Žodžių junginiai su prielinksniu „per“

ŽODŽIŲ FORMOS IR JŲ VARTOSENA LIETUVOS TSR MOKSLŲ AKADEMIJA E. VALIULYTĖ WORD COMBINATIONS WITH THE PREPOSITION THROUGH § 1. With the preposition through, the accusative of a noun (or a word used in its place) combines with various words: verbs, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. In this way, word combinations are formed with this preposition: verbal (goes through the city, hit him over the ear, hunched over at the shoulders, it rains through the day, arrived within an hour, smashed through haste, informed by letter, was there through the shepherd, paid over a hundred), nominal (walking through the forest, a path through the yard, a scar across the cheek, an hour per day), adjectival (there is no stronger tree than an oak), adverbial (there is nothing better than water to drink, they no longer work through me). Verbal combinations § 2. Verbal combinations with a noun in the accusative and the preposition through are productive and varied. They express spatial, objective, temporal, causal, manner, state, and quantitative relations. § 3. Combinations denoting spatial relations are productive and have more than one meaning. According to the semantics of their constituents, the combinations in question can be divided into several groups. 1. Combinations in which the verb denotes movement and the noun has a concrete meaning indicate a route of movement. According to the meaning of the dependent constituent, these “route”-meaning combinations fall into several subgroups (goes through the forest, goes through the shops, drives through Molėtai [to Vilnius], ran out through the door). a) The largest subgroup consists of verbal combinations with a noun denoting a place or an object over, across, or through which something slides or moves. A rifleman marches across the world. SNėR I 248. Autumn strode across the homeland along the heath-covered hills... SNėR I 325. The tank crews drove through the city. VencIGD 188. On Sunday Mykoliukas accompanied Geišė and the Paukštaičiai through the town to the church, then to the inn, seeing nothing, hearing nothing. VaižgRR I 92. Barking loudly, the dogs chased the fox through the village. CvR₁ V 212. As they were being pulled through the village, many people ran to the gates and windows. Myk-PutS I 56. A hissing gang slithers through the little yard. SNėR I 410. Mykoliukas walks across his own threshing floor toward the barn, then along a path up the hill, descends the hill into the marsh, playing the same melody. VaižgRR I 41. As they were going through the forest, night began to fall. BsRP 51. The nobleman rode through the green forest. KrėvP 74. The sheep set off across the spring-sown crop, and I chased after them, scolding them all the while. CvR₁ I 50. The older hunters wade through other people’s oats. MašAMB 76. 91 A hare runs across a fallow field. Rm. Kulvys had not yet reached midstream when he saw: a broad-antlered elk swimming across the Nemunas toward the banks of Merkinė. KrėvP 34. He walks through water without drowning; he walks over straw without rustling (proverb). But here, instead of his heart flaring up with vengeance, his eyes grew moist and bitter tears streamed down his face. LzPR II 104. Bagdonas said nothing; tears ran down through his moustache. LzPR I 89. The hem of some enormous cloak brushed across his little book, even bending the pages. ŽemR III 206. As she stepped over the threshold, she grabbed the door. SimonP 103. People dragged logs, jumped over the smouldering, sparkling beams, and got in one another’s way. CvR₁ V 205. Marcelė went out onto the porch and saw a flock of storks flying over the lake. BorBM₁ 49. Some of these constructions may be synonymous with corresponding constructions using the instrumental of path, cf.: goes through the forest and goes through the forest, accompanies someone across the field and accompanies someone across the field, walks through the yard and walks through the yard, a shiver runs through the body (shudder) and a shiver runs through the body. In constructions with the preposition per, verbs of motion may take a prefix per- corresponding in meaning to the preposition. The horses ran across the rye. Lp(LKŽ I 729). He crossed through the cottage, red as a beet. BaltPV I 22. A shiver ran through his whole body. LKŽ VII 312. He brushed across the grass. KatMAR 422. He tried to step over the threshold, but could not. LzPR I 85. His big hands seemed to say that he could easily toss a horse over the roof. LKŽ VIII 70. The fire leapt across the ditch. KatMAR 369. Constructions with the preposition per and a noun in the accusative, formed with verbs of motion that the prefix per- makes transitive, can be replaced by corresponding constructions with the accusative alone, cf.: swam across the sea and swam across the sea, climbed over the mountain and climbed over the mountain, ran through the forest and ran through the forest, flew across the ocean and flew across the ocean, jumped across the ditch and jumped across the ditch. b) Some verbs of motion combine with the preposition per and the plural accusative of nouns. These constructions express movement from one to another of objects, places, or persons of the same kind, which are distributed at certain distances in space. Thus the old man went from hive to hive, looking, checking, taking out the empty honeycombs. VenclN 135. The next day [Huseinas] began going around the shops, piled high with all kinds of goods. BalčTVN 101. For the third autumn in a row she travelled from village to village in the district. CvR₁ II 35. Go around the houses—you may find out who is selling a cow. Ktk. The teacher went from parent to parent, asking them to let the children study. RimkKK 138. You’re always going around among people, picking up all sorts of things; you must know about Petras. CvR₁ II 196. Our son drove us around to doctors, and I got sicker still. Šts. He went around among the horses, the cows, the pigs—he still cannot find who has that ring. Kb. Cf.: A glass went from hand to hand [with champagne]. RimkKK 335. The formation of constructions in this subgroup is restricted by both constituents. (Constructions such as the following are not included here: we drove through forests, sailed across oceans, ran across fields. These constructions do not express movement from one object to another, even though their dependent noun is in the plural accusative.) The constructions discussed above correspond in meaning to constructions with two prepositions, cf.: travelled from village to village and travelled from one village to another, travelled from one village to the next; went from one set of parents to another. c) Verbal constructions with nouns denoting proper place names indicate movement passing through the place