkas and other church books. And this was at best, because otherwise in many places of Lithuania, especially in central, eastern and south-eastern Lithuania, mainly perhaps in Vilnius region, a large part of the priests were completely bent and could not maintain any contact with the Lithuanian "people, the people here were forcefully bent, their national consciousness suppressed. Even in Marijampolė high school, which was already a significant cultural center in Lithuania, the reactionary spirit prevailed, Polish bourgeois nationalism and chauvinism were deeply rooted. Many Lithuanian peasant children became ashamed of their parents ir jų language, eventually they completely renounced their nationality and native language. 6 It is understood that J. Jablonski had developed a strong character and took life seriously. His parents and relatives urged him not to go to the seminary, but to study. He studied classical philology at Moscow University, hoping to get a teaching position in Lithuania after graduating. If, while studying at the gymnasium, he admired the romantic views of T. Narbutas, A. Mickevičius, I. Kraševskis on Lithuania and sometimes considered himself a timeless Lithuanian, best characterized by the well-known old formula gente lituanus, natione polonus, then, while studying at the University of Moscow, educated by progressive Russian professors and surrounded by the healthy and creative atmosphere of that university, and also influenced by the rising Lithuanian national movement, he finally decided to devote all his energies to raising Lithuanian culture. Therefore, after receiving his diploma in 1885, he returned to Lithuania, hoping to join the work of popular education here. But with the graduation from university began a stormy, rich and creative J. Jablonski's life, full of trouble, pain, disappointment, suffering, struggles ir for light už and science. He held the position of po teacher for several years, but not in Lithuania, as he dreamed, but in Latvia — at the Mintauja gymnasium. Disliked by the tsarist authorities, he is moved even further from Lietuvos — į Tallinn. Russian Scientific The Academy commissioned him to edit the largest and most significant work of Lithuanian lexicography of the time — A. A Dictionary of Judo. Checking the ir vocabulary material, the summer holiday mind would drive over tu į Lithuania. 1900 m. summer, living In Lithuania, he together su P. Avižoniu wrote “Lithuanian Grammar”, published by the press iš played a 1901 m. ir great role in the history of Lithuanian literary language. Just because the hands of the czar's į gendarmes fell on the doctor of Palanga L. In Vaineikis’ letter to a prominent Lithuanian revolutionary V. Mickevičiui-Kapsukui, it was mentioned that there J. Jablonski is said to be able to obtain Lithuanian books, he is dismissed from work, the next iš year exiled o Lithuania. Along with su the father į exile takes place the ir older son in the year (1960 of death Lietuvos AcademiciMA an of the TSR Konstantinas Jablonski). Other family members stayed In Lithuania. Exile J. Jablonski settled down Pskov. It should be noted that ir in exile, as before the university ir In Tallinn, he continued to feel the patronage of advanced Russian scientists: Russian Scientific Academy, academics F. Fortunatov ir A. Chessmat's care, už A. The editor of the Yushka dictionary assigned him po 100 rb. monthly salary. Toji pat Russian Scientific The Academy arranged for him permissiiš on to return from exile į Lithuania. 1903 m. he settled in Šiauliai. Moved 1904 m. su family į Vilnius, J. Jablonskis tried to get involved in į press work, but, exploited by bourgeois publishers, could not feed his family, so he taught nė Lithuanian for a while in Vilnius gymnasiums, už šį work only with small allowances collected by the society. Later, the rights of a freelance teacher established He studied at the seminary jų of Panevėžys, where he taught Lithuanian language. Because of the director's intrigues had to rise į He graduated with a degree in Latin. Here, after a complete breakdown of health, exacerbating chronic kidney disease, moved į The curtain. 1911 m. published another extremely important work on grammar — 7 "The Syntax of the Lithuanian Language". When the First World War broke out, he worked for a while Velizh, Vitebsk Governorate, later — Voronezh, where many Lithuanians, especially students, had been evacuated. Here the disease had progressed so much that she ir jį couldn't walk. ir į lessons on wheels. While teaching Lithuanian language, together with other su teachers he prepared two parts of the reading books „Vargo be mokyklai“, "Our spelling" ir other language works. 