Prielinksnio „prieš (priešais)“ vartojimas dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES GRAMMATICS INVESTIGATIONS LIFETUV OS TSR SCIENCE ACADEMY APPENDIX BEFORE (PREVIOUS) USE IN THE PRESENT LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES E. VALIULYTĖ The prefix before in literary language has a longer form ir beforeas, but is used more — often, e.g. : ji In front of jo his nose he hung flies-killing paper from the ceiling. CvR, I 221. In dialects, more variants of this prefix are used: prėš KzR, Nm, Škn, Sk, Zg, pryš Škn, Sk, Sts, Plt, Krt, Klp, Kp, priš Šiu, Skn, priešai Klvr, with pillows Skn, enemy Lkm, Slk, opponents Knv. In literary language, the preposition before, going as a finite, su denotes various relationships: spaces 1) (stand in front of a mirror, run against a carriage, swim against the 2) current), time (leaving before the year, finishing before the rain), 3) opposite (to rise up against the power, to 4) murmur against the lords), (in front of me small). 1. The prefix before is the most commonly used prefix to indicate spatial relationships. It is possible to distinguish several meanings of the prefix before the suffix. su 1) The meaning ko of place though in front. The preposition before is used to indicate that something is happening in front of the ar front central part of the ar object said by the subject of the word combination. The main focus in this case goes to words that denote a state, a position, a specific physical action. ar a) Ši meaning is most pronounced in compounds, whose subject is words denoting persons. Four babies, up to a year old, stood in front of the nanny, breaking out. 4 8 Vaižg RR I 385. Antanas, where he was, taking Marika's už hand, kneel! ir both knelt before their parents. ŽemR III 356. Pranas Strim was still standing before Petra. VenclGD 71. Du boys playing oil merchants stood before the judge. BalčTVN 195. Separately noteworthy construction in front of the eyes (it can be extended by a preposition), which is usually used when one wants to say that in front of a person there is a wide space, a large undefined amount of things, etc. ar ir Then before my eyes stretched out The Hungarian valley with su colorful crop stripes. CvR, II 28. Many lamps were lit in front of his eyes, and at one entrance there was a dense crowd of townspeople looking at the hanging paintings. CvR, V 76. When he was 59 brought into the room, the smell of paint, some medicine, blew into Karolis, and the contours and colours of dozens of paintings flashed before his eyes. VencKGD 342. You had all the cattle before you, and how could you get away before I had breakfast! Dks. You can't see anything in front of you. Alif Lam Mim. Faces, hats, scarves flashed in front of Jur's eyes. CvR, V 234. A new figure emerged before my eyes. CvR, 11 190. Faced to the west, where the sun is slowly setting down, looking into the space, not the space in front of his eyes, but the space within him, Mykolik plays and plays the same melody. Vaizg RR I 41. This construction can also be used in the sense of "future, forward- ". We have a lot of time. Ms. You'll have enough to eat, the summer is long ahead of you. BaltPV I 37. The soldiers in front of him (military service). All the work still stands before you, nothing has been done yet. Kp. b) The meaning of being in front of something is also pronounced in the compounds, whose dependent focus is the words, Denoting objects with a clearly distinguishable front or central part, in other cases — the meaning is fainter. He stood in front of a small, already broken wooden cross. CvR, II 359. One morning, Mr. Kurminas woke up and saw Dotkus kneeling before him without a hat. 136. Black stood in front of a three-storey house. VenclGD 420. The hotel was set up on the second floor of a large wooden house in front of the market square. VenclGD 292. Peter saw Martha sit smiling at the table laid with a white tablecloth. VenclGD 74. When guests came to the man, they roasted chickens, wrapped on the iron before the shoulders. Skr. The papers smoked for a while, then a light flame flared, and the old man, sitting on the bench in front of the fireplace, followed the rolling leaves with thoughtful eyes. VenclGD 51. He sat in the light of the lamp, and the old man could now see him all over. VenclGD 54. When the German got off the bike in front of the hill, near the well, the widow smiled at him. CvR, II 230. Before the waves stop, call me by name. 428 pp.. The meaning of being in front of something can also be emphasized by other words, for example, straight, upright, etc. Stasys lives on the same side of the street, right in front of Daubaro sodyba. Myk-PutS I 29. Here is a letter straight before my eyes that I have to answer. 