denoted by the dependent noun— 92 that, understood as a path of movement that is crossed or obstructed while passing by. But when he returned home from cheerful, carefree Paris through Germany, he realized that something was going wrong in the world. VencIGD 112. When I came home through Kuomiškės, I saw her coming out of the little forest, fluttering her green scarf. VienIMA 143. This time they did not travel along the Žemaičiai highway, through Šilėnai, but took the road by the Nemunas. VencGD 64. Please have them go through Semionovsk. ŽemR III 290. One Tauragnai bus goes through Kuktiškės [from Utena]. Ktk. But from Minsk we had already walked through Smurgainys. Ar. These phrases are synonymous with the corresponding phrases formed with a noun in the accusative and the preposition pro. Traveling from Brest through Grodno, several gymnasium students got into the same railway carriage as Jablonskis. Balč (LK I 27). If ever you travel to Žarėnai through the forests from Šiauliai via Luokė, don’t forget to stop the horses and climb the highest hill there. MairRR I 144. A storm with lightning and thunder passed right through Klangiai in midsummer. CvR₁ V 103. d) A separate subgroup consists of phrases denoting movement through an object named by the dependent noun. They express spatial relations, often with a shade of object-related meaning, and less often manner relations with a shade of spatial meaning. The specific path meaning of these phrases—“through what”—depends on the preposition per, which is often synonymous with the preposition pro1. However, the phrases under discussion differ in structure from those considered above. Their dependent concrete nouns denote openings, objects with gaps or objects between which there are gaps (gates, doors, a window, a crack, a gap; a fence, a sieve, a net; trees, branches, leaves), objects considered as material, and barriers that an action must overcome; the verbs denote movement (often encountering obstacles—force one’s way, push through, crawl, squeeze through, penetrate), seeing (and related actions), as well as sounds. And after saddling and bridling their swift horses, [the brothers] rode out from their parents’ high estate through the copper gates. KrevP 26. And the son, grabbing the trousers from the bench and barely snatching up his cap, hurried out through the door. KrėvRg 33. Her father climbed out through the window. Prn. The devil grabbed his father by the legs and shook him, and money fell out through his mouth. Nm. Chaff falls through the ceiling onto (on) our heads. Ktk. [Antaniukas] threw a brick inside through the roof. VienIMA 234. His firm, taut side radiated warmth even through the thick hemp shirt. BaltPV I 38. He sifted through a very fine sieve. Šd. I thread sausages through a bottle. KlvrŽ. He keeps poking it through the opening. Lnkv. The wind, hissing and howling, shook the windows and, along with the raindrops, forced its way indoors through the cracks. ŽemR III 415. Bullets come through the wall. Ktk. Blood seeps right through the shirt. Užp. She would spin such threads that they had to be pulled through a ring. Mžk. The flame shot out through the chimney. Vikv. The wind whistled right through one’s ears. VienIMA 203. And the gelding still could not catch its breath; when it breathed, it snorted through its nostrils, its wet flanks heaving. VienR V 114. His voice is unpleasant—he sings through his nose. Ktk. I’m walking across the yard; I can hear through the wall. Auk. Jonas Puodžiūnas, very dissatisfied and troubled, returned home and, after talking with his wife through the wall, went to bed. VienR V 79. 1 See E. Valiulytė, The meanings and usage of the preposition pro in contemporary Lithuanian, “Kalbos kultūra,” 5, Vilnius, 1963, pp. 55–59. 93 I watched the dawn through the glass window. Vkš. The little fellow watches everything through a keyhole. Tt. Lying down behind the hill, I could see the entire enemy fleet clearly through my binoculars. BalčGK 45. Through my glasses I can see that clearly. Mšk. Verbs of motion (or related to motion) in this subgroup of constructions may take the prefixes per- or pra-, corresponding in meaning to the preposition per, for example: pierced through the chest, shot through the wall, crawled through the palm, soaked through the clothes, seeped through the skin, sifted through a sieve, strain it through gauze. Knowing how to write, you can stop rivers, divert their currents into new channels, make mountains speak, bore a hole through the largest stone. CvR₁ V 63. There were still no stoves or ovens there, but the winds could no longer blow through the thick clay wall. SimonGI 12. Your beasts have already broken through four doors in the bewitched mill. Šk. The flame broke through the roof. Ktk. 2. Another group of spatial constructions denotes the location of an object. The verb in such constructions indicates a state or a resultant state (lie, wear, stretch, sprawl…; throw (oneself) over, tip (oneself) over, hang (something) up, put (something) down, stretch (oneself) out…), while the noun denotes a place or an object on which another object comes to rest or against which it leans (usually having the form of a strip or line). The stepfather…, having gone out into the yard, leaned over the sagging fence and smoked. VenclG D 126. The bridge had been thrown across a deep stream. LKŽ VIII 70. And across the marshes stretch muddy roads. KorsP 30. Look, a linden lies stretched across the whole garden, over the potatoes and onions. KrėvAP 83. Yellow braids, spread across a fine length of cloth, adorned her head. LKŽ II 706. When you carried it, the straw stretched across the whole yard. Lk nv. She smiled with her beautiful face, and a strand of graying hair ran across her head. VenclGD 544. Across the level fields, across the green forests, the glittering Neris winds like a silken ribbon. GirRP 95. When a transitive verb serves as the main constituent in constructions of this type, in addition to the prepositional phrase it also takes a direct object in the accusative, denoting the object whose position is being described. The cat eats from a separate plate, with its tail laid across the whole table. CvR₁ II 151. He called the lads, summoned the debtors and landholders, and stretched ropes across the meadow. VienR V 104. But winter came and laid bridges across the lakes. KrėvP 96. [The Puodžiūnai] cut a deep furrow down the middle of the field, dug a ditch across the meadows, and cleared a straight passage through the forest. VienR V 13. Throw a linden across the ditch, then just walk over. Žvr. Having thrown their jackets over their shoulders and slung their scythes on, they chatted about how much had been done that day. LKŽ VIII 70. Cf.: After a little while he spoke to the nobleman, wearing a thick red strap across his shoulder. VienR IV 10. 