1918 m. summer J. Jablonski is back į Lithuania ir settled In Vilnius, where the German occupiers were still rampant. Illness exhausted, be no wealth, he found himself again a family in su distress. However, less than nė half a year later, ir Soviet rule was proclaimed in Lithuania. Communist Party of China ir Temporary Tarybų The Lithuanian revolutionary government, assessing J. Jablonski's contributions to the culture and science of the ir Lithuanian people were recognized by a large one-time grant and a ir permanent salary. While living in Vilnius, he 1918 m. published a more extensive "Grammar of the Lithuanian language". But he did not enjoy the working conditions for long. Soviet power in Lithuania was suppressed. 1919 m. summer iš Vilniaus J. Jablonski has moved į Kaunas, where he taught Lithuanian language in o 1922 m. teacher courses, was elected to the newly established Honorary Professor of the Faculty of Humanities of Kaunas University. He was not ir satisfied with the title of honorary professor, as long as he could, he taught Lithuanian literary language to students. o, When he could no longer nė control his pen, he dictated his thoughts to others. That working in ir difficult conditions and being very ill, Jablonski J. Kaune 1922 m. issued the broad "Grammar of the Lithuanian language", 1925 m. — "Lithuanian language textbook for the first grades of secondary schools", 1928 m.— "Lissnius ir prefiksus". Be of these works, J. Jablonski in the last years of his life continued to continue 1883 m. He wrote and published many articles on various issues of language culture, ir language science, social life, literary pedagogical topics, many book reviews. ir ir Mirė J. Jablonski 1930 m. in February 23 d. He died in Kaunas, leaving no property, no houses or farms to his family, only a permanent memorial built by his own work. Jo widow spouse The University of Kaunas management only made great su efforts to provide a living allowance. The greatest of the most significant ir J. Part of Jablonski's written legacy is published in the series of writings? jo ir collections in the form of dvitomio- ®. Another part, e.g. : "Lithuanian language textbook for the first grades of secondary schools", ,, Vargo mokyklai" d., I ir II "A Short Description of the Land", "Fairy Tales", "Public Housing", "The Terrible Giant", "The Cave Man", "Several Student Translations" and a whole series of other translations and works?, which required iš J. Jablonski- 's a lot of time ir forces, here nejnė 2 The Writings of Jablonski (edited by J. Balčikonis), 1—5, Kaunas, 8J, 1932—1936. Jablonskis, Selected writings (composed of J. Palionis), 1—2, Vilnius, 4 1957—1959. J, for the bibliography of Jablonskis’ works see „Archivum philologicum”, 2, 15—37, 1931. . 8 Kaunas, goes. Collective translation of the text and its discussion with students in class or in the auditorium was chosen by Jablonski as one of the language teaching tools. Although some of these translations will now be considerably outdated in terms of content, at the time they were of great importance for the development of the Lithuanian literary language, for the consolidation of its orthographic, morphological and syntactic norms; from a linguistic point of view they are still relevant today, so they can often not even be compared with the translations made by many other translators. During his lifetime, J. Jablonskis has done a great deal of linguistic work, which was of great importance for the development of the Lithuanian literary language, and which cannot be expressed in volumes, pages or arcs. This includes his daily consultations, his many years of fruitful pedagogical activity, which required a lot of health and strength. Now, a hundred years after his birth and more than 30 years after his death, J. Jablonskis emerges before us as one of the greatest personalities not only in the history of Lithuanian literary language, but also in the history of Lithuanian culture. If we remember his constant forced transportation from one city to another, his exile, persecution, his difficult, simply devastating health struggle for a morsel of bread, his illness that progressed over many years to the point of death, and at the same time look at his expelled work bar in the field of the development of the Lithuanian literary language and the raising of the Lithuanian national culture, we will surely have to wonder where he, so early tired of the body and completely abandoned, drew so much unwavering will, energy, dedication and spiritual strength for his work, which all his life encouraged his determination to work on the development of the Lithuanian literary language and the Lithuanian language science. All his hard but precious life, all his work shows that he valued and loved nothing more than the truth in science and his native land, its people. Love for his native land and its people gave him the moral strength to fight, as he himself wrote, for bread, light and freedom for the exploited people. That love also gave his personality so much human brightness, nobility and charm that everyone who had come closer to him was amazed, and today everyone who gets acquainted with his life and works is still amazed. In his social activities, Jablonski