138 and 139. Vis-a-vis Marta sat Colonel Dalba-Dalbaitis, a drinker. VenclGD 100.; ¢) The compounds with the prefix in front of the individual cases can indicate the relationship of space with the shade of the conditional meaning. And Vilnius was near, the towers were shining in the sun. MarcinkDP 91. The old man sat in front of him, so that his bald face shone in the sun. BM 145. In the barns were piles of manure not removed in time, already well dried before the sun, VenclGD 88. Ribbons Centaspalvés before the moon dries, —crawling nine-headed, gnawing on trees. 433 and op. Heavier carriage against the hill. M. d) The prefix before is used in noun samples one against another, one against another, one against another, one against another. It should be noted that these samples go not only with position, state, but also with movement. and abstract meaning. verbs. -In a small boat, on a log, two men are sitting opposite each other. CvR, II 99. Stepukas and I played žilvičio whistles sitting opposite each other on a stone. BaltPV I 55. It was getting dark, and the jiedvi sat opposite each other. VenclGD 151. The small trees swing against each other, as if they were talking or greeting. ZemR 111 492. Dancing like roosters against each other. Ms. One rocks against the other. The other one is a stag, a talk. J. spoke out about a little thing and quietly moaned at each other. SimonVK I 216. They laughed, joked with the girls, showed off their new clothes to each other. VienP 143. e) The use of the preposition before is based on the meaning of being in front of something in compounds, in which the main focus is words denoting a mental state, an act of will, etc., and the dependent focus 60 is a person, a collective, less often an object, in relation to which (and often in sight) that state is expressed?. Enough! That shame is enough for you to humiliate yourself before a bunch of rascals. 237 pp. 237. Often he himself, like Monica, had to blush in front of people because she could not not only read, but also sign her name. CvR, V 58. Now you are only self-loving weak egoists, trampling underfoot in distress those before whom you have recently trembled and prayed. BilR 149. Oh, beast, beast, laughed at the whole world! CvR, II 54. He had no eye on his mother, on the whole village. 246 and Vol. They respected him, loved him, and even before other manors they were proud to have such a tijun, who even "slekteri" a little. 50 and op. They spoke, as it seemed to me, only for this; to boast before me Polish-speaking. 283. Once Smukstar wiped my nose when I wanted to show the night owls my scientificity. 182. You promised to love your husband, to rebuke him every day—to be silent before him. Plv. And ‘kone every day bent his hump here against Graužinys, here against Laužadis. Gud-GuzR 1 122. But I will tell you all the things I said to the king at that time, lest I sin against the truth. 126 pp.. The prefix before is used similarly in noun-word combinations, as well as with one of the other adjectives, only in this case it usually denotes an abstract relationship without a shade of spatial meaning. After her mother's death, the girl became serious early, felt responsibility to her brothers, to her father. VenclGD 15. He wants citizens to perform their duties to society not out of fear and violence, but out of understanding and a sense of responsibility towards their neighbor. BaléGK 297. It is our right and our duty to our people, to our culture, to our history... VenclLR 56. And you, my little one, keep away from my secrets. 238 and 239. Oh, Julia, Julia, we are guilty to you, very guilty. Page 128. It was a long time ago when he (the crow) was still young, the wings strong, hard, the blood warm, the chest resistant to wind and storm on a long journey. CvR 11 27. The teacher felt helpless against the class (out). 2) The value of the opposite direction of movement. The preposition before is used to indicate that something is moving from the opposite side, in the opposite direction, than the object said by the subject of the word combination. The lexical significance of the dependent element of word combinations of this meaning is very limited. It is usually followed by words denoting moving (or lying in a certain direction) objects. The main focus is on the verbs of movement. 1 Plg. E. Fraenkel, Syntax of Lithuanian Postpositions and Prūpositions, Heidelberg, 1929, p. 271-272. 