Šešupės ir Jiesios intakai

LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, VI LIETUVOS TSR MOKSLŲ AKADEMIJA TRIBUTARIES OF THE ŠEŠUPĖ AND JIESIA J. SENKUS I. A Review of Names from the Perspective of Linguistics The Šešupė and Jiesia flow into the Nemunas from the left, the former near Ragainė, the latter at Kaunas. The Šešupė’s course runs mostly through the area of the kapsai and zanavykai dialects, while the Jiesia runs through the second kapsai area, partly separating it from the Central Aukštaitian dialect area. Among the names of the tributaries of the Šešupė and Jiesia basins, as in those of other basins, there are quite a few that are of great interest to linguistics. A considerable number of these names are quite old—of Baltic or even Indo-European origin. Among the more interesting or older river names in the Šešupė and Jiesia basins, for example, are: Aistà, Gazdà, Jotijà, Jūré, Keklys, Kisnà, Nóva, Orijà, Pentà, Pilvė, Sasnà, Sūduonìa (Sūduónė), Šeimenà, Vilkaujà, and others. The Šešupė and Jiesia also belong to this group of names. Some of the river names mentioned above, and others like them, recorded in various forms, are also found in old documents, scholarly works, dictionaries, and elsewhere. For example, the name Šešupės appears in vol. III of “Scriptores rerum Prussicarum,” pp. 189, 274, written in two ways, namely: Szeszupe and Suppe. A letter from Vytautas dated 1422 states: „fluvium S c h r e v i n t a (toliau ten rašoma S c h i r w y n t a — J. S.) intrat in fluvium S c h i s s c h u p p a“1. On p. 332 of his “Geographical Dictionary of the Ancient Samogitian Land of the 16th Century,” J. Sprogis writes Шешупя and refers to the stream name Шетупъ, whose entry again repeats the name Шешупя2. According to R. Schmidtlein, in inventories the Šešupė is written in several different ways, namely: Šešupa, Šesupa, Sesupa, Šešuv i Sesuv. On the basis of the last form, Schmidtlein believes that formerly, instead of Šešupė, there must have been 1 Э. А. Волтер, Списки населенных мест Сувалкской губернии, Санктпетербург, 1901, р. 4. In this article, old documents are used only to a limited extent, and the criteria for the antiquity of hydronyms are likewise touched on only briefly. We will try to do more on this in the future. 2 See J. Ya. Sprogis, Geographical Dictionary of the Ancient Samogitian Land of the 16th Century, Vilna, 1888. Why Sprogis places Šešupė in the same entry as Šetupė (Šetupis), and which river here is the Šešupė—the left or right tributary of the Nemunas—is unclear. 213 be *Šešuva³. It is regrettable that the author does not specify in which inventories, exactly, the present-day name Šešupė is written differently. One may suspect that Schmittlein confuses this river with the names of other rivers, and that the explanation itself therefore seems rather unreliable. K. Būga often mentions river names, especially old ones, in his works and draws on them. More than one river name from the Šešupė or Jiesia basins has caught his attention. For example, he writes: “Using the comparative method, linguists, it may be presumed, will discover a whole series of river names that will have to be acknowledged as inherited from the Proto-Indo-European language. In my view, such names may include... Lithuanian Nova⁴. It should be emphasized that linguists regard the following names mentioned above, among others, as especially ancient Baltic or Indo-European names: Jūrė, Keklys, Kirsna, Orija, Pentà, Siesartis, Seimenà, Šešupė, Vilkaujà, and so on.⁵ For example, the root of Siesartė is compared with Old Indian sisarti ‘it flows, runs’;⁶ Kirsna with the Old Prussian word kirsnan ‘black’; Sasnà with the word sasnis or sasnas, which meant ‘hare’ in Old Prussian;⁷ while Keklys is recognized as a remnant of the Curonian language. The latter name may be identical to the name of the old region of northwestern Žemaitija, which is written in sources in two ways, Ceclis and Cecklis; its root is thought to be kek- (cf. kėkė, kėkulas ‘lump, clod’, kek-tà ‘group, crowd, bunch’) and it has cognates in other Indo-European languages.⁸ Some of the river names mentioned share a root with other names. For example, Šuduonia is probably inseparable from the name Šuduvõs. As we know, the name of the Zanavykai dialect is associated with the name of the Nõva River, while the name of the Jotvingians (Jotvingians) may perhaps be linked to the name of the Jotija River. K. Būga points out that the Jotvingian is a derivative of the primary name (river name) *Jotva, and the name of the Jótva River is inseparable from the river name Jotija⁹. It is known that many settlement names derive from river names. Quite a few such names also derive from the names of tributaries of the Šešupė or Jiesia. This can be confirmed by comparing, for example, the following settlement names with river names: a) formations without a prefix: Alksnėnai — Alkšnė, Gulbinai and Gulbiniškiai — Gulbinas, Pilviškiai — Pilvė, Pentiškiai — Pentà, Sasnavà — Sasnà, Vilkaviškis — Vilkaujà; b) names formed with a prefix, especially the numerous names with the prefix pa-: Pajevonys — Jevónis, Pajiesys — Jiesià, Parausiai — Raùsvė, Pasūduonys — Šuduonià, Pašeimeniai — Seimenà; c) those derived from river names with te- ³ Žr. R. Schmittlein, Etudes sur la nationalité des Aestii, t. 1, Toponymie lituanienne, Hofstetten (Bade), 1948, p. 114—115. ⁴ Žr. K. Būga, Upių vardų studijos ir aisčių bei slavėnų senovė, „Tauta ir žodis“, kn. I, Kaunas, 1923, p. 14. ⁵ Plg. K. Būga, min. darbas, p. 17 ir kt., R. Schmittlein, min. darbas, p. 101, 109, 112, 114, 125, 127 ir kt. ⁶ Plg. P. Skardžius, Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba, Vilnius, 1941, p. 24. ⁷ Plg. K. Būga, Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, sąs. II, Kaunas, 1924, p. LXXX ir LXXIII. ⁸ Plg. K. Būga, Lietuvių įsikūrimas šių dienų Lietuvoje, „Tauta ir žodis“, kn. II, Kaunas, 1924, p. 12; V. Grinaveckis, Dėl kai kurių vietovardžių kilmės, „Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai“, t. III, Vilnius, 1960, p. 322, 323. ⁹ Žr. K. Būga, Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, sąs. II, p. LXXXVIII. 