did not coincide with any bourgeois parties, which were not lacking in his time. However, like many other intelligentsians of the time, he did not understand the importance of the class struggle or the revolutionary movement of working people, due to his limited social and political views. He sincerely believed that the people could be made happy only by raising the level of education. In characterizing Jablonski’s personality, it should be added that he loved not only his native language and his nation, but also the languages of other nations and the people who spoke those languages and their culture. Not only former Lithuanian students, but also representatives of other nations speak of him with great respect. In turn, Jablonski had an extremely respectful attitude towards his professors at the Moscow University, the most famous Russian linguists, F. Fortunatov and especially Prof. T. Korsha. He was grateful to them for exalting the Lithuanian language and encouraging them to devote themselves to its education and research. 9 “At the same time, he valued Russian linguistics, literature and advanced Russian culture. The Russian language helped him to form himself as a Lithuanianist. The most important source of J. Jablonski’s linguistic works and the criterion for the norms of the national literary language he developed was the spoken language of the people. He himself makes this clear already in the preface to his first grammar with the following words:,,.. the writer who wants to make a textbook of language must properly study the spoken language himself, because the written or written language should only be based on its laws... in consuming the works of writers to the language of men, one must be very careful: grammar needs to take from those works only those small ones that are directly drawn from the language of men and based on the laws of that language. And when using the language of people for the purpose of grammar, one must be careful: our nation has suffered from ancient times all kinds of foreign influences, which have greatly damaged the language of the people. In short, much of the language of the people itself is based on foreign languages: from foreign languages not only many foreign words have entered our language, but also a number of phenomena that pollute the language of our people. In addition to words and expressions that are truly Lithuanian, used among people since ancient times, there is a lot of garbage in our colloquial language. We must be able to separate this garbage from the grain, because grammar only needs to consume the grain of human language.”* The very basis of the national Lithuanian literary language, as well as the relationship between dialects and literary language, J. Jablonskis describes as follows: “The truths of written language are always represented by one dialect; Other dialects add to it only their best little things...If a written dialect lacks a word which is known only from other dialects, the writer must use that word, however he may find it; if the dialect of the writings does not contain any genuinely Lithuanian phenomena used in other dialects, the writer must use from other dialects; if the writer knows that the word he uses will be understood differently almost everywhere, he must, as far as possible, accommodate the readers and always take care that it is understood by the majority. By doing the same with other dialects and writing in "one" dialect, one can expect that the dialect of the writings will be understandable to the readers and will acquire all the truths of the "writing language". Thus, the language of this grammar will be the "simple Suvalkian dialect", only it will be, where necessary, reinforced and supported by other dialects"- *. Almost the entire period of J. Jablonski- ’s creative activity coincided with the period of the formation of the national Lithuanian literary language. In this way, he himself was able to directly observe the process of the formation of the Lithuanian national literary language and actively participate in it. His participation was very fruitful and significant because of his great erudition, common sense and deep intuition as a linguist. Of course, we should not overestimate the role of J. Jablonski, considering him the only educator of the Lithuanian national literary language and even its father, as it has sometimes been said, but we should nevertheless not forget that there is no other linguist in Lithuania who is so energetic, so clever, so well prepared theoretically, who works with such love on the education of the Lithuanian national literary language. Ibid., 1—2. 