61 It's hard to go against the tide. JablRR I 662. A small ir steamer is floating in front of the water, equally bored. BilR 1 131. If the wind goes before the sun, it will be bad weather, if it goes after — the sun, it will be good weather. Prk. But you, ką old man, will blow against such a wind. SimonP 36. He went away angry, hurriedly sailing against the wind, į still a mountaipo n, his legs are tangled, hard. ZemR 111 84. When you caress (a cat) against the hair, — it gets angry. Slm. It's hard to carry sand against a hill. JD 551. Old little ir ones ran to see: twelve horses pulled before the hill (radish). CvR,II 197. Šimša rises twice a du day on his į colt su against a clay hill... CvR, II 327. I see a — white pole going in front of me. Ktk. There were three people walking in front of us. Ds. He sees an army of jį rabbi's coming. SIk. They drove ir the young children against the black-tailed owls in the į woods of Graužinis, the adults as well as 0 the men, the — women ir against the ir pigeons. — į Gud-GuzR I 23. Preposition before used as a pronoun su itself, denoting direction į ‘forward’. She walked straight ahead of herself, in hasty steps, sometimes with a painful lamentation. ŽemR III 187. [The calf] looked cowardly at himself. CvR,Il 106. Through the fog of tears Elena looked in front of herself in ir the crowd of people suddenly saw Edward. VenclGD 219. As the examples show, we are talking about ne du (or more) about o one item. In this respect, this case of prepositional use differs from the others. It is noteworthy that the preposition po before the verbs of movement can only indicate ne the direction, but the place, e.g.: go before ir the carriage, go next to the carriage, go after the carriage. In these combinations, the position of the object during movement is indicated, e.g.: standing in front of the carriage, standing next to the carriage, standing by the carriage. It is difficult to distinguish the meaning of the place from the meaning of the direction. už Tą ambiguity is eliminated by the wider context. The village gendarme Gumelis, not only seeing his friends ne running before him, but also his horse's tail, got lost in a sinking ir carriage in the frog's bay. ir su į CvR, II 172. First of all, there was no priest walking before the coffin. VenclGD 218. In the literary language, the preposition is used in this sense first ir nobleman, plg. : su Who goes before a man? (shadow) LS. The men are used to going before the už horses. Skr. She runs ahead of the horse. St. The young man first married a beautiful horse. TZ 11 374. 2. The significance of the temporal relationship į Considering the semantics of the dependent element of the word comti du prepositions used to indicate the time of use. 1) The prefix used before words su denoting units of time indicates ir how much time has passed from the occurrence of the action to the moment of speech. The swine fever that raged a year ago gave everyone enough fear and anxiety. ir CvR,II 108. He says he's been walking like crazy for a month now. CvR, II 343. The council was called just an hour ago. VenclGD Just half an hour ago 212. Edward went home. VenclGD 274. Substantives denoting units of time are often used with a sign, expressing su the amount. tu | 62 Two weeks ago, she said she'd ji probably get an appointment. į Belarus. VenclGD 235. After all, the ir newspapers and books were put there four days ago. VenclGD 129. Here a couple of years ago a circle su cut — ir Now bruise. CvR,4 V 219. Some, the most cunning, have already managed half a year ago, o others even earlier. VencIGD 40. The inhabitants immediate- — tą ly recognized the musician the same racer, a few days ago brought a band here at the Mykolas cherries. CvR, II 125. She was buried by her father, who had died a — few months earlier. — CvR, II 29 Here are the ir benches we made a few years ago. CvR, II 115. Antai Karpis, who had already dismissed his peasants from the land a few years ago, today has a cheap, albeit be hired, labour force. Myk-PutS I 85. The house was built many years ago: the shaken, broken walls jo could be pierced with a finger. CvR, II 280. 2) The preposition before is used to indicate some fact, such as the time before the action occurs. ar The subject of such compounds are nouns denoting an action, a state, an event, etc. ar At the end of the month they appear in the streets, before the echelons leave. CvR, II 291. The president asked her to take Reissel to the villages tomorrow before the meeting. į CvR, II 375. The weather calmed down like before a great change. CvR, I 263. My grandfair ther's father lived all the time before that war Pabaltijy, representing one agricultural machinery company. CvR, II 251. We'll see each other again, we'll definitely see each other before the trip. VenclGD 410. We talked to him before he died. CvR, V 165. I used to try to dream light dreams before bed. CvR, II 277. Just don't forget: chew on an empty heart before eating. CvR, II 28. She didn't grab half of it before the storm. 