214 place names that differ by their stem-final element or do not differ from them at all: Guzdai — Gazda, Jūrė — Jūrė, Krosnė — Krosna, Šlavanta, Šlavančiai — Šlavanta, Višakis — Višakį10. From the point of view of word formation, a large proportion of the river names in the Šešupė and Jiesia basins are compound, with two stems. Some of them are quite interesting, though not always easy to explain. Among the more interesting two-stem river names are: Aukšpirtą, Klūšgiris, Leimantas, Menčtrakis, Mergūtrakė, Nóvar aistis, Sėnšėšupė, Sūrmiškis and others. Very strange ones also occur among them, for example: Striūngia-brūzis, Strūmbagalvė. There are also river names such as Višakis which, at first glance, may seem to some to be compound, with two stems. Therefore, in this case, deeper analysis is required. Višakį is compared by K. Būga with Merštakiu (a tributary of the Lielupė near Žeimelis), Smalakiu and Várlakiu (Varlakys, “a stream in the vicinity of Betygala”); for instance, he says that “the river name Smalakis differs in no way in its composition from the river name Višakis of the Suvalkai region”¹¹ and that “Várlakis differs in no way in its composition from other river names ending in -akis12.” P. Skardžius calls the component -akis an extended suffix, found in Merštakis and Višakis13. Perhaps the greatest number of names of Šešupė and Jiesia tributaries are those whose first elements are roots of various common nouns or (less often) personal names, while the second elements are upė, upis (upys), upa, upelis (upėlis, upaitis), for example: Akmėnupis (Akmenupis), Báltupis, Bártupė, Dainupis, Églupis, Gėdupėlis, Gėdup is (Gedupỹs), Girnupėlis, Jótupis, Júodupė, Júodupelis, Kriokupỹs, Kumpupaitis, Lankupà, Molupỹs, Nėnupė, Ožkupỹs, Skriáudupis, Šveintupė, Vilkupis (Vil kupỹs) and others. There are about 150 such river names in the Šešupė and Jiesia basins. Most are in the Zanavykai region. Among the Nova tributaries alone, there are more than 10 such names. These include: Aíksnupis (also Eíksnupis), Béržupis, Burliókupis, Kač̌upis, Mõčkupis, Poškupis, Rõgupis, Sparvinupis, Šilupė, Tamõšupis, Vinkšnupỹs. River names formed in this way are also abundant in other parts of the territory of the Lithuanian SSR. Among these two-stem river names of Šešupė and Jiesia tributaries, some names are shared by several streams, 10 Cf. J. Balčikonis, Names of Lithuanian Settlements Derived from the Names of Rivers and Lakes, „Lingua Posnaniensis“, vol. 7, Poznan, 1959, pp. 240—252. There are quite a few settlement names that must be compared very cautiously with river names having similar roots. For example, the village name Pentupiai in the Ąžuolų Būda area of Kazlų Rūda district may not derive from Penta. First, there is currently no stream called Penta in that district (Pėnta is found only in Šakiai district, about 40 km from Pentupiai); second, Pentupiai may have arisen phonetically from Penkupiai, since in fact five small streams lie close together in that area. Nevertheless, this explanation resembles folk etymology, and it should be assumed that Penkupiai originated differently: for example, one of those five small streams may have been called Pentupė, from which Pentupiai could also have arisen. 11 See K. Būga, Studies of River Names and the Antiquity of the Balts and Slavs, „Tauta ir žodis“, book I, p. 37. 12 See K. Būga, ibid., p. 43; also cf. p. 14. 13 See P. Skardžius, Lithuanian Word Formation, p. 125. 215 e.g.: Bėržupis, Kiaulupė, Rūd upis have 3 each, Juodupė and Mėckupis — 4 each, Vil kupis (Vilkupys) — 514. The first element of these compound names is the more interesting; moreover, the variations in the second element are also distinctive15, and especially the stem-final element in upa (Lankupė). It may be thought that these compound river names are not very old; more precisely, the second element is not old here. That this may indeed be so can be inferred, at least in part, from the Šešupė example mentioned at the outset, whose old form may perhaps have been Šešuva. There are relatively few river names formed from word combinations, that is, compound river names—we can point to only the following: Barčių upėlis, Barsukyno upėlis, Mažoji Aukspirta, Palaičių upėlis, Paukštynių upėlis, Strepetinės upėlis. Such river names are not old. They are also few in number in other parts of the Lithuanian SSR. There are somewhat more genitive-formed compound lake names in Lithuania. Compound river names whose first element is a pronominal adjective can be cited almost exclusively as: Mažoji Aukspirta. There are few prefixed names among the names of tributaries of the Šešupė or Jiesia. The clearer and more frequent river names formed with prefixes are only those with the prefix pa-, e.g.: Pabališkis, Pagrau žys, Pašiekštupis. There appear to be no river names in this region with other prefixes, except for the only two names with at- and už-, namely: Atšlėtė, Užupis. The name Ańtupelis, although it is stressed with falling intonation, may nevertheless be disyllabic, with a formation similar to, for example, Ančiupis. Suffixal river names should be mentioned separately. Among the consonantal suffixes occurring in the names of tributaries of the Šešupė and Jiesia, the following may be noted: -i j a (Jotija, Orija, Reketija), -e i k a (Judreika), -e i k i s (Brideikis), -u k a s, -u k ė (Jiesiūkė, Judriūkė, Lembūdukas, Trumpūkas, Žasinūkas), -i š k i s, -i š k ė (Adverniškė, Bagdžiškė, Dūdiškis, Kiauliškė, Pabališkis), -k l ė (Kafklė), -l y s (Krioklys), -e l i s, -e l ė (Graižėlis, Novėlė, Žarstėlė, Želsvėlė), -ė l i s (Ežerėlis, Šešupėlis), -a m a s (Dótamas), -i m a s (Lydimas), -e n a (Bambenà), -m e n a (Šeimenà), -i n i s, -i n ė (Eglinis, Dóvinė, Kermušinis, Meškinis, Meškinė, Plaušinė, Stirninė, Stumbrinė, Šarinis, Vilktinis, Žagarinis), -i n a s (Gulbinas), -y n a s, -y n ė (Kermušynas, Klio kynė, Ruškynas), -o n a (Lieponà), -o n i s, -u o n y s (Jevónis, Girmuonys), -r ė (Jūdrė), -o r ė (Kalnórė), -s ė (Bálsė), -a š a (Lašąšà), -y t ė (Vasakýtė), -o t a s (Laukščiotas), -u t ė (Pentūtė), -a n t a (Šlavantà), -a n t ė (Kregždantė), -a i t i s (Keklāitis, Kumpupaitis, Nópaitis), -(s)vė (Raušvė), -u v a (Valčiuvà). Names with the same root also occur with a diminutive suffix, namely: Jiesia and Jiesiūkė, Jūdrė and Judriūkė, Keklys and Keklaitis, Nóva and Novėlė, Pentà and Pentūtė, Šešupė and Šešupėlis. 14 Of course, river names formed in other ways also recur, e.g.: Gulbinas, Orija, Pentà, Rūdė. 15 Quite often, even the same stream has two neighboring forms of the second element: the same gender but different stem-final vowels, or different genders, e.g.: Gėdup is and Gedupys, Ožkupis and Ožkupys, Skriaudupė and Skriaudupis. 216 These are only some of the characteristic suffixes in the names of tributaries of the Šešupė and Jiesia. Of course, river names also occur, for example: Amalvė, Šeimena, whose suffix is rare or may be understood and interpreted in different ways. Some sources also list Pentalė—a right-bank tributary of Penta II, which flows into Penta I, and Penta I into Nova16. We know that the suffix -alė, except in substantivum mobile words, for example, dreiskalius, -ė, is Samogitian. Therefore, the Zanavykai river name Pentalė, if it is not a proofing error, may be an interesting linguistic fact, bearing traces of the former affinity between the Samogitian and Zanavykai dialects. The suffix -(i)ūtis in the Kapsai (Pajevonys) river name Smailiūtis should also be mentioned separately; it has no equivalents at all in common words in this region. I have not heard it in surnames here either. It is noteworthy that, with very few exceptions, the roots and suffixes of river names in the Šešupė and Jiesia basins are Lithuanian or Baltic. Only a few new names of foreign origin, or elements forming such names, occur, and then usually only as names for small streams or streams known to few