10 no. In this sense, J. Jablonskis was far ahead of the other two famous Lithuanian linguists — A. Baranauskas and K. Jaunius, who were unable to feel the lively and wide-ranging affairs of the forming Lithuanian nation and were unable to link them with their research work. In this sense, even the youngest member of the famous quartet, K. Būga, could not match J. Jablonski. While A. Baranauskas, and especially K. Jaunius and K. Būga, rushed to the heights of linguistics and amazed the authorities of both Western European and Russian linguistics with the novelty and originality of their findings, J. Jablonskis was devoted to the simplest everyday questions of the practice of the national Lithuanian literary language, from the quick, efficient and scientifically based solution of which the further path of development of the Lithuanian national literary language, the improvement of that language, depended greatly. Bourgeois scholars sometimes referred to Jablonski as an eclectic linguist. It should be noted that such a description of him is inaccurate and incorrect, because he followed a strict system when reading and interpreting the facts of language from various dialects and writings, always had a clear goal, and all his life was guided by a single criterion for checking the norms of literary language — the undamaged spoken language of the people. Although his work was predominantly realist and practical, it would be inaccurate to call him a linguist and a practitioner, as is often done. It is true that he is the greatest and most productive linguistic practitioner in the entire history of the Lithuanian literary language, in this regard no one can match him so far, but just as A. Juška was and still is the most famous Lithuanian lexicographer of all individual authors, K. Jaunius — the sharpest phoneticist and strict systematizer of phonetics, K. Būga — the most prominent comparative etymologist, accentologist and lexicologist, so J. Jablonskis remains an unsurpassed syntaxist. He was not only a literary critic, but also a literary theorist. It is true that some arrogant and self-righteous people have accused and still accuse J. Jablonski- ’s works on syntax of lack of originality, failure to distinguish between logic and grammar categories, following outdated textbooks on Russian language syntax, etc. But to the address of these pompoms it must be said that they, working under different, better conditions, still were unable to write more original works of syntax, where logic and grammar matters would not be confused. Many textbooks of Lithuanian language syntax published after J. Jablonski (M. Duris, P. Klima, Z. Kuzmickis, P. Meškauskas, etc.), although their authors in their introductions and other articles have sometimes talked quite a bit about various outdated and new directions of syntax and in the textbook text have used such phrases as Previously (for example, about sentences with homonymous parts) it was thought so.., and in the scientific literature it was thought so.. (some abstract, undefined, science!) proved that it is differently, etc., are nothing but reworkings of J. Jablonski’s works on syntax, in which even the same illustrative material is often repeated — the same examples of language read by J. Jablonski. We can safely say that all the grammar works of J. Jablonski, published in separate books, have preserved their theoretical and historical value, if not always their practical value. In the entire legacy of J. Jablonski, the works on grammar occupy the most prominent place. 11 They had the greatest significance for the development of the Lithuanian literary language, because they were widely used, read and processed. The frequent jų reworking of ir the tracking by them probably has to be explained by the fact that one is not properly nė adapted to the jų school purpose. It was really difficult for an uncreative teacher to teach according to them, especially in the lower classes. Nė in one there are no jų exercises of any strict thematic-methodoar logical material arrangement system. However, due to the conciseness of the content, the clarity of the language, ir the regularity, the unity of the terminology, ir simply classically selected examples, they were for many years an indispensable tool for learning the mother tongue both in school and in life. ir They all iš J. Jablonski’s works will ir mainly contribute to the consolidation of the diffusion of phonetic spelling and morphologicir al syntax norms of the ir Lithuanian literary language. ir To feel better J. The progressivity of Jablonsky's works on grammar, the clarity and simplicity of their language, let's just look at how the noun 1 is described. A. Baranausko, 2. K. Jauniaus and 3. J. Jablonski. 1. “A noun is a word that is merged from two words: noun-noun and becomes a word: noun. A noun is a pronoun or a nickname for any object. Objects of the vein are living, which can move their wave from the vein to another vein, as here: man, beast, bird, worm and others...; Others are still dead, whose wave cannot pass from one wave to another: tree, table, house, sun, iron and others… There are also things that are intended by the mind, such as: Dévas, duszia, aniolas, dvasia, szaltis, patience and so on. So things are divided: some are alive, others are dead. Living: Father, Angel, etc. Dead: karszt, szaltis, love, truth, etc.”