Функционирование родного и русского языков в школах Советской Литвы

SOCIALINĖS LINGVISTIKOS PROBLEMOS LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XIX (1979) IOo3ac KOPCAKAC GYHKULHOHHPOBAHHE POJJHOI'O H PYCCKOI'O S13bIKOB B IIIKOJIAX COBETCKOHM JIUTBbI B JluroBekxoi CCP 8a roger CoBerckofi B/racTH 3aBeplIeHO BceoČinee 0653a- TeJ/IbHOe6e BOCbMHJIeTHEee O6pa3oBaHHe HaCeJIeHHA H OCYHIECTBJISETCS Iepexojį KO BCeoOIeMy cpejineMy obpasoBaHHio. B coBerckuil repHojį cOepbi: TpaJIHIIHOH- HOTO HpHMeHeHHS5 J/IHTOBCKOTO JIKHTEpaTYpHOTO SiBbIKA 3HAHHTEJIbHO PACIIHPHJ/IHCE, TMIOBBICHJIACH POJIb PYCCKOTO fI3bIKa Kak CpejįcTBa MexXHalLHOHAJIbHOTO OOINEeHHA. B nekortoprix 1mkosax CoBeTckoil JINTBbI (DYHKIHOHUPYET TAKKE NOJIBCKHŪ A3BIK. [To nanHBIM CTaTHCTHYECKOTO €XKErofHHKa „DŠKOHOMHKA H KyJabTypa JIHTOBCKOM CCP“, B 1976/77 yueGHOM rojly no SI3LIKY OOyueHHA yualluecs: ofiieo6pasoBa- TEJIbHBIX JHeBHbIX IIIKOJI MunucrepcrBa ripocBemenns JIlutrCCP noapasnensiuch CJIIEJĮYIOLIIHM o0pasoM: Ha JIMTOBCKOM f3bIKe o0ydanoch 859%, BceX ydalmuxcs (457 ThIC.), Ha pycckoM — 129%, (65 ThIC.) 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CaejnoBareiibHo, 3HaUeHHS JIAHHBIX CJIOB CTY/EHTHI JH CTBHTEIbHO 3HAIOT, H 3TH CJIOBA MOXKHO CYH- TaTh COCTABHOH YACTLIO PENpPOAYKTHBHOTO CJOBaps. AHAZOTHYHBEIM CIIOCOOOM HaMH TMOJYY4eHbl COOTBETCTBYIOLIHE MOTPEIIHOCTH tectoB JI—Pc u JI—-Pt: 3,18 u 2,58% coOTBETCTBEHHO. 3HAUHT, BCE CTYIEHTHI npu nepesojie Tecra JI—Pc B cpennem moran Obi nepesectd OT 31 go 379%, CJIOB, npu nepesose Tecra JI-P — or 14 no 19%. CaenoBaTeIbHO, CTATHCTHYECKHMH METOJaMH V/laJIOCb J0KasaTh, UTO B TecC- Tax 4acTh CJOB CTYAEHTHI XOPOLIO 3HAIOT (3TO PeNnpoAyKTHBHas JIEKCHKa), KOTO- past OnsiTh HaMH BKJIIOUeHA B OČINHH CIHCOK H3BECTHBIX CJIOB; JPYyTasi UACTb CJIOB HM HEJ0CTaTOYHO XODOINO H3BecTHAa, Tpebyercsl NONOJHHUTENbHOE H3yyeHHe (OHA GkiJia MCKJIIOYeHa H3 PenpojyKTHBHOIO CJIOBaps). O61mil CMHCOK PENpOLYKTUBHON JIEKCHKH PYCCKOTO $i3blKa y4allluXCsi-HTOB- 11EB BCE Ke BhI3bIBAET COMHEHHE IO TOK NMPHUYHHE, UTO OH ABJIAETCH CYMMOH TeMaTH- YyeCKHX CIHCKOB CJIOB. 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C NOTrpeluHOCTbIO B 19, MOXKHO yTBep2K/aTh, UTO Ha COJlEPKAHHE H KOJIHUEeCTBEHHbIN OO'beM peripojĮyKTHBHOTO CJIOBAPS PYCCKOTO SI3bIKA CTY/ĮEHTOB-JIHTOBIIEB He OKa- 3bIBaeT BJIHSIHHSI OTHONIEHHe TOM HJIH HHO aKaJeMHYeCKOi IPYNIbl K TOMY HJIH ApyroMy GakyJbTery. CaienoBareibo, JitoGasi cry Įlekueckasi IPYIMa € TOTpelIHOCThIO B 19, BOCIPO- H3BEJET CJIOBAPb, KOTOPLIH Gy/eT IIpejįcTaBJIATb OINTHMA/IbHbIK BADHAHT COBOKYII- HOCTH, T.e. TEMATHYeCKHĖ PperipojĮyKTHBHbIH CJIOBApb PyCCKOTO A3bIKa CTY/IEH- TOB-JINTOBLIEB. ConocraBjienHe Hallero cnucka CJIOB C „2380 cioBamu, HauGoJee ynorpe- GHTeJIbHbIMH B PyCCKOi pasroBopHoit peur” (M., VJIH um. II. JlyMymMOsi, 1968), TOKa3bIBAET, UTO B PENPOJAYKTHBHOH TEMAaTHYECKOH JIEKCHKE YYallHXCsi-/iHTOB- eB HacuuTbiBaeTcss 0 669%, obuwmx cjaoB. Bor npumepsl COBNAJAIONMIHX CJIOB: babyuwika, became, sudems, easema, dpyeotl, udmu u 1.1. 