people, for example: Brazamōskas, Brōkinis, Reketkà (rare) alongside Reketijos, Ute-linka. As already mentioned, some river names in this area are of Indo-European origin, although the etymology of some, for example, Šeimena, may also be interpreted in different ways17. Many river names are also of more recent origin. Perhaps most of these are the previously mentioned two-root river names with -up- as the second component. A considerable number of the names of rivers and streams in the Šešupė and Jiesia basins are related in meaning or origin to various features of the channel, banks, or water, after which people named those rivers in one way or another. Such features and characteristics, and river names based on them, include, for example: a) water color: Juodupė, Juodupis, Raudenyčia, Rausvė, Rūdė, Skāistis; Kirsnà also belongs here; in Old Prussian, it meant “Black River, Black Stream”; b) the river’s (water’s) current and flow—the manner of flowing: Jūdrė, Judriū-kė, Grāužė, Grāužupis, Krioklys, Kriokupys; c) the river’s size, depth, or, in general, shape: Didupis, Ežerėlis, Prūdupėlis, Smailiūtis, Trumpūkas; d) the riverbed: Akmėnupis, Geležynupis, Geležupis, Klamūpis, Mólė, Molupys, Pūrvė, Rūdūpis, Žvirgždė, Žvirgždūkas; e) water temperature: Šaltupis. Of course, these features—for example, water color—may also depend on the riverbed; consequently, the emergence of river names from the features mentioned here cannot always be strictly linked to just one of them, for example, the river name 16 For example, see M. Lasinskas, J. Macevičius and J. Jablonskis, Lietuvos TSR upių kadastras, vol. 1, Vilnius, 1959, p. 188. This publication also contains other names that do not correspond to present-day folk-language data, for example, Rokupė. 17 See Die altpreussischen Ortsnamen gesammelt und sprachlich behandelt von G. Gerullis, Berlin und Leipzig, 1922, p. 251; P. Skardžius, Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba, p. 233; A. Vanagas, Akmena, Lašmuo ir kiti panašios darybos upėvardžiai, „Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai“, vol. 4, Vilnius, 1961. 217 We could associate the origin of Rūdupis not only with the characteristics of its bed but also with the color of its water; Geležynupis, Geležūpis not only with the riverbed but also with the water temperature; or, for example, the river names Krioklys, Kriokupys may be considered sound-imitative, inseparably associated also with the strength of the current and flow. There are also quite a few river names derived from the names of various trees and other plants, birds, wild animals, livestock, fish, insects, and other creatures, for example: a) trees: Alksnė, Bėžupis, Eglinis, Eglupis, Kašklė, Lieponė, Obelūpis, Ūosupelis, Vinkšnupys; b) plants: Mėžubalė, Rūškynas, Samanupis, Žolupis; c) birds: Ančiupis, Gaŕnupelis, Gulbinas, Kėkštupis, Sakalupis, Strazdupysis, Šarkyčia, Vaŕnupelis; d) livestock and wild animals: Aviniškė, Barsukynas, Briedupis, Kiaulyčia, Kiauliškė, Kiaulupė, Kumėlupis, Meškinė, Ožkupys, Ožupis, Ožupelis, Stirninė, Stumbrinė, Šernupis, Ūdrupis, Ūdrupys, Vilkupis, Voverupelis; e) insects and other creatures: Blūsupis, Dėlupis, Vaŕliaupis, Vėžupis. Regarding the origin of river names in connection with the physical or other characteristics of a river or stream, it should be noted that there may be rivers and streams whose names’ meanings today do not correspond to their physical or similar reality, or even completely contradict it. For example, the tributaries of Nova and Pilvė Didupis and Didžupis are very small streams. Or, for example, Blūsupis is probably so named because it is small. Some tributaries of the Šešupė and Jiesia have also received names derived from personal names (most often surnames) or the names of settlements (villages, etc.), for example: Močkupis, Pračkūpis, Švedupys, Tamošupis. From these few examples, we can already see that they are compounds of two roots, with the root up- as the second element. River names of this origin are relatively few, and are probably not old. It should be emphasized that among the river names in the Šešupė and Jiesia basins there are about 50 that do not occur elsewhere in the Lithuanian SSR or among the names of tributaries in other basins. We will list here most of them, including the more noteworthy ones, namely: Aistą, Aukspirta, Dōvinė, Gazdą, Ūglė, Jevōnis, Jotiĭa, Jōtupis, Keklys, Keklaitis, Krosną, Laukščiōtas, Nėnupė, Nōva, Novėlė, Pāikis, Pentā, Pentūtė, Pilvė, Sasna, Sūduonia, Sėdvyga, Šeimenā, Šiulė, Tūrupis, Vaňdupė, Vasakytė, Viemuonia, Višakis, Žarstėlė. One could also add here such particularly interesting river names, unique in the Lithuanian SSR, as Vabalkšnė, Vilkauja, although their roots may recur in other toponyms. Among the less noteworthy river names, mention may be made of personal-name-derived river names in the Šešupė basin, such as Milupė, Noreikupė, Tamošupis, and others, which likewise occur nowhere else. Another large group of river names consists of names used not only for tributaries in the Šešupė and Jiesia basins but also for tributaries of other Lithuanian SSR rivers. Among the names recurring two, three, or more times within the territory of the Lithuanian SSR, some of the more interesting examples are: Balsė, Gulbinas, Jūd­rė, Jārė (: Jūria — Tauragė district), Juodupė, Orijà, Siesartis, Šaltupis, Širvinta, Švent- 218 River (Šventupis), Vėžupis (Vėžupis), Vinkšnupis, (Vinkšnupis, Vinkšnupys). Of these, perhaps the most numerous (several dozen each) are Juodupė (Juodupis) and Šalupis. There are opinions18 that watercourse names which recur frequently show signs of antiquity, but this view does not apply to all names, especially those of tributaries in the Šešupė and Jiesia basins. One may suppose that many names of tributaries of the Šešupė and Jiesia, precisely because they recur nowhere else in the territory of the Lithuanian SSR (although, of course, some such river names may have similar counterparts in other Baltic languages), are among the oldest. Let us compare the river names mentioned above, for example: Aistą, Gazdą, Jotiją, Keklįs, Pentą, Sūduonią, Šeimeną and others. That there are quite a few river names familiar in more than one area of the Lithuanian SSR is, as K. Būga says, really nothing to wonder at: such names, though not all of them, are still also either common nouns or derivatives of common nouns19. In addition, some river names may have been brought in from elsewhere. K. Būga, for example, considers the names Širvinta and Siesartis in the Suwałki region to be of this kind. According to him, the original homeland of these river names is Eastern Lithuania, or, as he puts it, the Vilnius region, where Širvintā and Siesartis still exist to this day20. Attention should also be drawn to the accentuation of river names. Certain archaic features have been preserved more often in the accentuation of river names than in that of common nouns. For example, the old acute accent has been preserved in the diminutive river-name