3. Similar to those discussed are constructions consisting of a verb denoting a resultative action, a state, or a change of state, and an accusative noun with the preposition per denoting a specific object (which is part of another object). Such constructions indicate the place where an action or state manifests itself. And I keep bending, bending right across the knees. CvR₁ II 22. He could skate on one foot, alternating feet, or on both feet at once, without even lifting them, simply swaying from side to side. CvR₁ II 208. Sure enough, crack, crack, it snapped and broke the half-grown tree across its trunk… LzPR II 23. The small of my back is not so bad. But this leg keeps creaking for some reason right at the knee. KatMAR 143. [Agne’s] legs went numb at the knees, and the words slipped out by themselves. KatMAR 287. From sitting in the office, he 94 was somewhat hunched across the shoulders. VencIGD 90. He remained upright, although somewhat hunched across the shoulders. Myk-PutS I 275. He wore brown summer shoes and blue trousers bagging at the knees. KatMAR 182. As the examples given show, compounds in this group are not numerous. 4. A separate group consists of compounds denoting spatial relations with a quantitative nuance. The principal component of such compounds is a verb expressing a state, position, or movement, while the dependent component is a noun denoting units of length (or used with that meaning) with the preposition per. Baltaragis’s mill could be seen from afar, a mile away. BorBM₁ 6. They live across the street from here. Trg. You might find a single carrot sprouted across the table (over an area the size of a table). Rm. The sun had risen only a handspan; in the meadows the heavy, cold dew glittered. SluckGN 389. The neighbors no longer cared to travel a mile to the market because of the weight of the kerosene or a churn of tar. ŽemR I 284. Because of the characteristics of the dependent component, compounds in this group are often complex. The Kuban steppes heightened that impression even further: for tens of versts there were no huts, trees, rivers, or lakes to be seen. VienIMA 194. The small porch of the district headquarters was so thickly filled with the stench of tobacco smoke that you could not recognize a person from two steps away. CvR₁ V 220. In the east, the moon, risen to twice a man’s height, grew smaller, faded, and brightened. Myk-PutS I 301. Then the box was jerked several times and rose three feet upward. BalčGK 137. I will carry you two hundred miles. KlvD 8. Cf.: For two hours’ journey in every direction, there was not a single village or even a single hut anywhere. BalčHP 208. Such compounds often also include a construction with the preposition nuo and the genitive, specifying the place or object from which the distance is measured. Three miles from the city there was a high mountain, visible from the king’s palace. BalčTVN 150. You know, I stood a few steps away from him. ŠRagSD 140. We’ll be a hundred miles away from stepmother, that shrew... SNėrR I 194. He sailed for a long time and finally reached the mill, which was two miles from the king’s capital. BalčGP 63. I jumped a fathom up from the ground out of sheer joy. ŠRagSD 13. He held me in his hand, lifted sixty feet above the ground... BalčGK 82. Some compounds in this group are synonymous with corresponding compounds using the genitive and the preposition už, cf.: it was three miles (from the city) and it was at a distance of three miles (from the city). § 4. Compounds whose principal component is a verb denoting striking (or touching), and whose dependent component is the accusative of a noun denoting a concrete object with the preposition per, express object relations with a spatial nuance. The rider seemed to be in a hurry: he whipped the horse on both sides, striking it with his hands across the neck. CvR₁ V 168. He got hit over the ear for his bravery. Brž. The devil struck him across the tongue, and the elder bit his hand. Pn. She struck across the fingernails so hard that even the cigarette snapped in two. ŽemR III 243. The verbs in these compounds (or the onomatopoeic words that stand in for them), when not accompanied by an accusative with the preposition per, often take an object dative denoting the person toward whom the action is directed, and an instrumental denoting the means (with or without the preposition su) (a), or one of these forms alone (b). 95 a) Having shifted on the seat, he struck his uncle on the shoulder with his hand and began speaking loudly. Myk-PutS I 55. Another one went smack at the reader’s teeth with his cap. ŽemR III 208. He continued scattering chaff [Jonas], again scorching his hands and slapping his thighs with his palms. BaltPV I 35. I wanted to lash him with a switch across the nape. VenclGD 68. – “You just keep riding, riding!...” she screamed in a strange voice, striking him with a stick across the shoulders, the back, the backs of the knees. BilR I 163. The father twisted the rope and lashed her across the back with it too. ŽemR III 60. Onytė struck the little mouse on the head with a spoon, and it toppled over. Pš. b) And he had already raised his hand to strike the expert across his clever head. LzPR II 37. [Pikčiurna] patted Šnekutis on the shoulder. SimonP 68. If I ever thump you in the side at night, understand—I’ve had a dream. BaltPV II 38. Bušė laughed and slapped him across the face. SimonP 24. [Tekonis] tapped the log with his palm once, then tapped it again. BaltPV I 19. Then the little man struck the ground with a stick, and at that very moment a great army appeared. Ps. When I hit him over the head with a club, he only hiccupped and fell dead to the ground. BilR I 141. § 5. There are quite a few verbal constructions with a noun in the accusative and the preposition *per* that express temporal relations. The formation of these constructions is lexically restricted by the dependent noun, which denotes time concepts or phenomena associated with time. According to the more specific meanings of their constituents, temporal constructions can be divided into two groups. 