* 2. ‘Nouns or substantives (nomen substantivum); This will be a difference. zēdjai zefiklina regimyn if inregimųn object names, such as, vyras, zmé~ na, arklys, avis, ąafizūlas, akmū, prėtas, įsmintis k.“8. if 3. "Words that denote the name of an object are called nouns or objects. Objects can be alive (human, animal, bird) and inanimate (trioba, or troba, earth, lake), visible (human, earth) and invisible (Diévas, mind, memory). The name of each such thing will be a noun"®. Although the sources of the quotes given here do not differ much according to the year of publication, their language and spelling are very different. It is true that these sources differ more according to the year of writing, but even this, it seems to me, does not determine their linguistic differences. These short quotations alone show that the language of J. Jablonski’s book is the simplest and most accessible to us, although that book, as we know, is the result of a great haste: it was written in just one summer, based on the manuscript of P. Avižonis- ’s short grammar. 7 Kalbomokslis 1étuviszkos kalbos, iszduotas per LL Tilžėje 1896, 22. 8 K. 51Bnnc, I pavuMarHukKa JIKTOBCKOTO $3blKa, JIKHTOBCKHH OpHrHHAaJI RH pycCCKHŪ nepeBoA, 47, Ilerporpan, 1908—1916 (liet. dalis). ® Petras Kriaušaitis, Lithuanian Grammar, 8, Tilžė, 1901. 12 The great advantage of J. Jablonski (compared to other linguists) is that he was able to distinguish and highlight what was progressive and important in the process of the development of the Lithuanian national literary language. He tried to immediately clarify and remove any obstacles to this process. He understood that the language of ecclesiastical writings, full of jargons, which had been used by the clergy for centuries, could in no way be taken as the basis of the national Lithuanian literary language. Elements of the language of the ecclesiastical writings, contaminated with jargon, were still abundant in the 19th century. end of the 20th century in the clerical press. Gold was not the language of the bourgeois liberal press either. Even though it was oriented towards the dialect of the Southern Highlands, it still required considerable maintenance and improvement. It was also crammed with such dictionary foreign words or new creations of losers, as parėdkas, rėdytojas, rėdikas, tavoras, metturgis, nabašninkas, grekonis, rymionis, kritikavoti, ateitinė (future), apšviestūnas, tamsūnas, sandarbininkas, antgalvis, guodojimas, šenavojimas, mokslinyčia (school), mokslainė (and so on), mokslinčius and so on, such syntax errors and clutter, as einu ant vakzalo, mokėjo ne brangiau kaip tris rublius, dėl sausų vasaros, apsivedė latviais, tikslingai ilgai tęsia su (singing) to prevent Lithuanians from singing, ride warm fur coat, give up opinion mill in Radviliškis, speak in natural language with such language weeds ir t. t. Su J. Jablonski fought decisively for about half a century. and, it must be admitted, rounded off the jų Lithuanian literary language. Having studied well the classical, other Slavic ir languages, he quickly and easily felt what ir was imposed on the Lithuanian language by the country, what was not characteristic of it, iš what damaged its national specificity. ir That, while ir extremely exalting the uncorrupted by foreign influences folk spoken language, considering it ir the criterion ją of literary language norms, Jablonski had J. not waved his hand ir į the classics of the — best Lithuanian writers. He particularly appreciated K. Donelaitis, S. Daukantas, M. Valantis, Žemaitė, J. Biliūnas and ir other writers. The language of the works of fictional literature was another important source of his-language works. Į He looked very critically at ir the sources of his research work, checking everything with the same criterion in the spoken language of the people, cleaned of — foreign plaques. He insisted on the unity and purity of the Lithuanian literary language and są did not tolerate any anarchy in language practice. ir ir Perhaps because of to his somewhat iš lesser linguistic education, people sometimes reproached him for overly strict adherence to established canons and overly extensive ir binding of literary language to those canons. But, bearing in mind the fluctuation to of the literary language norms of the time, such ir J. Jablonski's strictness can only be considered a progressive phenomenon. Be jo strict lines would hardly have been able ar to live out such dictionary, phraseology syntax ills as betvarkė ir (disorder), nedarbas (unemployment), laisvė (liberty), pripratdyti, prisiųsti (send), pigs detention in winter, virš dešimties, įsitėmėti, skaityti kaltu, priešsėdis, įteikti pinigus sulig nurodyto adreso a huge number of others. ką ir If those ills had not been overcome in time, it is really difficult to say where iš "the path of development of the Lithuanian literary language would have been taken. 13