suffixes -aitis and -ytė; in common nouns these suffixes are generally now pronounced with a circumflex accent in this area. Compare, for example, the river names Keklaitis, Kumpupaitis, Vasakytė with the common nouns kepalaitis, vežimaitis, mergytė, žuvytė. The archaic accentuation of river names is also evident in the fact that some of them, for example those with the suffix -inė, such as Dóvinė, Žvikinė, are accented on the root rather than on the suffix. Older people consistently use the acute accent when pronouncing river names such as Gráužė, Páukis, Pilvė, Váiliškas, whereas younger people sometimes already use the circumflex accent, for example, Pilvė21. River names exhibit not only variation in form, but also alternative accentuation and variants. For example, compound river names formed with the second element and the word upis have two possible accentuations: on the first and second elements, more precisely, (a) on the root or suffix of the first word, or (b) on the root of the second word. Examples of names accented on the root of the first word, or sometimes on its suffix, include: Gražupis, Girnupis, Klamupis, Skriāudupis, Sparvinupis, Šiekštupis, Tamošupis, Tūrupis, Vilkupis, Vỹžupis. There are fewer river names accented on the root of the second word; examples include: 18 Cf. R. Schmittlein, cited work, p. 76. 19 See K. Būga, Studies on River Names and the Antiquity of the Aestii and Slavs, “Tauta ir žodis”, vol. I, p. 16. It may also be supposed that all place names derive from common nouns or personal names. 20 See K. Būga, ibid. The headwaters of the Eastern region’s Širvinta are in the Nemenčinė district, those of the Siesartis in the Molėtai district, and both rivers flow into the Šventoji. 21 Of course, there are also similar river names that have been pronounced with the circumflex accent since antiquity, for example, Graižė. 219 Geležupis, Gražupis, Obelupis, Sakalupis, Samanupis. It seems impossible to determine a clear basis for this double accentuation. Even the very same hydronyms (of the same stream, or of another stream with the same name) are sometimes accented in two different ways, e.g.: Akmenupis and Akmenupis, Vėžupis and Vežupis. The first accentuation seems likely to be older. Moreover, accentuation may perhaps also be related to word formation. Adjacent examples of accentuation also occur in other cases, for example: a) different accent positions and accent paradigms: Jūdrė and Judrė, Orijà — gen. Orijos and Orijõs (cf. Jotijà, Jotijõs); b) different pitch accents, e.g.: Naũsupė and Náusupė (rare). The falling-rising pitch accent here is arguably newer, perhaps having arisen due to dialectal influence or other causes. In the names of tributaries of the Šešupė and Jiesia, one of the most difficult and confusing questions is the relationship between the dialectal elements a and e at the beginning of a word. This question is particularly important when standardizing place names and hydronyms, and therefore calls for considerable caution. For example, the Zanavykai hydronym Álnupio cannot be restored as Elnupį because: first, the Zanavykai dialect turns word-initial a in standard Lithuanian into e—they pronounce, for example, ekėčios, ekmuõ, but do not treat this hydronym in that way; second, they do not have the word elnias, but call it briedžiu; third, this hydronym may in fact contain the ancient root al-, attested also in other hydronyms or lake names, e.g.: Alnà (a stream in Lazdijai District), and a lake of the same name, Al̃nas22; moreover, cf. Álnis (a lake in Molėtai District), and Álnės upėlis in the same area. That confusion occurs even in clear cases involving word-initial a and e is vividly demonstrated by the fact that two tributaries bearing the same name are sometimes written in two different ways: some standardizing dictionaries, taking dialect into account, give, for example, Álksnė and Elksnė23. Although in the Kapsai dialect, where both these hydronyms are known, they are indeed pronounced in two ways—namely, Kapsai II (Kapsukas, etc.) has Álksnė, while Kapsai I in some places, for example around Pilviškiai, has Elksnė—it nevertheless seems clear that the standard form should be only Álksnė. The Kapsai hydronym Aistà is interesting. Today it is not dared to be converted into Eistą, and therefore the name of the village derived from it, Aistiškių, should likewise not be restored as Eistiškius, as some publications do24. Although in the part of the Kapsai dialect area where Aistà is best known, standard Lithuanian e is rendered as a, the question of the relationship between a and e in place names containing this root is not so easy to resolve; therefore, neither Aistõs nor, consequently, Aistiškių can be considered a dialectal form. Cf. also, for example, Aisė (a stream in Kretinga District), Aisetas (a lake near Labanoras), and others.25 22 K. Būga considers the hydronym Alnà to be Yotvingian (see his Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, fasc. I, p. 63). 23 Žr. Lietuvių kalbos rašybos žodynas, Kaunas, 1948, p. 384, 393. Be to, ypač nevykusiai daroma, rašant upėvardį Elksnė, o iš jo kilusį ten pat esantį gyvenamosios vietos vardą — Alksnėnai. 24 See, for example, Lietuvos TSR administracinis-teritorinis suskirstymas, Vilnius, 1959, p. 687. 25 For more detail, see K. Būga, Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, fasc. I, pp. 24, 25; B. Savukynas, Ežerų vardai, „Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai“, vol. 3, p. 292. 220 There are also other, more difficult to explain matters, perhaps related to dialect, for example, Yglė (a stream in Kapsukas District) is always pronounced and written thus, whereas Igliūka and Igliškėliai (place names of settlements located in the same district)26. The river names reviewed here are all singular. In general, plural forms are quite rare among river names. They occur more often in lake names. It would be possible, and of course necessary, to review and analyze the river names presented here much more broadly and from several other perspectives as well; however, the author’s first aim is to publish the material itself, in as much detail and as fully as possible. To this end, an alphabetical list—a glossary—of the tributaries of the Šešupė and Jiesia is included here. Once such material on hydronyms, or material of a similar kind, begins to be published, and especially once a register of river and lake names is printed, a solid basis will be established for valuable and significant explanations and broad conclusions. This, it may be assumed, is the rational course for work and research in toponymy. The glossary contains more than 400 names of rivers and streams. About 50 rivers and streams have names that recur, for example: Juodupė, Rūd-upis, Skriaudupis, Vilkupis, and others; thus, there are about 350 names with distinct roots, most of them belonging to the Šešupė basin, while only a small number—about 30—belong to rivers and streams in the Jiesia basin. This glossary was compiled primarily on the