1. One group consists of constructions with verbs denoting a state, an ongoing action, or a repeated or resultative action, and nouns denoting defined periods of time during which that action or state lasts or continues. [Motina] she sits quietly all day. ŽemR III 39. Having worked hard all day, everyone sleeps soundly. RimkKK 114. Sometimes the two of them had to stay in the lake overnight. The steppe whirlwinds had bewitched them overnight. SNėrR I 327. It will dry out over the summer. KatMAR 120. What fertile little land ours is, how many little birds it feeds, providing for them all summer. ŽemR III 496. The oxen had mastered the art of plowing and had not forgotten it over the winter. A different strength, a different flexibility came to the grandfather’s joints, stiffened over the winter. Though small, I too managed to get a lot done in an hour. Myk-PutS I 67. MašAMB 23. The sun alone has crossed and continues to cross the high sky through all eternity. MairRR II 144. That hatred accumulated over centuries rš). Over those years my aunt, too, fell into complete poverty. ŽemR III 312. And when the stars shine on starry nights, they murmured tenderly about love. MairRR I 77. Constructions in this subgroup may also be complex. They are made complex by quantifying words attached to nouns denoting units of time (minute, day, week, month, year, century) or governing those nouns while also denoting continuous periods of time; cf. five weeks and five evenings. We unloaded it (the ship) in three days (trš.). During construction, it completely deteriorated in a few weeks! DoVŽE 290. In Sicily, sometimes not a drop of rain falls even over five months in summer. VienR VII 257. First of all, the counts repaired the manor house, since, uninhabited for several years, it had deteriorated and fallen into disrepair. VienR II 69. In an hour and a half, with six good men poling us along, we reached my summer cottage. BalčTVN 141. The ceiling and uneven clay floor had blackened from years of smoke. VenclGD 83. 96 In unified, and less often complex, duration phrases, the dependent constituent may take the words whole, entire, all-through, usually optionally, emphasizing the completeness of the duration. But cheerful and happy, Joniukas rides around all day, all day singing his song at the top of his voice. BilR I 162. So delighted was he that he no longer even wanted to sleep; he worked nearly all night. ŽemR III 107. All spring I chatter with my tongue hanging out. ŽemR IV 414. The Kaniavaičių homestead smelled of pine resin and peeled bark all summer long. VaižgRR I 309. Until now, each of them had continued to doubt throughout the autumn. ŽemR III 450. Having suffered through the whole winter, gasping and struggling for breath, [grandmother] so wore herself out and became exhausted... that she could no longer even get a foot out of bed. ŽemR III 88. Rapolienė was away from home all week. VaižgRR I 155. He slept like a little bear around the clock. VaižgRR I 265. Everyone laughed at him and teased him that, having slept through the beginning of the ploughing season, he would now have to trail behind with all the work for the entire year. Myk-PutS I 61. It is hard to work the soil; I never gave in to it for ten whole years. VaižgRR I 400. For almost his entire life, Rapolas had hardly ever done a day’s work. VaižgRR I 120. She walks around frowning for whole days. PetkKMD 161. How much [the shepherd] accumulated over whole summers! LKŽ VII 408–409. For whole years, the two of them, husband and wife, worked and toiled like accursed slaves, filthy, blackened, with manure-covered feet and food-smeared hands, both at home and in the fields. VienIMA 7. Mykoliukas had not yet admitted to himself that right there, for a full twenty years already, he had been looking at Pukštų Severiutė. VaižgRR I 57. That little dog yaps all through the night. LnkV. How many tears rolled down for him, how many sighs—like a silver star, through whole nights without closing their eyes, when they kindled his young heart! MairRR I 61. He plays cards all day long. Ms(LKŽ V 705). They would sit through long evenings, the two of them alone, like mutes. LzPR I 84. Throughout my long teaching career, I have learned that it is very important to maintain balance everywhere and always. PaukštPM 92. The phrases in the structures discussed may be synonymous with corresponding phrases using the accusative, nominative, or instrumental, cf.: works all day and works the whole day, works the whole day; howls through whole nights and howls whole nights, howls on whole nights. The same group also includes phrases with nouns denoting processes, events, occasions, and the like, during which an action or state lasts or continues. [Severja] stood upright throughout the church service, standing until they buried [him] in the cemetery. VaižgR I 154–155. The family of Jonas Puodžiūnas managed quite differently during the lulls. VienR V 127. Give me a little bit, a little bit to chew during the afternoon nap. BaltPV I 47. Only during the spring thaw does the hillfort float in the water like an island, and its undercut banks crumble and shrink year after year. VienIMA 139. During the honey harvest he was surrounded not only by bees but also by children. BilR I 184. To pay his debts, he would plough the land and do other jobs; throughout the war he lay sprawled in Laužadis’s yard as if pinned down. Gud-GuzR I 48. Throughout his life he had been used to having his whims obeyed blindly; now, for the first time, he found himself confronted with such brazen disobedience. Myk-PutS I 83. Marc, you lie in this bed through breakfast. VaižgRR I 131. 7. 520 97 2. A separate group consists of compounds in which the verb denotes an action of short duration or an instantaneous action, while the noun denotes processes, events, states, or periods of time of various kinds (breakfast, the rye harvest, holidays), of which the action occupies only a part or a moment. People said that he was worldly-wise, very stingy, very cunning, and that whatever he set about doing, he always did crookedly; and that when the manor estate was divided, he had even swindled his own brother. VienR V 11. It was extraordinary that through this cream-making she would come to learn Geišė’s secret, which, she sensed, would also touch her closely. VaižgRR I 76. No one could so deftly, without anyone noticing, roll a cart onto the ridge of a barn during a wedding or christening as Kazys could. Myk-PutS I 32. When fishermen lose their way at sea in storms, he alone dares to find them a route. SNėrR I 414. They did not hire a farmhand at all, but during the rye harvest and haymaking they would call in day laborers. VienIMA 7. Do you remember how we swam in the Nemunas at Pentecost? CVR₁ V 200. No one could run so nimbly through the water during Shrovetide among the youths chasing the “povels” or among those celebrating the end of the rye harvest as Kazys could. Myk-PutS I 32. § 6. Verbal compounds with the preposition per also express causal relations. The noun in such compounds may be either abstract or concrete, e.g.: I forgot because of the rush; she perished because of the girl. According to the meaning and composition of the main clause, compounds expressing causation can be divided into two groups. 