257 pp.. So bends to the ground lazy, or just before the rain ne ? CvR, V 104. All the guests left just before dawn. ZemR III 143. I woke up this morning a day ago. Ob. It seemed that the whole earth was preparing for a great and very joyful celebration. BaltPV I 51. One year should be noted, when in the small backland of Sakalauskas before Pentecost flax sown, — before the winter brought full ripeness and harvest. CvR, 11 325. Not only the men of the village of Užuožeriai approached him before the hay season, but also the piovéjai came from other farther neighborhoods with a request to fit a dagger into their stalk. 111. So why do you dive your head here, like a horse before the wind? 207 and 208. The chicken does not sing against good. Ds. Before twelve, the grandfather of the altarman returned to the church. ZemR III 115. Before the end of the century, it was as if she had lost that bitter fashion. Skr. The child began to walk a year ago (without a year). Ēr. Zymi also with nouns, usually denoting specific objects, but with a preposition, acquiring the meaning of an action, a process. We want to mow the meadow before the rye. Trgn. The cow was milked before the calf was born. Ēr. Before the meat, he uncorked the bottles. 211 and 212. Before the meals, he gave each a glass of homemade wine. VienR V 45, What, good boy, isn't it true, I knew him even before jail... VenclGD 355. The preposition before can also be used with words denoting persons. Before Jablonski, many sentences of non-Lithuanian construction had appeared in our written language. LK 1 57. I came before her. Ktk. 63 The prepositional construction can go with the precising words, specifically indicating the time interval that separates the spoken phenomena. He finished repairing the net and went out to fish two hours before dawn, as was his custom. BalčTVN 180. Half an hour before that ride. Lnkv. As if anticipating the imminent outbreak of war, after only about four months of work, Būga returned to Lithuania 3-4 days before the border was closed. 45 and op. A couple of days before the performance, the artists gathered for a general rehearsal. CvR, 11 84. He was encouraged by his relatives and friends, and married her just before he was called up to the army. VienIMA 32. [Jarmala] softened so much that just before the distribution of Pamituvis she ordered to summon the landless and the landless to an important council. CvR, V 42. The woman did not see the new, bright house, which Rabbit began to build just before her death. CvR, II 74. Just before Christmas, the news came: the government was overthrown. CvR, V 150. The villagers told each other that Raul's father was a young camendorist who had been brought to Curonia before Raul was born. BilR I 33. It is a construction before time, having the general meaning of "too early, before than". His premature death was a great blow and an invaluable loss for science and society. LK 1 83. Long before the agreed time [Ona] found herself in a grove under an oak tree. CvR, II 45. 3. Importance of accessibility The IS construction with the prefix against the characteristic meaning of a specific direction of movement developed an abstract meaning of opposite, which usually arises when describing interpersonal relationships. Such a transition is clearly illustrated even by the example of going against me, which can have two meanings: the concrete meaning of space and the abstract meaning of opposite- *. 1) Relations of opposition are represented by compounds with the prefix proti, whose main focus is verbs having the meaning of attack or resistance, defense, and the dependent - nouns, most often denoting persons; less often —other concepts. Will the worker not fight the worker? CvR, II 345-346. Looking around, the doctor would whisper that the Poles were preparing to rise against the government, that Lithuania would also rise. Myk-PutS 1 46. A few days later, Shato was dismissed from the institution and later tried as a késinesis against the life of his superior, CvR, II 83. The blacksmith Diržys alone incited both against the lords of the estates and against the most senior ponq — the "ceesus- ". God-GuzR I 39. And he mocked his mother, for whom she was a witch. VienIMA 30. If her husband does not get a job, and she cannot fight against the cruelty of life, she will surrender herself to the wide streets of the tropical city, CvR, 11 296. He is not afraid to raise his hand against his father. Ds. The woman was good-hearted, never grumbling to the boy, and on many occasions tried to stand up for him against his husband. CvR, II 68. I asked for mercy and intercede for us against the robbers. 