basis of the place-name materials held at the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and Literature (the card index and lists), collected from spoken language. A considerable portion of this material was recorded by the compiler of the glossary himself, who began collecting it 25 years ago. The indication of where the rivers and streams listed in the glossary flow into a larger (older) river was determined mainly on the basis of the data in the aforementioned materials and the “Cadastre of the Rivers of the Lithuanian SSR”27. It was not possible to determine where some streams, particularly small ones, flow into another river, or otherwise to locate them. The glossary aims, as far as possible, to indicate stress position and intonation or stress paradigm, but for some names it was not possible to learn or determine the stress pattern or other details, even though recently the compiler questioned one or another dialect speaker and consulted various other sources28. Some smaller streams whose names were recorded long ago have now disappeared as a result of land reclamation or similar causes. Their names, too, are generally no longer known, so it is now almost impossible to verify them with dialect speakers. This work is confined to the names of rivers and streams, past and present, within the territory of the Lithuanian SSR. The names of rivers and streams in the Šešupė basin located in Kaliningrad Region and in the territory of the Polish People’s Republic are not included in the glossary. Some of the better-known ones may be mentioned, for example, those in Kaliningrad Region: Aiksnupė, Bālupė, Bādūpė, Dirvōnupė, Ežerūpė, Liepond, Lėpupė, Prūdūpė, 26 For some other dialectal features, see the notes in the glossary included here. 27 Cf. M. Lasinskas, J. Macevičius and J. Jablonskis, Cadastre of the Rivers of the Lithuanian SSR, Vilnius, 1959, vol. I. 28 For example, M. Paškevičiūtė, Place Names of Kalvarija District, diploma thesis, 1960 (manuscript in the Department of Lithuanian Language, Vilnius State University named after V. Kapsukas). The thesis contains very few names of rivers and streams, and those that are included were recorded rather poorly. 221 Raušvė, Skūrupė, Vėžupė; Polish People’s Republic: Juodupė, Peisė, Vižainė. Of course, the glossary does not claim to provide a completely exhaustive and accurate list of the rivers and streams in the area covered. Some of the names given here, as already mentioned, have not been definitively explained. Some river names in the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and Literature’s existing toponymic index cards, e.g., Arkliūnykė (Šilavotas), have not been included in the glossary because they raise various doubts. This glossary and list can be expanded and revised in the future. Additional material might be found especially in more remote places. That this may indeed be so is also evident from recently published information about the streams in the Mikolava Forest, in the Ąžuolų Būda forestry district of Kazlų Rūda district; it says: “The local people do not confuse them (i.e., the streams — J. S.). They all have names: Šaltinbalis, Klevelių, Širvintos, Alkšnės, Lukošbalių, Gylės, Vabalkšnės, and other streams”29. The glossary first gives (in column I) the river or stream name in the nominative case, usually with its stress marked, and indicates its accentuation type (in column II). As already mentioned, it was not possible to determine the stress and accentuation type of some names, especially those of smaller streams. Next, where possible, the river or stream’s location is indicated: a) from which side (d. — right, k. — left) and into which larger (greater, older) river it flows (columns III, IV); b) a nearby locality (city, town, district, village) through or near which the river or stream flows, or where its name is better known, heard, and recorded. Abbreviations, listed separately, generally indicate a larger locality; for some names, especially those of smaller streams, the village name is also added. It was not possible to achieve great precision or consistency here. The last column (VI) sometimes contains one or another note of various kinds (of course, more such notes would be needed). In addition, if a name has become widely established among the people in a dialect form less familiar in the literature, that form is sometimes also entered in the glossary, but the notes (column VI) refer from it to the literary-language form, e.g.: Overupelis see Vóverupelis. However, the glossary does not include: a) very clear, regular, and widely known dialectal phonetic features, e.g.: Aglinis, Ekmenupė, Elksnė; b) certain distortions of forms and stress, e.g.: Suduonia, Šūduonia. Variant forms that occur alongside one another are usually listed under separate headwords. Forms used farther north or not recommended for the literary language are generally cross-referenced to the main forms, though no strict standardization was attempted here—the aim was simply to record the facts in one way or another. 29 G. Isokas, “Tiesa,” 1961. III. 1. 222 Šešupė basin II. GLOSSARY OF RIVER AND STREAM NAMES IN THE ŠEŠUPĖ AND JIESIA BASINS River or stream name | Accentuation pattern | Bank at confluence | River into which it flows | Nearest locality | Remarks | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 Adverniškė | 1 | | | Sk., Šlišai | Aistà | 4 | right | Širvinta I | Brt. | Akmėnupis | 1,2 | | Nova | Grš., Galiniai | Called Ekmėnupis Akmenupis | 3⁴b | | Šlavanta | Gdl., Gražiškiai | Alksnė I | 2 | left | Šešupė | Alk. | Older speakers call it Elksnė Alksnė II | 2 | left | VabalKšnė | AžB., Alksniškiai | Alksnupis | 1 | right | Nova | Grš. | Called Elksnupis Alnupis | 1 | right | Šešupė | Žvr. | Cf. lakes Alnas (Lazdijai), Alnis (Molėtai) Amalvė | 3ᵇ | right | Dovinė | Dkš. | From Lake Amalvas Ančiupis | 1 | left | Jiesia | Sil. | Anškupis | 1 | | Nova | Snt., Žaltynai | Anšlaukine | | | Zanyla | Pjv., Ėglupiai | Ančlaukine? Antupelis | 1 | right | Širvinta I | Kbr., Stanaičiai | Apylankos River | | | Pilvė | KzR., Kajackiškė | Asinis | 2 | r. | VabalKšnė | Ss. | Cf. the hydronyms Asys, Asupis Ašmonų Brook | | | | Kps., Ašmonai | Atšlietė | 2 | | Sūduonia | Ldvn. | Aukspirta I | 1 | l. | Šešupė | Snt., Rukšniai | Aukspirta II | 1 | l. | Aukspirta I | Snt., Plioriškiai | Aukspirta Mažoji | | | | | See Mažoji Aukspirta Aukštazis | 1 | | | | See Aukštažys Aukštažys | 3ᵇ | r. | Jiesia | Grl. | Bagdžiškė | 2 | | | Dkš. | Cf. the surname Bagdžius; also, Bagdžiškė < Bagdžiškė < Bagdiškė Balsė | 1 | l. | Rausvė I | Kps. | Bāltsupis | 1 | l. | Višakis | Br., Pabalsupiai | Also pronounced Bálcupis Bāltupis | 1 | | Siesartis | Šk., Baltkojai | Bambenà | 3ᵇ | | Lake Žuvintas | Smn. | Upper course of Dovinė (from Lake Simnas) Barčių Brook | | | | KzR., Jūrė | Barsukýno Brook | | | Jūrė | KzR., Vasiliaucižna | Baštupis | 1 | | | Pjv., Užupiai | Baštupė | 1 | stream | Pilvė | Vv. | Bėržupis I | 1 | stream | Nova | Lkš. | Bėržupis II | 1 | | Jiesia | Grl., Pajiesys | Bėržupis III | 1 | stream | Noreikupė | Jnk., Beržupiai | Blužupis | 1 | stream | Šešupė | Snt., Juškakaimis | Braukrytupis | 1 | | | Šk. | Brazamōškas | 2 | | | KzR., Jūrė | Brazamāškas? Bredeikis | 2 | | | | See Brideikis 223 Lentelės tęsinys 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 Brideikis 2 stream Širvinta I Alvt., Kaukakalnis Bričiškis 1 See Gričiškis Briedupis 1 Siesartis Šk. Briedupys 3a See Briedupis Brōkinis 1 stream Kokė Skrd. Burčiokinė 2 stream Šešupė Klvr., Kumečiai Burliokinė 2 stream Pilvė ĄŽB., Ožnugariai Burliōkupis 1 tributary Nova Grš. Cedra 4 stream Šešupė Lbv. Čerābūdis 1 Siesartis Lkš., Liepalotai Čiunčius 2 Vv. Dainupis 1 tributary Bartupė Grl., Padainupys Daubà 4 stream Širvinta I Alvt., Mažućiai Didupis 1 stream Nova ŽVt., Žėgliai Didžgrabė 1 See Kalnorė Didžupis 1 stream Pilvė Vv., Belevičiai Dielupis 1 Penta I Snt., Starkai Dótamas 1 tributary Širvinta I Grž., Dotamai Dōvinė 1 tributary Šešupė Ldvn., Padovinys Drebulinė 2 tributary Pilvė KzR. Duburys 3b Gž., Dapkiškiai Dūdiškis 1 Dovinè Kps., Netičkampis Eglinis 2 Ig., Mergašilis Taria Aglinis Eglinis 2 Brt., Vartai Eglupis I 1 tributary Šešupė Slv., Žiūriai Eglupis II KzR., Eglupis Eglupys 3b stream Širvinta I Pjv., Eglupiai Ežerėlis 2 stream Nova Jnk., Vinkšnupiai Ežupis 1 Siesartis Sk., M. Gotlybiškiai Garāntupis 1 Siesartis Snt., Juškakaimis Garūupelis 1 stream Šešupė Kps., Kumelionys Gazdà 4 stream Kirsna Klvr., Gazdai Gėčupis 1 tributary Jotija Sdr., Gėčiai Gėdupelis 1 Orija I Šk., Kerutiškė Gėdup̀is 1 tributary Šešupė Slv., Žiūriai Gėdupys 3b See Gedupis Geležynupis 1 Rausvė I Plv., Paurausiai Geležupis 2 stream Nova Būbl., Bliükiškiai Gylė ĄŽB., Mikolavos forest Girmuo 3a See Girmuony s Girmuony s 3a tributary Jiesia Iš., Pagirmuonys Girnupėlis 2 See Girnupis Girnupis 1 stream Višakis Bgt., Girnupiai Gyvūpis 1 Snt., Kuodžiai Gorėika 1 Jūrė KzR., Kazliškiai Also called: Gorija, Gorupis Graižė 2 stream Jiesia Skrd., Graižbūdė Graižėlis 2 stream Eglupys Kbr., Kybeikiai Graužė 1 stream Šešupė Lbv., Skaiščiai Across Lake Grauželis Graužupis 1 Pjv., Stolaukis Gražupis 2 Graž., Gražupiai 224 Lentelės tęsinys 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gričiškis 1 Raisupelis Įgl., Raisupiai Lk could also be Gričiškis Gudėupis 1 Graž., Gudeliai Gūdupėlis 1 Ldvn., Gudupiai Gulbinas I 3b k. Šešupė Plv., Gulbiniškiai Gulbinas II 3b k. Sūduonia Ldvn., Gulbiniškiai Yglė 2 d. Šlavanta Įg. For y, cf. Igliauka, Igliškėliai Jevónis I 1 k. Zanyla Pjv. Jevónis II 1 d. Šešupė Kps. Jiesia 4 k. Nemunas Grl. Jiesiūkė 2 Jiesia Šil., Šiurupys Jotija 4,3b d. Šešupė Kdl. Jōtupis I 1 Jotija Gl. Jōtupis II 1 k. Orija Šk., Zajošiai Jūdrė 2,4 k. Višakis VšR., Runkiai Judréika 1 k. Jūrė VšR., Kajackai Judriūkė 2 See Judreika Juodupė I 1,3a k. Šešupė Nm., Puodiškiai Juodupė II 1 Šeimena Kbr., Kurmiškiai Juodupė III 1 Jiesia Šil., Pajuodupis Juodupė IV 1 Balsė Kps., Balsupiai Juodupėlis I 1 Skarupis VšR. Juodupėlis II 1 Nendrupis Graž. Juodupis I 1 d. Siesartis Slv., Juodupėnai Juodupis II 1 d. Jotija Gl., Albertiskiai Juodupis III 1 Orija I Lkš., Būdv iečiai Juodupis IV 1 Rausvė I Plv., Baziliai Juodupis V 1 Brt., Ožkabaliai Jūrė 1 k. Višakis KzR., Jūrė Jūrgupis 1 k. Siesartis Lkš., Jurbūdžiai Jurgupys 3a See Jurgupis Kalkūtis 1 Šelmenta Lbv., Kovai Kalnōrė 2 Sk riaudupė Gs. From the lake that is drying up at Pracapolė Karalių upėlis Gdl., Miknoniai Karč(i)upis 1 d. Nova Jnk., Karčrūdė Karklė 2 d. Liepūna Pjv., Karklupėnai Kaŕklupė 1 See Karklė Karpōčius 2 d. Šėdyga Jnk., Bažnytgiris Kastinė 2 Lake Paežeriai Alvt., Vaičlaukis Iš Širvintos I Kaušupis 1 Vandupė Br. Kavoliškė 1 Kps., Meškučiai Keklaitis 1 Jiesia Iš., Pajiesys Keklys 2 k. Rudė I Vv., Grabava LKRŽ incorrectly spells Kelkys Kėkštupis 1 d. Nova Grš., Bliuviškiai Kelnorė 3a See Kalnorė Kermušynas 1 Lašaša Šil., Naujasodis Kermušinis 2 Valčiūva I Kps., Beraginė Kiaūlyčia 1,2 k. Bambena Krsn. 15. Kalbotyros klausimai VI. 225 Continuation of the table 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 Kiauliškė | 1 | d. | Jiesia | Šil., Pakiauliškis Kiaulupė I | 1 | d. | Višakis | Br., Možūrai Kiaulupė II | 1 | d. | Aukspirta I | St., Joniškiai Kiaulupė III | 1 | k. | Alksnė I | Alk. Kiūpelis | 1 | d. | Laikštė | Kps., Adomiškė Kirsna | 4 | d. | Šešupė | Klvr., Rdm. Kytrupis | 1 | | Vilkupis I | Lks., Pūstauniškiai Klampupis I | 1 | k. | Višakis | Bgt., Klampupiai Klampupis II | 1 | | Seimena | Kbr., Lauckaimis Klampupis III | 1 | | Milupė | Br. Kliodžiupelis | | | | Kt., Rakauskai Kliokynė | 2 | | Višakis | KzR., Skindeliškė Klūsgiris | 1 | | Jūrė | KzR., Muraškynė Kokė | 2 | d. | Vabalkšnė | Vv., Gudeliai Kregždantė | 2 | d. | Jotija | Gl., Žygenai Kreidupis | 1 | k. | Viemuonia | Vv., Lizdeikiai Kreivupis | 1 | | | Ldvn., Varnupiai | Kreivupis? Kreivupelis | | | | | See Kreivupis Krioklyš I | 2 | d. | Višakis | Plv. Krioklyš II | 2 | d. | Šešupė | Žal. Kriokupis | 1 | | | | See Kriokupys Kriokupys | 3b | d. | Siesartis | Lkš., Kupriai Kryžupėlis | 1 | | Orija I | Šk., Melninkai Krosna | 4 | d. | Kiaulyčia | Krsp. Kumė | 4 | k. | Jiesia | Grl., Pagiriai Kumėlduobė | 1 | | Širvinta I | Graž., Duonelaičiai Kumėlupis | 1 | | Nova | Jnk., Šunkariai Kumpupaitis | 1 | k. | Orija I | Šk., Kumpupiai Kunigupis I | 1 | d. | Širvinta I | Kbr., Bijotai Kunigupis II | 1 | k. | Pilvė | Vv., Pažėrai Kūnupis | 1 | | | | See Kunigupis II Kužupelis | 1 | d. | Šešupė | Ss., Kuzai Kvėsupis | 1 | k. | Višakis | VšR., Garan kščiai Laikštė | 2 | d. | Šešupė | Kps., Adomiškė Lanč kava | | | Jūrė | KzR., Kazliškiai Lankupà | 3b | k. | Širvinta I | Graž. Lankupelis | 1 | | | Gl. Lašaša | 3b | d. | Jiesia | Šil., Ingavangis Lauk būdis | 1 | | Vilkauj a | Vlkv. Laukščiotas | 1 | | Jiesia | Šil., Palaukščiotis Lazda | | | | (Old documents) | See Lazdija Lazdija | | | | Lzd. (stream) | See Raišupis Leikupis | 1 | | Noreikupė | Jnk., Rūda Leimantas | 1 | | | Brt., Skerpėjai Lėlupis | 1 | | Orija I | Šk., Emiliava Lembūdukas | 2 | | Siesartis | Šk., Lembūdžiai Lendrynupis | 1 | | Siesartis | Šk., Baltkojai Lėnkupis I | 1 | | Milupė | Br. Lėnkupis II | 2 | | | | See Lenkupys Lenkupyš | 3a | d. | Siesartis | Lkš. Lėvas | 4 | | | Būbl., Gudačiai 226 Lentelės tęsinys 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 Liaūšupis | 1 | k. | Jotija | Kāl., Liausiai Lydimas | | | | KzR., Sena Rūda Lieponà | 2 | k. | Širvinta I | Kbr. Lygė | 1 | | | AžB. Lōpė | 1 | tributary | Vabal kšnė | Ss., Subačiškė Maišys | 4 | k. | Jiesia | Grl., Rinkūnai Maňkupis | 1 | | Jotija | Gl., Jotyškiai Maršalkupis | 1 | | | Vv., Pažėrai Martišiškė | 1 | | Jotija | Plk., Martišiškiai Small Aukspirta | | d. | Aukspirta I | Snt., Valakbūdžiai Mėlynbalis | 1 | | Jotija | Šk., Bedaliai Menčtrakis | 1 | | Jiesia | Ig., Menčtrakis Mėn kupė | 1 | stream | Šešupė | Klvr., Menkupiai Mėnkupiai stream See Menkupė Mergupelis | 1 | | Širvinta I | Alyt., Jnkl. Mergupis I | 1 | left bank | Šešupė | Plv., Sausbaliai Mergupis II | 1 | right bank | Šešupė | Būbl., Meistai Mergupis III | 1 | | Paežeriai Lake | Alvt., Patunkiškiai Mergūtrakė | 1 | left bank | Gazda | Klvr., Mergutrakis Cf. Mergūtrakio Lake, Pns. Meška stream | 1 See Meškupis Meškinė | 2 | left bank | Pilvė | Vv. Meškinis | 2 | | Orija I | Plk., Meškinė Meškupis | 1 | left bank | Jūrė | KzR., Trakiškė Meškupys | 3b | | Aukspirta I | Snt., Kiaulupiai Mielaišupis | 1 | | | Šil. Miesbalė | 1 | | | Gž., Bardauskai Milupė | 1 | d. | Šešupė | Br., Žardeliai Myžupis | 1 | k. | Tamošupis | Grš., Patamošupiai Mockavėlė | 2 | | Kirsna | Klvr., Mockava Mōckupis I | 1 | | Siesartis | Lkš., Girniai Mōckupis II | 1 | | Seimena | Kt., Mockabūdžiai Mōckupis III | 1 | tributary | Nopait ys | Žvr., Mockupiai Mōckupis IV | 1 | d. | Nova | Snt., Mockupiai Mōlbedis | 1 | | Juodupė I | Žal. Mōlė | 1 | | | AžB. Mōlynė | 2 See Molė Molupys | 3a | | | Brt., Moliniškiai Muštinis | 2 | | Orija I | Šk., Ašmučiai Naušupė | 1 | | Dovinė | Igl., Panausupys Naušupelis See Naušupė Nendrupis | 1 | | | Graž., Duonelaičiai Nėnupė | 1 | d. | Šešupė | Grš., Panenupiai Niūkas | 2 | | Višakis | VšR., Braziūkai Nōpaitis | 1 See Nopai tys Nopait ys | 3b | k. | Nova | Būbl. Noreikupė | 1 | d. | Višakis | Jnk., Būda Nóva | 1 | d. | Šešupė | Grš. Nōvaraistis | 1 | | | Jnk., Kury nė Novos headwater 227 Lentelės tęsinys 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nõvė See Nova Novėlė 2 Nova Griš., Sėdvyga[i] Obelūpis 2 Širvinta I Alvt., Obelupiai Orija I 4,3b k. Jotija Šk., Ašmučiai Orija II 2 k. Gazda Klv. Overupelis 1 From Lake Orija. See Voverupelis Ožkupis 1 See Ožkupys Ožkupỹs 3a Lenkupys Lkš., Peleniai Ožupelis 1 d. Šlavanta Igl., Šventragis Ožupis I 1 k. Jiesia Šil., Mieldažiškė Ožupis II 1 Kregždantė Kdl., Karališkiai Pabališkis 2 Ss., Molupis Pagraužys 3b Pond stream Graž., Graužiniai Paikis 1 d. Rausvė I Gž., Paikiai Palačiai stream Ūt. Pašodgiris 1 KzR., Marackai Pašiekštupis 1 Vv., Pašiekštupis Paukštyniai brook AŽB. upper course of Vabalkšnė (see) Pavobelkė Pečiškas 2 Nova Jnk., Šunkariai Peisė d. Liepona Pjv. (rš.) Pentà I 4 d. Nova Grš., Pentiškiai Pentà II, III 4 d. Penta I Snt. Two streams; there are even more of them. Cf. Pentutė. Here, -dlė is a Samogitian suffix. Pentalė d. Penta II Kad. Pentinupis 1 VĮkv. Pentutė 2 d. Penta II Lkš., Svediškiai Kad. and Pentalė Perkasas 1 Šešupė Plv. Cf. Peisė Pesà 4 Pjv. Pilvė 1 d. Šešupė Plv. Pjaūnis 4 k. Nova Būbl., Užpjauniai A meadow with a dried-up stream Plaušinė 2 k. Pilvė Vv. Plaūtupis 1 Siesartis Snt., Juškakaimis AŽB. Plavas Cf. the common noun plova Plūnupelis 1 Dotamas Graž., Karpiejai Plynupis 1 Nm., Jančiai Pokis Kt., Žydroniai Paikis? Poškupis d. Nova Gts. (Kad.) Prančkupi I 1 Šešupė Plv., Jurkšai Prančkupi II 1 Jotija Plk. Preikšupis 1 d. Šešupė Žal. Priešgìnis 1 Zvr., Pieciškiai Prūdbalis 1 Šešupė Ldvn., Baraginė Prūdupelis I 1 Širvinta I Alvt., Šeštiniai 228 Lentelės tęsinys 1 2 3 4 5 6 Prūdupėlis II 1 Viemuonia Vv., Kalveliškiai Prūdų River Šešupė Graž. Pūknupis 1 Jotija Kdl., Pūkniai Pūrupis 1 Blusupis Snt., Šilgalai Pūrvė 2 tributary Siesartis Snt., Šilgalai Pūstežeris 1 Graž., Dotamai Pūstingiris 1 Jūrė Grš., Antabūdis Ragašūpis 1 Nemupė KzR., Kazliškiai Raišupė Kad. See Raišupelis Raišupelis 1 Valčiūva Igl., Raišupiai Raišupis 1 Rimečio Lake Lzd. upper reaches of Kirsna Raudenyčia 1 from Raudenis Lake Raudōnupis 1 tributary Graižė Sil., Raudonupis Raušvė I 2 right tributary Šešupė Plv., Gž. Raušvė II 2 right tributary Širvinta I Vrb. Reketija 2 tributary Šelmenta Lbv., Reketija from Reketija Lake Rytupis 1 Šešupė Kps., Ašmonai Rytupėlis 2 See Rytupis Rõgupis I 1 tributary Nova Grš. Rõgupis II 1 tributary Penta I Grš., Pentiškiai Rõgupis III 1 tributary Penta I Lkš., Bartkai Rūdė I 2 tributary Jiesia Grl., Pajiesys Rūdė II 2 Smn., Drinkiškiai Rūdýnas 1 Šešupė Kps., Kuktiškiai Rudiškis 2 Kps., Narteliai Rūdupelis 1 Šil., Rūda Rudupis 1 Jotija Sdr., Iltrakai Rūdūpis I 1 Siesartis Lkš., Milakiškiai Rūdūpis II 1 Jiesia Šil., Raudonupis Rūdūpis III 1 tributary Pilvė KzR., S. Rūda Rūškynas 1 Nova Jnk., Šunkariai Sakalūpis 2 Brt., Šilbaliai Samanūpis 2 left tributary of Siesartis, Lkš., Kerai Sąnaša 3a left tributary of Jiesia, Grl., Ireniškiai Santakà 3b left tributary of Sasna, Igl. Sasna 4 right tributary of Šešupė, Ss. Also called Taria and Sesnà Sabinė 2 Žvikinė, Lkš., Sabinė Savinė 2 See Sabinė Senaširvintė 1 See Širvinta I Senaširvintis 1 See Senaširvintė Senaupė 1 left tributary of Amalvė, Dkš. Also called Senukė Senplivis 1 KzR., Griešiai Old bend of Pilvė Sėnšešupė 1 left tributary of Šešupė, Plv., Gulbiniškiai End of Gulbinas I Also called Sénčiašupė Sėnšešupis 1 Br., Miknaičiai Old channel of Šešupė Senukė 2 See Senaupė Sėnupė I 1 right tributary of Širvinta I, Kbr., Stanaičiai Sėnupė II 1 Klvr., Lakinskai Sėnupis 1 Jūrė KzR. Sesnà 4 See Sasna Siesartis,-jės 3a tributary of the Šešupė Šk., Snt. 229 Lentelės tęsinys 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lithuania AžB. Skaistis 1 village Graužė Luv., Skaičiai Cf. Skaisteliai two lakes Klvr. Skaudupelis 1 Lake Kalnynai Gdl., Skardupiai Skaudupis I 1 Siesartis Šk., Skardupiai Skaudupis II 1 tributary Nopaitis Būbl., Užpjauniai Skalupis 1 tributary Višakis Vš., Paskarlupiai Skerdupis 1 stream Jiesia Vv., Skerdupiai Skersinis 2 tributary Rogupis I Grš. Skėrsravis 1 Lbv., Lediškiai Skirstupelis 1 Orija I Šk., Švarpliai Skriaudupelis I 1 Lake Amalvo Dkš. Skriaudupelis II 1 Skrd. Skriaudupelis III 1 See Skriaudupis II Skriaudupė 1 tributary Šešupė Gs. Skriaudupis I 1 tributary Šešupė KzR., Nedėberžis Skriaudupis II 1 tributary Šešupė Kps., Domeikai Skriaudūtis 2 tributary Laikštė Kps., Adomiškės Skriaudutėlis 2 See Skriaudūtis Skrynupis I 1 Nova Grš., Skrynupiai Skrynupis II 1 tributary Šlavanta Šil., Skrynupis Slavika 2 tributary Šešupė Slv. Slavikupis 1 See Slavika Smailiūtis 2 Pjv., Šakiai The suffix -ūtis is rare Šorupis 1 Lenkupys Lkš., Akėčiai Sparvinupis 2 stream Nova Grš., Sparviniai Spernia 4 Lake Simnas Smn. upper course of Bambena Stirninė 2 Jnk., Pakalniškiai Strazdupis 1 Lenkupys Lkš., Akėčiai Strepetinės stream Všt., Žirgėnai Striaunė 2 stream Vyčius Grl., Vainatrakis Striungiabrūzis 1 Pjv., Šakiai Strūmbagalvė 1 Rdm., Strumbagalvė (Bg.) Stumbrinė 1 stream Kiaulyčia Krsn., Pėdiškiai Sūduonia 4 stream Šešupė Ldvn. Sūduonė 2 See Sūduonia Sūrinis 1 Všt. Sūrmiškis 1 Pjv., Trilaukis Sūrusis Lbv., Klinavas Svirnupelis Judrė VšR., Agurkiškė Šakiškis 2 tributary Paikis Gž., Dabravolė I Šaltinbalis 1 AžB., Mikolavos forest Šaltinis I 2 KzR., Senaižiškė Šaltinis II 2 Jiesia Šil., Sarginė Šáltupis I 1 Seimena VIkv., Pustapėdžiai Šáltupis II 2 Šešupė Žal. Šarkyčia 1 tributary Šešupė Lbv., Salapera(u)gis from Lake Šarkaitis Sedvyga 2 tributary Nova Grš., Sedvy(g)ai 230 Continuation of the table 1 2 3 4 5 6 Seimenà 3b tributary Širvinta I VĮkv., Pašeimeniai Selmentà 4 tributary Šešupė Lbv. Cf. Lake Selmentas Šernupis I 1 Tamošupis Jnk., Balgudžiai Šernupis II 1 Kt., Valavičiai Šešupė 2 stream Nemunas Šešupėlis 2 Lbv., Aguonėlis Šiekštupis 1 tributary Milupė Br., Skardupis Sikupis I 1 tributary Šešupė Būbl., Matarna i Sikupis II 1 stream Nova Žvr., Žėgliai There are more of them Šilupė I 1 stream Nova Jnk., Užarai