1. One group consists of compounds in which the verb denotes an adverse, harmful, or undesirable action, while the dependent noun states the cause or instigator of that action. The formation of such compounds is limited. I lost my girl because of my own foolishness!.. KrėvP 39. The beet leaves break because of the gap. Pc. Apparently I left my [tobacco] at home in my haste. BaltrTK II 9. Because of those apple thieves [Girdvainis] abandoned the whole farm. BorBM₁ 24. Mikas was terribly angry that he had killed his son because of a fly. Graž. Because of his great size, Mikas even got quite confused that he had killed his son because of a fly. Graž. Because of his size, he was even bent over. Ktk. The letter from Obeliai, mangled by Abyšalas, greatly upset Ignotas. Gud-GuzR II 286. There is no lad, there is no little son of theirs: he perished because of a girl. It is all because of you that Mama makes us kneel on peas every day. KrėvP 59. Alk. 2. Another subgroup consists of compounds in which the verb has the negative prefix ne- and denotes an action that did not take place, while the dependent noun states the reason why the action did not take place. Even the little ones do not perish because of the big ones. PP 127. I won’t be home because of the fish (I’ll be out fishing). Als. Because of the distance, they don’t deliver bread. Ktk. I couldn’t get home because of the bad roads, and I was blamed. Krš. Go sleep in the barn; in the griečius (=room) you can’t fall asleep because of the flies. Pc. I would have shouted in vain—because of my weak voice, no one would have heard me at that distance. BalčGK 86. Also assigned to this subgroup are compounds whose main constituent is an infinitive connected with finite forms of the verbs negalėti, nesuspėti. I can’t fall asleep because of your clattering. Ėr. I can’t see because of my copious tears. Žm. That man fell dead at once; because of the suddenness of it, Achmed himself did not have time to save the father from a tragic end. Balč.TVN 125. When the infinitive is connected with finite forms of the verbs nebūti, neturėti, then the adverb kąa is structurally necessary between them and the infinitive. 98 — The guest has been staying too long, and you must have grown tired of him. — There was no time to grow tired during all those adventures. MašAMB 122. I had no time to eat because of all that work. Ktk. § 7. Verb phrases with the preposition per also indicate the manner in which an action is performed. Such phrases vary in meaning and structure. 1. In some manner phrases, the main verb denotes finding out, acquiring, or conveying something, and so on, while the dependent noun denotes people, organizations, institutions, or simply some means (a letter, the press, the radio) through which, or with whose mediation, the action is performed. These phrases are close to phrases with an object meaning. Through the shepherd, the prince learned the fate of his third sister as well. Tt. I hear from people that you are scolding me. Lnkv. The duke answered him through an interpreter. VienR IV 82. Antanienė made the arrangements through Agnieška. VienR V 101. They announced over the radio that the weather would be fine tomorrow. Ktk. I invited my brother by letter. Ut. They corresponded with Praniauskaitė in such an official manner only through the press. VienIMA 240. The dishes were passed from hand to hand. VienIMA 219. Compare: If only someone had sent word through a little bird. ŽemR I 333. 2. Phrases in which the noun is abstract (hardship, suffering, coercion, struggle, work, diligence), and the verb denotes a purposeful action (strive, learn, rise, raise, obtain), express pure manner relations. These phrases are unproductive. Everything he has was truly achieved through work, hardship, and difficulties. VencIGD 12. Only after my earnest entreaty did their family come to help. Ds. They sent the child by force [to herd]. Ktk. § 8. A distinct group consists of phrases whose main verb denotes a state (be, serve, live, keep) or a change of state (turn into, become, remain, go, teach, take, give), while the dependent noun denotes people by occupation, duties, or kinship. Such phrases indicate what a person is or what they become (less often, what an object is or becomes). My father was a councillor. BsP I 43. He was a clerk at that manor. BsP I 12. I was then employed by Count K. as a gardener. JasiukD 17. I was a farmhand. Grž. Be like a son to me. Tvr. They will be godparents to them. Lnšk. Well then, come to me as a servant. BsMt I 18. Well, then I’ll remain a shepherd. BsRP 63. You could ask him whether he might stay with us as a farmer (as a husbandman). JabIRR I 658. Everything comes to nothing. Trš. She entered a manor and hired herself to the mistress of that manor as a housemaid (lit. an ash-maid, a sweeper). JabIRR I 658. She taught as a shoemaker. Tvr. She became the manor’s housekeeper (proverb). One woman turned into a devil. Žml. She moved to Joniškis to serve as a parish priest. Lnkv. In the spring of her eighth year, she was sent off as a little shepherdess. Brž. And the daughter came only as a fair guest; she wove no clothes. LB 27. If that’s so, I’ll take him as a matchmaker too. SimonVK II 306. Once the devil came to that farmer and asked to be taken on as a farmhand to serve him. Tt. The king promised to give him his daughter as his wife. JabIRR I 658. Katrė married him only because a head of household was needed and because her father, Šalteikis, insisted on having him as a son-in-law. SimonVK II 306. § 9. In literary language, these phrases are often replaced by synonymous phrases with a noun in the accusative and the preposition už, partly by phrases with a noun in the accusative and the preposition į, or simply by the instrumental without a preposition. 8* 99 1. All phrases with the preposition per can be replaced by corresponding phrases with the preposition už. At early dawn the sun rose; for my sake, as a young girl, she was like a mother. TŽ II 222. I shall be a washerwoman, washing shirts, my dear young man. JD 590. Elzbieta served at Sakalauskienė’s as a maid, the children as shepherds, and the father as a farmhand. CvR₁ II 332. At that time she lived in the same St. Petersburg, with some very wealthy, high-ranking gentlemen, as a confidante. VienIMA 106. He caught himself some crayfish, bought some little candles, dressed up as an angel, and went at night to that gentleman’s estate (folktale). Pšl. The eldest sent his son Antaniukas to good people to tend the livestock as a shepherd. VienIMA 90. He entrusted Jonas to his king, who took him on as a footman. BsP III 26. Grandfather gives him that same puppy as a companion. Tt. Everyone wanted to take that beautiful princess for his wife. Sml. There, too, he persuaded two girls from the household’s circle of acquaintances and invited them to serve as hostesses at the May festivity. ŽemR III 400. 