150 pp.. The main focus may also be verbs, which often have the meaning of opposite, unfavorable. 2 See. E. Fraenkel, min veik., p. 271; P. Būtėnas, Lithuanian language prepositions, Kaunas, 1930, p. 120. 64 — Do not blaspheme God, said the monk grimly. — VenclGD 206. Weary of the winter, the year of poor harvest, people murmured against the committees created to help the victims. CvR, V 124. The old — man is an old man, he only knew how to help the ir train, which also took his son. jo CvR, II 338. Kalbanciy against the lords, the troops of dissatisfied increased. CvR, V 35. For the more trustworthy, a quiet little doctor Dimsha spoke ir against Caesar's ir whole jo power. MykPutS I 46. Butvila is a very sharp person, he does not like to speak jį against anyone. CvR, II 309, The prefix before is used similarly in noun-word combinations. In ir this case, the focus is on the nouns denoting the result of the action. ar How our struggle against the present world the next už future, — communist! Gud-GuzR I 359. The little one running far away There was anger in Thomas' chest, a determination against great injustice. CvR, II 25. Peter had already heard a lot of murmurings against the lords and ir against the authorities. Myk-PutS I 64. Ar What kind of evil plan against my master, just a joke? ar BalčTVN 22. Many held "Journeys" beautiful ir tale did not see that they have the deepest meaning, a ruthless satire against English order, laws, customs, ir politics. BalcGK 295. I came for help before Sapiega to ask. SruogR 111 241. Tomorrow Kanijoj (Crete) New trial against the newspaper begins "Avgi". T 1960 277. ’ The significance of proximity ir is evident in nominal compounds. Kas už Pechura, stay where o you are. She, move to the right. Vien IMA 104. Aš against you, though all ir will be you. už On the basis of the prepositional construction has arisen ir independent, i.e. be inverted, before the use of ta the meaning itself. Whoever už is against — me, go to the right, whoever is against — me, go to the left. But the student The beetle did not do anything for or against, afraid of enraging the mistress. DovydPK 85. For the first time in his life, he allows himself to be beaten, without leaning against. SimonVK In I 107. word combinations, where the subject is the abstract noun will, desire, having the adjective mark, the construction acquires a shade of the meaning of discount. Father against his will remembered how a couple of years ago John was brought home by truck, bloody, with su a screw-in head. VenclGD 46. Before His father wanted him to marry an jį American woman who su was extremely wealthy. CvR, II 41. A terrible dusk flooded the pool, everyone stood silently pale ir before — their desire to not be seen. SNėrR I 224. That you tu were in į tą room against my will..., now have to go there again against my will. BalčGP, 99. Ir against the will of the whole village did not allow to open the school. Gud-GuzR I 29. 2) The prefix before is used, more often in writing, to denote an object that is directed against another object, intended to destroy it to remove it. ar There is no weed before death. SimonVK I 76. I heard you're already — ar have, ar discovered a good medicine against hemorrhage. SimonVK 1I 363. Decoctions of sulfur lime are widely used against various fungal diseases (out). Soviet Diphtheria vaccination is compulsory for everyone in the Union. Vaccines against diphtheria are combined together su 5. Researches on the grammar of the 65 Lithuanian language with vaccines against whooping cough. Iš of all measures against influenza, specific vaccines are the most effective”. Mushrooms will relieve abdominal pain. Prk. In these examples, the shade of purpose appears next to the ir meaning of opposite. However, in literary language, in such cases, the preposition from nobleman is usually used, su e.g. : The tenants are good at frightening. Ktk. Everyone knew that they had a ji lot of all kinds of herbs, roots, liquid pebbles from ir various ailments. Myk-PutS I 26. I need medication for head gelling, for hair growing, for tits growing, for ferret smelling (ps). Alvt. Dried ji herbs: beets, clouds from heart weakness, scary dreams. CvR, V 157. | However, each of these prepositional constructions expresses the purpose relationships in a slightly different way. The preposition from only says that one object is intended to distance, separate another object, the preposition before emphasizes the hostility o of objects. ir 4. Comparison value Iš place values are unfolded comparisir on value objects — opposite each other, very easy to compare, one can be the backgroujų nd to the other*. 