Šilupė II 1 tributary Sėdyga Lkš., Peleniai Šilupė III 2 right tributary of Liepona Kbr., Kybeikiai Širvinta I 3b left tributary of Šešupė Kbr. Širvinta II 3b left tributary of Seimena Žal., Biliūnai Širvinta III 3b AžB., Mikolavos pond. Šulė 4 left tributary of Aista Brt. Šlapakšnà 4 left tributary of Jiesia Grl., Ilgakiemis Šlavantà 3b Amalvo Lake Igl., Šlavančiai Šlavantė 2 See Šlavanta Švedupelis 1 See Švedupys Švedupys 3b right tributary of Šešupė Būbl., Gluobiai Šventupė 1 right tributary of Jiesia Iš. Šventupis 1 Jnk., Ardzijauskai Tamošupis 1 left tributary of Nova Jnk., Patamošupiai Tiltupis 1 Nova Žvr., Žėgliai Tridūnių upėlis Graž., Duoniškiai Trydupis 1 right tributary of Nenupė Grš., Leliokiškė. There are more of them. Trumpūkas 2, tributary of Judrė, KzR., Runkiai Tūrp(is) 1 See Tūrupis Tūrupis 1, tributary of Suduonia, Ldvn., Tūrupis Tūtupis 1, tributary of Šešupė, Kdl., Žiūriai Ūdrupis 1 See Ūdrupys Ūdrupys 3a, Šešupė, Ldvn., Ąžuolynas Ūsio upėlis, Asinis, Ss., Pentupiai Ūosupelis 1, right tributary of Šešupė, Kps., Uosupis Utelinka 1, Ss.; Utalinka (Utalina). Compare Utelyne, Kad. Ūžupis 1, Pjv., Būdvietčiai Vabal(k)šnė 2, right tributary of Pilvė, ĄžB. Compare Vabal(k)šnė-Pavobelkė, Kad. Vailiškas 1, Žal. The name given to Širvinta II at Vailiškiai village. Vaiponė 2 See Vaiponia Vaiponia 4, right tributary of Gazda, Klvr., Vaiponiškiai Vaitiekupis 1, tributary of Aukspirta I, Snt., Vaitiekupiai Vaitupė 1, tributary of Vandupė, Grš., Kubiliškė Vaitupis 1 See Vaitupė Valčiuvà I 3b village Sasna Ss., Tautkaičiai Valčiuvà II 3b village Šešupė Igl., Kuktai Valkupis 1 tributary Lenkupys Lkš., Zypliabūdis Vandupė 1 tributary Šešupė Br. 231 Lentelės tęsinys 1 2 3 4 5 6 Varliaupis 1 Pjv., Ėglupiai Varnupelis 1 tributary Dovinė Ldvn., Varnupis Vasakytė 1 Slavanta Ss., Pavasakė Cf. Kad. Vasakė Vasakūtė 2 See Vasakytę Velniadaubė 1 Širvinta I Alvt., Dailučiai Velnupis 1 tributary Šešupė Köl., Slv. Vėmbrė 2 tributary Seimena VIkv., Pavembriai Vešnė 2 tributary Širvinta I Alvitas, Versnupiai Versnupė 2 See Versnė Vėrupis 1 tributary Višakis KzR., Bagauskai Vėžupis I 2 tributary Rausvė I Kt., Navininkai Vėžupis II 1 tributary Milupė Žvr., Pavengrūpiai Vyčius 4,2 tributary Jiesia Grl., Margininkai Viemuonė 2 See Viemuonia Viemuonia 3a tributary Jiesia Skrd. Vijūnupis 1 tributary Širvinta I Kbr., Slibinai Vikšrupis 1 Orija I Šk., Prūseliai Vilkaujā I 3b tributary Seimena VIkv. Vilkaujā II 3b tributary Seimena VIkv., D. Selviai Passes by the railway station Vilkabalė 1 Juodupė I Žal. Vilktinis 2 tributary Penta III Snt., Pavilktiniai Vilkupis I 1 tributary Siesartis Lkš., Vilkupis Vilkupis II 1 tributary Penta I Grš., Pentiškiai Vilkupis III 1 Silupė II Ikš., Akėčiai Vilkupis IV 1 tributary Seimena Žal., Vilkupiai Vilkupys 3b See Vilkupis IV Vingelupis Snt., Kiaunupiai Vingrė tributary Šešupė Kad. Cf. Vingrupis Vingrupis I 1 tributary Seimena Žal., Vilkupiai Vingrupis II 1 tributary Milupė Žvr., Pavingrupis Taria and Vengrūpis, Pavengrūpiai Vinkšnupys 3a tributary Nova Jnk., Vinkšnupiai Viršrūdė 1 Višakis KzR., Kardokai Višakis 1 tributary Šešupė VšR. Višakūtis (2) Plv., Jurkšai Vyžupis 1 tributary Šešupė Klvr., Akmenynai Voverupelis 1 Sasna Ss., Barsukinė Taria Overupelis: overė Zalburgis 1 Nova Grš., Mureikai Zanyla 2 tributary Širvinta I Pjv., Kletkininkai Zebrys 4 Slavanta Gdl., Skėšbalai Zomč(ia)upelis 1 Jiesia Igl., Zomčinė Žagarinis 2 Brt., Daukšaičiai Žarstėlė 2 tributary Jiesia Šil. Cf. Zorstrata Kad. Žąsinukas 2 Ančiupis Šil., Liepalotas Želsvėlė 2 tributary Šešupė Ldvn., Paželsviai Žydgrabė 1 Šešupė Kps. Žilupis 1 Rausvė I Gž. Žiogas tributary Bartupė Kad. Žiogys 4 VIkv., Kisiniškiai 232 Lentelės tęsinys 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 Žolupis | 1 | | Lenkupys | Lkš., Akėčiai Žvikine | 1 | tributary | Siesartis | Lkš., Žvikinei Žvirblupis | 1 | | Višakis | Jnk., Karališkė Žvirgždė | 2 | tributary | Šešupė | Šn., Bebrininkai Žvirgždukas | 2 | tributary | Žvirgždė | Šn., Oželiai ABBREVIATIONS Alk. — Alksnėnai, Vilkaviškis District.30 Alvt. — Alvitas, Vilkaviškis District. ĄžB. — Ąžuolų Būda, Kazlų Rūda. Bg. — K. Būga. Bgt. — Bagotoji, Kazlų Rūda. Br. — Barzdai, Vilkaviškis District. Brt. — Bartninkai, Vilkaviškis District. Būbl. — Būbleliai, Šakiai District. d. — right bank, right tributary. Dkš. — Daukšiai, Kapsukas District. dv. — former manor. ež. — lake. Gdl. — Gudeliai, Prienai District. Gl. — Gelgaudiškis, Šakiai District. Graž. — Gražiškiai, Vilkaviškis District. Grl. — Garliava, Kaunas district. Grš. — Griškabūdis, Šakiai district. Gs. — Geistarai (Didvyžiai), Vilkaviškis district. Ig. — Igliauka, Kapsukas district. Igl. — Igliškėliai, Kapsukas district. Iš. — Išlaužas, Prienai district. Jnk. — Jankai, Kazlų Rūda. k. — left, left-hand. Kad. — Cadastre of the Rivers of the Lithuanian SSR, part 1, Vilnius, 1959. Kbr. — Kybartai, Vilkaviškis district. Kdl. — Kiduliai, Šakiai district. Klvr. — Kalvarija. km. — village. Kps. — Kapsukas (Marijampolė). Krsn. — Krosna. Kt. — Keturvalakiai, Vilkaviškis district. KzR. — Kazlų Rūda. Lbv. — Liubavas, Kalvarijos. Ldvn. — Liudvinavas, Kapsuko. Lkš. — Lukšiai, Šakių. Lzd. — Lazdijai. mš. — forest. Nm. — Kudirkos Naumiestis, Šakių. Pjv. — Pajevonys, Vilkaviškio. Plk. — Plokščiai, Šakių. Plv. — Pilviškiai, Vilkaviškio. pvd. — surname. 30 This abbreviation is not repeated in the following list of abbreviations. 233 Ras. — Rasiai, Kalvarija. Rdm. — Rudamina, Lazdijai. Iš. — written sources. Pns. — Punsk (People’s Republic of Poland). Sdr. — Sudargas, Šakiai. Skrd. — Skriaudžiai, Kazlų Rūda. Škv. — Slavikai, Šakiai. Smn. — Simnas, Alytus. Snt. — Sintautai, Šakiai. Ss. — Sasnava, Kapsukas. Šil. — Šilavotas, Prienai. Šk. — Šakiai. Šn. — Šunskai, Kapsukas. t. — pronounced, dialectally. Ūt. — Naujoji Ūta, Prienai. VIkv. — Vilkaviškis. Vrb. — Virbalis, Vilkaviškio. VšR. — Višakio Rūda, Kazlų Rūdos. Všt. — Vištytis, Vilkaviškio. Vv. — Veiveriai, Kazlų Rūdos. Žal. — Žalioji, Vilkaviškio. ŽD — P. Skardžius, Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba, Vilnius, 1941. Žvr. — Žvirgždaičiai, Šakių. TRIBUTARIES OF THE ŠEŠUPĖ AND JIESIA RIVERS И. СЕНКУС Summary The article consists of two parts: I. A review of the names from the perspective of linguistics, II. A glossary of the names of rivers and streams in the Šešupė and Jiesia basins. The first part presents a systematic review of the most important names of rivers and streams in the Šešupė and Jiesia basins from the perspective of linguistics. The oldest and most interesting names are the following: Aista, Gazda, Jotija, Jūrė, Keklys, Kirsna, Nova, Orija, Penta, Pilvė, Sasna, Siesartis, Sūduonia, Šeimena, Vilkauja and others. For example, the root Siesartis is compared with Old Indian sisarti, “it flows, runs,” and Kirsna with the Old Prussian word kirsnan, “black.” It should be noted that the roots and suffixes of the river names in the Šešupė and Jiesia basins are Lithuanian or Baltic, with very few exceptions. The glossary contains more than 400 river names, about 350 of which have different roots.