2. Phrases with the preposition į replace only some phrases with the preposition per : those formed with verbs denoting a change of state (not the state itself!). In addition, in such cases the noun is used in the plural accusative with the preposition į. They hired him at the office as a writer. VienR V 119. Since he is such a loyal man, they elected him village head… ŽemR III 26. I gave my daughter away as a bride. BsO76. Then she began asking Marelė to be her sister and everyone to come to the wedding. ŽemR III 36. I’ll go to this miller and learn to be a miller (I’ll learn milling). JablRR I 654. Cf.: The unfortunate ones slid down the steep hill and turned into stones. BilR I 147. Just be careful, or you yourself, beating them for no reason, will turn into a beast with your stupid oxen. DonR 35. 3. Combinations with the instrumental were synonymous with verb combinations expressing a state (less often, a change of state) and using the preposition per. I was their matchmaker and brought a dowry back to the homeland. CvR₁ II 259. I was a farmhand, too. BaltPV I 100. I worked as chairman for several years, then quit. Ktk. He served there as a teacher for a long time (was a teacher). JablRR I 634. From then on, Jonas remained a father, brother, and guardian to Zosė. ŽemR II 224. When have you ever seen a goat be (be appointed, serve as…) a gardener? JablRR I 635. Their boy is studying to be an engineer. Ktk. The cuckoo turns into a little hawk in autumn. Ktk. § 10. Phrases consisting of the verb laikyti (someone/something as something) and a noun in the accusative with the preposition percan be discussed separately. They express a supposed state of a person (or thing). The Germans consider a Lithuanian a simpleton. DonR 105. And they regard poor peasants as pig fodder. DonR 28. Let him come to his senses; perhaps he’ll be more considerate and won’t take someone else for a fool. PaukštAA 15. I consider him wise. LKŽ VII 38. Rudikis, as you hear, was considered a thief at the market. DonR 119. Willows and firs, pines and linden tops, but especially osiers and shrubs, were considered worthless. DonR 126. I don’t consider a spruce a good tree. Sg. She was so clever that she mistook a sparrow for a pigeon. PP 430. For the princess considered him her husband. LKŽ VII 44. These are also related to phrases with verbs of concrete meaning, after which the word laikyti ‘consider’ is understood, cf.: he will shoot you as a little May bug and he will shoot you, having taken you for a little May bug. Such phrases indicate what someone is taken for, usually by mistake. 100 The rogue lad will catch you, young huntress, through the wild duck. JD 762. Oh, I’ll shoot you, I’ll shoot you, maiden, through the cuckoo of the forest. BsO II 186. The fishermen would have fished the lagoon and caught me through the speckled pike. Slv. I won’t wash, I won’t wash, I’ll be too white, and then the crow will carry me off through the grey. Srd. § 11. The constructions in the preceding group are relatively rare. Other constructions are more often used for the same purpose. 1. The verb laikyti usually takes a noun in the instrumental case. They all consider him a good person. Ktk. What do you take me for here? JabIRR I 633. What we took to be an island was only the back of a terribly large sea fish. Balč(LKŽ VII 44). 2. Constructions with either of the two uses of the verb laikyti may be replaced by corresponding constructions with the accusative and the preposition už ‘as/for’. Urbonas considered the old man a good and clever person. Tt. Why do you take me for a fool? Ps. If I were free, I would consider it an honour to give my life in the service of Her Majesty. BalčGK 95. Do not take it amiss, but we are honest people, Lithuanians, accustomed to repaying a service properly… VenclGD 340. People of this generation know a great deal; they count twenty years as old. Pš. There are two little fishers in the village—they’ll catch you for a pike. There are two little riflemen in the village—they’ll shoot you for a cuckoo. Al. Don’t dress up—the crow will carry you off for a child. Vv. I brought in bread in exchange for sweet bread. Pc. We sowed cabbage, but turnips came up. Kal. Sell the cow as pregnant—you’ll get more for it. Ktk. 3. Occasionally, constructions with a noun in the genitive and the preposition vietoj ‘instead of’ are used for the same purpose (most often with the verb laikyti ‘consider, regard’). You won’t take me for a fool anymore! BalčGP 88. He takes me for a car. Pc. I’ll shoot you as if you were a hare. Šts. § 12. Verbal constructions whose dependent constituent (or part of it) consists of words denoting number, quantity, or measure with the preposition per express quantitative relations. Depending on their meaning, which in many cases is determined by the preposition per, these constructions can be divided into two groups. 1. Most verbal constructions expressing quantity with the preposition per denote an excess of something. Constructions with this meaning have various structures. a) In some constructions, the dependent constituent is the accusative of a cardinal numeral or a measure-denoting noun with the preposition per. Such constructions are rare. He got over a thousand for the pig. Skdv. She is over thirty years old. Ktk. It is over a kilometre to the town. Ktk. It’s already past half past seven. Plng. b) More common are constructions in which the numeral (alone or together with a measure word) also takes a noun in the genitive denoting the quantified object, e.g.: there were over fifteen people, he bought over fifteen kilograms of apples. Over the course of several years he (K. Būga) managed to amass a fairly large library containing over one and a half thousand selected works of linguistic literature (trš.). I sold over ten centners of potatoes. Ktk. 2. Another group of phrases indicates how many times something is repeated, how many objects are involved, or in how many places an action takes place. These phrases are complex: their dependent component consists of cardinal numerals (or the pronouns keli, visi) together with concrete nouns and the preposition per. 101 We mowed the clover twice. Ktk. I soaked the meat in three waters. Jnpl. I tore my coat in two places. Ktk. I went to both shops—there is no yeast. Ktk. We’ll sow flax in both fields. Sl. Several cartloads of hay must have gathered across all the meadows. Ktk. Noun phrases Free phrases §13. The preposition per also forms noun phrases, though far fewer than verb phrases. Structurally, these phrases are of two kinds: in one, the head noun is derived from a verb; in the other, it is morphologically unrelated to a verb. Noun phrases express attributive relations with various nuances, supplied to the phrase by the meaning of the dependent noun. The attributive meaning is weaker in phrases whose head component is a verbal noun; compare crossing over a wall and a stripe across the forehead. 