1) Prefix used to indicate a comparison relationship with the preposition su shade®. By placing things before we emphasize the difference, e.g. : jų The son is medium-- sized, but smaller than his father. In this sense, the preposition before is used in the following cases®: a) In adjective combinations, where the basis of comparison is said in the non-comparative form of the adjective. They're stupid against you. JabIRR 1 663. Teaching before the presidency is easy. Ktk. b) Verbs in adjective compounds (infrequent). The snow of the Kazbek summit darkened against the jų whiteness of the face, the black blossoms of the interkalne poppies paled jų against the blackness of the eyes, eyebrows and chests, ir pleasantly The waves of the sea stirred the sound of the songs of ir their enemies. VienPL 84. c) In interrogative sentences. Ką means nipples against milk? BaltPV 1 9. Who are you against me? 582 pp.. 2) In negative sentences, the preposition before is used to indicate comparison without the purpose of separation. su There is no more beautiful singing before the leaflets. Ds. No songs before Lithuanian songs... Dizh-ŽmA 84. 3 For more details see. A. Kučinskaitė, Notes on the use of the verb skiepyti, „Kalbos kultūra“, 4, Vilnius, 1963, p. 44—46. 4 Plg. B. H. Csejnnux, Ilpejijioru KemMenkoro si3kikKa, Mocksa, 1963, p. 132, 134, 259. 5 Plg. H. A. Illupoxosa, H3 HCTOPHA npejJi0XKHbIX KOHCTPYKUHH, BbipaxAalOnIHX CpaBHHTEJIbHO-COTNOCTABHTEJIbHBIe OTHOMeHHA, Ka3 years, 1963, p. 17, 28 —33. 6 See. Grammar of the Lithuanian language, Vilnius, 1967, p. 89—90. 66 5. Importance of compensation The preposition before is used only occasionally to indicate reward. In such cases, it is said that one thing is exchanged for another of the same kind. į The opposite here is that we are talking about necessary forced exchanges. ar Head to head, you'll have to lay down. Sts. Cake against cake: as for me, tu so for you. aš Shkn. Aš now I'll build a tooth for a tooth again. Shkn. A gift before a gift. Ds. Thanks for thanks. Dks. Now word against word, speech against speech. 77th HMSO. In literary language, the preposition is more often used to indicate the relationship of reward than with the adjective, e.g. : Tooth for tooth, eye for eye. už už The merchant ir immediately už agreed gave the cat to the lavą (ps). Pnm. Dialects (sometimes ir in the writings) preposition be before, after, still controls the noun, | the noun-infiniir tive, but has no new meanings in these su syllables". | 1) The prefix before su nobleman was found to be used only in the sense of space ir comparison. a) We lived opposite the pharmacy. Alif Lam Mim. In front of jo him were sitting several old ir young men, dressed in slave clothes. BalčHP 112. Old man put honey on the lawn in front of us, put me a o plate of knife. ir KrėvAP 113. The young man had not yet stepped off the helmet, had not yet touched the hot fire, had į not yet bowed his beautiful little head before his old man, before the grey head... jo KrēvP 75. We were driving against the wind. Ēr. b) Before her (grain) were not tastier. Ds. 2) Su naudininku prielinksnis prieš vartojamas prepoziciškai ir postpoziciškai reiškia ir erdvės bei priešingumo santykius. a) Our indecent weights, against us, against our hats stand. su JV 531. She sings in front of the crowd. JR 64. Running in front of his friends... Jrk 19. On the other side of the street, opposite the Kings, live the Stagars. SimonVK I 101. Stand in front of him and ir say: "Wolf, wolf, swallow me." BsMt I 9. b) A disobedient child always bums in front of his father. Jinsk. A good kid doesn't say anything against his dad. Trgn. 3) Occasionally, the prefix is used before the noun. ir su Tą I always desire to have your sign before my eyes. IV. Don't let go of anything you should ko have seen before God's ir gédéties before the fathers. IV. Well, I aš have to apologize to you!.. ŽemR III 16. We've been there like worms before. TV. wie J. Jablonskis, min. ill., p. 663; E. Fraenkel, min. ill., p. 268; P. Butenis, min. ill., p. 118. 5* 67