1. Phrases whose head noun is derived from a verb of movement (often with the suffix -imas), or denotes objects shaped like a band or line, while the dependent component denotes concrete objects or a place, express attributive relations with a spatial nuance. It is good to listen to one’s own footsteps, to feel the refreshing breath of a breeze across one’s heated body. CvR₁ II 357. [The gendarmes] began arguing about carrying books across the border. ŽemR II 128. Everything showed that he was not a member of the group of couriers, but merely an escort through the Žemaitija forests and the spring swamps. VienR IV 9. Kaziukas did not even glance at those sinful children’s journeys through his room. VaižgRR I 387. Tell me, little one, do you know the way through the forest to Surmontas? CvR₁ II 221. But in time, the little slope, once trampled by horses in their shoes, and the little path from it across the entire yard gradually became overgrown… Gud-GuzR I 20. But winter came and laid bridges across the lakes. KrėvP 96. I’ll build a little bridge across the Nemunėlis and visit the young lady every evening. Auk. [Stoškus] bought a pharmacy and a ferry across the Karkuva. CvR₁ II 300. Behind the two of you, a policeman with a rifle slung over his shoulder was grumbling. VenclGD 53. [Mikutis], with a chain across his chest, would go to the mill on the worn millstones. CvR₁ II 140. The girl did recover, but the scar across her entire cheek remained for the rest of her life. VienIMA 55. The whole apartment is just one little room, with a large bread oven occupying a third of its area. Gud-GuzR I 132. § 14. Phrases also occur that consist of verbal nouns with the preposition per and a noun denoting time. They express attributive relations with a temporal nuance. I’ll repay you for all your kindness, just as you repaid me for your devotion throughout a lifetime. VaižgRR I 248. § 15. A separate group consists of noun phrases denoting quantity or measure. Their head component consists of the nouns kartas, sykis (‘time’, ‘occasion’), nouns denoting units of time and other measures or individual objects, often accompanied by cardinal numerals or the pronouns keli, keletas (‘several’, ‘a few’). The dependent noun denotes units of time. Such phrases express quantitative relations with a temporal nuance and are often complex. 102 At least once a month, editor Gimžauskas would reassure shopkeepers and homeowners in his reviews. CvR₁ II 184. Once a day you’ll get a chance to rattle around in bed with a rattle like that. Rd. They say that our emperor prays seven times a day. SimonR I 309. Several times a day Mikutis carried water into the cottage. CvR₁ II 134. Every farmstead had to work three days a week on German farms. CvR₁ II 151. I can easily walk five kilometers per hour. Ktk. They feed ten bacon pigs per year. Žg. Set phrases § 16. There are fossilized expressions consisting of two forms of the same noun with the preposition per. More common are combinations of nouns denoting time. They express an uninterrupted passage of time. And again the days dragged on, the people were anxious and talked this way and that, and waited for the war… KrėvP 92. Time passed; month after month went by. KrėvP 100. Year after year passed quickly; many had already gone by, much water had flowed down the rivers since the young man married the beautiful little daughter of a nobleman. Thus the two old men lived year after year; they were always cheerful, especially Lapinas. KrėvAP 62. Mass follows mass in the chapel. ŽemR II 148. Cf.: Bowl after bowl was emptied on the table. ŽemR III 258. Yesterday, for half an hour, step after step (slowly), I walked to Peleson. Pls. Adjectival combinations § 17. Adjectival combinations with the accusative of nouns (or pronouns) and the preposition per are unproductive². They are formed with comparative adjectives and express comparison, with nuances of exclusion or difference. § 18. Combinations expressing comparison with a nuance of exclusion fall into two structural types. 1. Some combinations consist of the genitive of a comparative adjective, which depends on the sentence verb with the negative ne- (usually in the form to be), and the accusative of a dependent noun (or pronoun) with the preposition per. These combinations express that the entity named by the dependent constituent possesses the relevant quality to the greatest extent among all entities of the same kind. Who doesn’t know that there is no better food for pigeons than peas? MašAMB 230. There are no better mushrooms for me than boletes. Alv. … then he thought that there was no happier man in the world than a raftman. BalčHP 206. There was no one older than him. Lnkv. There are no better feathers than these. Lp. In some combinations, the dependent noun has a modifier that makes the combination under discussion complex. You won’t find a more watchful one than our dog. Jrb. There is no one more beautiful than the poor girl. Vrn. You won’t be able to hire anyone better than the old boy. Grž. 2. Occasionally, dialects also have adjectival combinations with the preposition per in affirmative statements. In that case, the dependent constituent is the pronoun «all» ² Žr. E. Valiulytė, Prielinksnių vartojimas lyginimo santykiams reikšti, kn.: Lietuvių kalbos gramatinė sandara, Vilnius, 1967, p. 88–89. 103 the plural accusative with the preposition per, while the adjective is in the comparative, more rarely the superlative. Such constructions express the greatest degree of a quality by which someone or something stands out from the whole. Gaubys is more worthy than everyone. Plt. Algis is bigger than everyone. Trš. I am the youngest of them all. Antš. § 19. The constructions discussed have a number of synonyms. In meaning and structure, they correspond to adjectival constructions with accusative-governing prepositions už, prieš and genitive-governing prepositions iš, tarp. 1. Constructions in the first subgroup with the preposition per correspond to constructions with the prepositions už and prieš. There was no one better than him at hard work. LzPR I 221. There is none stronger than her—the living cannot be overcome. MiežML 99. There is no singing more beautiful than the nightingale’s (song). Ds. I know no better people than them. Ktk. 2. Constructions in the second subgroup correspond to constructions with the prepositions iš, tarp and už. But of all, the best is the black-eared little cow. SNėr I 447. He, Pranukas, is guiltier than everyone… ŽemR I 199. Eglė is the happiest of all the daughters-in-law; she does not shed bitter tears in abundance. SNėrR I 419. Of all, the boletus grows tallest. BaranAŠ 21. But among all the famous men of that family, among all those who sat in the high castle of Merkinė, the most famous was the old nobleman Mykis. KrėvP 24. It is noteworthy that, of all the constructions discussed, those with the prepositions už and iš are used most frequently. § 20. Constructions expressing comparative relations with a nuance of difference are formed from certain qualitative comparative adjectives (older, more senior, younger, bigger, smaller, cheaper, more expensive) and nouns denoting measures (often with cardinal numerals), together with the preposition per. That one is nearly ten years older… ŽemR I 28. She is said to be twenty-five (=five⟧) years older. Mžk. She is twenty years younger than me. Lnkv. This year our bundininkas is a hundred cheaper than last year. Jnš. These constructions are not characteristic of literary language. Instead, corresponding constructions with the instrumental case are used more often, cf.: five years older, three rubles cheaper, two centimeters taller. Adverbial Phrases § 21. Adverbs in the comparative degree, like adjectives, form phrases with a noun (or pronoun) in the accusative case preceded by the preposition per. In meaning, adverbial phrases correspond to adjectival phrases. 1. Phrases expressing comparative relations with a nuance of exclusion correspond, in their contexts of use, to adjectival phrases of the first group (cf. § 18). Well, no one spoke more beautifully and cleverly than I did. KrėvAP 53. No one sings better than Žiūkelis. Sn. There is no better way to quench one’s thirst than with water. Ps. 104 Cf.: You work no more than I do, yet I still have nothing, just as I had nothing before… KrevRg 105. A person need not sleep more than eight hours. JablRR I 658. Imbratlam is not far away—it is no more than six versts. Ds. They will not transport it for less than five litas. Zp. These compounds, like adjectival compounds, are synonymous with compounds containing the prepositions with, before, and also from (cf. § 19). No one does this work better than I do. Ktk. Nothing is tastier to a dog than a bone. Ktk. No one can sing more beautifully than the Lithuanians. Viln. But of all of them, the fairest daughter of the nobleman, a white lily, loved him most… KrevP 65. I am living better now than everyone else. Ktk. 2. Other adverbial phrases express comparative relations with a nuance of quantitative difference. I am three weeks later. Ps. The elder one took [vaiskan] fifteen years later. Svl. I sowed the barley one day earlier. Rd. Papilys is two versts farther than Biržai. Brž. If there were one row fewer of slate, it would be just right. Ktk. These phrases, too, like adjectival ones, are synonymous with phrases using the instrumental case; cf.: one day earlier, three weeks later, a couple of kilometers farther. Pronoun combinations with the preposition per § 22. The following pronoun combinations are formed with the preposition per: one after another and one after another. They denote a sequence of objects. The pupils began tumbling into the corridor one after another. MikLE 28. The villagers who had gathered set about securing one another. LzPR II 74. [The workers], heated, their caps pulled back from their foreheads, toss sheaves onto the table one after another. ŽemR III 258. — From where? — they rushed to ask one another. LzPR II 88. On the other side of the hut, old trees stand as if tossed there one after another. SimonR I 22. Gauta 1971.XI.16 Э. ВАЛЮЛИТЕ WORD COMBINATIONS WITH THE PREPOSITION PER Summary The preposition per with the accusative case occurs in combinations with a verb, noun, adjective, adverb, and pronoun. 1. The most common combinations are verb phrases. They express various relations: a) Spatial, e.g.: The tank crews drove through the city. — The tank crews drove through the city; The next day he (Huseinas) began going around the shops. — The next day he (Huseinas) began going around the shops; He returned from Paris through Germany. — He returned from Paris through Germany; The bullet came out through the wall. — The bullet passed 105 through the wall; She noticed a man nearby…, with a submachine gun slung across his chest. – She noticed a man nearby…, with a submachine gun slung across his chest; My leg hurts at the knee. – My leg hurts at the knee; You’ll find the money three steps from that spot. – You’ll find the money three steps from that spot. b) Object relations, e.g.: The captain struck the table with his fist. – The captain struck the table with his fist. c) Temporal relations, e.g.: Mother spun all day. – Mother spun all day; Father was killed during the war. – Father was killed during the war. d) Causal relations, e.g.: Mikas killed his son because of a fly. – Mikas killed his son because of a fly; I can’t fall asleep because of the noise. – I can’t fall asleep because of the noise. e) Attributive-circumstantial relations, e.g.: At last Antanas sent a letter through his wife. – At last Antanas sent a letter through his wife; He came at my earnest request. – He came at my earnest request. f) Relations of status and substitution, e.g.: The king promised to give him that daughter as his wife. – The king promised to give him that daughter as his wife; She was so cunning that she took a sparrow for a dove. – She was so cunning that she took a sparrow for a dove. f) Quantitative relations, e.g.: I’ll soon have more than three hundred. – I’ll soon have more than three hundred; I tore my coat in two places. – I tore my coat in two places. 2. The preposition per with the accusative forms a small number of phrases in which the noun is the head. Such phrases most often express attributive relations with various shades of meaning: a) Attributive-spatial relations, e.g.: swimming across a river – a crossing of a river by swimming; a scar across the face – a scar across the face. b) Attributive-temporal relations, e.g.: a day’s work – work for a day. c) Quantitative-temporal relations, e.g.: The son comes once a month. – The son comes once a month; We work five days a week. – We work five days a week. 3. Phrases in which an adjective is the head occur rarely. They express comparative relations with a nuance of emphasis or distinction, e.g.: In my opinion, there are no mushrooms better than porcini; That woman is older by nearly ten years. – That woman is older by nearly ten years. 4. The preposition per with the accusative occasionally combines with an adverb as well, forming phrases whose meaning corresponds to that of phrases with an adjective, e.g.: No one will do it more beautifully than I will; I arrived one day earlier. – I arrived one day earlier. 5. The preposition per combines with pronouns to form fixed phrases expressing sequence, e.g.: The students began shouting one after another; They toss sheaves onto the table one after another. – They toss sheaves onto the table one after another. Received 16.XI.1971