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HeliTpaabHyio H HeCJOXHYIO 10 pe- ank3aunH TeMy „B Gojibunite“, OTMEYEHHYIO B IPOrpaMMe MO PYCCKOMY SI3bIKY B MJIAJŲNIHX KJaccax, NKHCAJIH pasHble rpynnbl (no 50 yestoBek) yyauxcs Ha JIH- TOBCKOM H OT/IeJIbHO Ha PYCCKOM si3blKax. B ofcaefoBanuu NpHHHMAJH yyacTue yualHecs -JIuToBlbl 4 —9-X KjaaccoB. B HTOTE BbIACHHJIOCH, UTO MO BhILIEY NOMS - HYTOH Teme Ha POAHOM fA3bIKe yyalluecs 4-ro Kjaacca BOCNpoH3BeJIH B CpejineM 380 cJI0B, a yuatuecsi 9-ro kaacca — 730 cJioB. CoOTBETCTBEHHO Ha PYCCKOM 3bIKE or 80 cJ10B — B 4-M Kaacce jo 640 cao — B 9-M Kaacce. Huaue rosopsi, B 4-M KJacce pasHHila B OObeMe CJioBapeil poJHOTO H PYCCKOTO Si3bIKOB COCTaBJSET B cpeanem 300 caos, a B 9-M — Bcero Jinitib 90 ¢/oB, T.e. B BbITYCKHOM KJacce B 1JiaHe Pa3TOBOPHO-OLITOBOM JIEKCHKH DAa3sHHIlAa YMEHbILAeTCs B YeThipe pasa. CaenoBaTtenbHO, MNOTEHIKAJIbHbIE CJIOBADHbIE BO3MOMHOCTH YYalllUXCS-JHTOB- LEB B IlJIaHE CaMOBLIPAXKEHUS] HA PYCCKOM fi3blKe BeCbMa 3HauHTEJIbHbi. B 3TOM GoJibiliasi 3aC/Tyrd COBETCKOH IHIKOJIbi, YYHTe ell PyCCKOTO Si3biKa CPeAHHX IIKOJI Halle pecnyO/aHKH. B 1945 r. B CoBerckoii JIuTBe Jiniub HEKOTOPAsi Y4CTh HACE/ICHHS B TOM HAM HHO cTrerieHH 3HaJIa PYCCKHH S3bIK. 3a MHHYBIUMH NEPHOJ MOJIOMKEHHe B KOPHE H3Me- HHJIOCb: TENEepPb MOXHO YTBEPX/aTh, YTO Pa3rOBOPHO-GLITOBOH PeYbid PYCCKOTo si3bIKa BJIajleeT nojasJsiollee GOJIbIKHHCTBO HaCeJIEHHSA, B TOM UKCJIE BCS MOJIO- Jexb Coserckoit JlurBbi. IlojirBepxkjteHneM JaHHOR MbICJIH SIBJISIETCSA H BhllLEPHBE- JeHHbIH CJIOBADHbIK 3anac y4alulHXCH-JHTOBIEB MO JEKCHKe pyCCKOTMO S13bIKA. O10 3aKJIOYeHHe MOATBEPIKAAeTCS H HALIHM COLHOJIHHTBHCTHYECKHM aHKeT- HbIM 00CJ1€/I0BaHHEM BbITy CKHHKOB 1974/75 yueGHOro rojia, KOTOphie TOJIbKO NOCTY - 50 nian B KayHacckuii noJuTexHWYECKHH MHCTHTYT MM. AHTaHaca CHeukyca, H CTYAEHTOB CTapinx Kypcos. O6cJiejjoBaHHe NpoOBOJIKJIOCb MNapalIJIeJIbHO C HCCJIe- JIOBaHHEM PENpOJyKTHBHOIO CJIOBapsi PYCCKOTO A3bIKA BBIMYCKHHKOB CPeIHHX 1KoJ. 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Ilpu TOM caexyeT oTMeTHTb, 4TO 5%, OTLOB H 12%, MaTepeii PYCCKHM SH3bIKOM He Baanetor. Opnako 33%, oto u 209, MaTtepe BJAJCIOT He TOJIbKO VCTHOM, HO H nucbMeHHOH dopMoH pycckoro sisbika. IpuGansuTtensuo 15%, poxuTeneii 3KHaloT H TNOJIbCKHĖ A3bIK. B uHejie HHOCTPaHHBIX A3bIKOB HA MEPBOM MECTe — HeMeEnLKHĖ, NOTOM VIIOMHHAIOTCSHS OpaHiLy3CKHH H aHTTHHCKHH 13biKH. TaKkoBa GObiJia COLHAJIbHO- JHHTBHCTHYECKAs Cpe/la CTY/IeHTOB-JIMTOBLEB B ceMbsix. O cefe CTyaeHTh 3aCBH- JIETEJIbCTBOBAJIH CJEAYIolIee: 1. Ha sonpoc „KakoB ypoBeHb BJIA/IEHHSI POJHBIM S3BIKOM?“ GbiJiH NOJI y4eHb! TaKHe OTBETHI: FOBOPIO H YHTAIO XOPOILO, HO MHIY YAOBJETBOPHTENBHO — 2994: rOBOPIO, YHTAI0 H MHIIY Xopoiio — 719%. 2. „KakoB ypoBeHb BJIajieHHsl PYCCKMM si3biKoM?“ Ha nannbii BOMPOC NOJY- YEHBI CJACIYIOIIHE OTBETBI: I'OBOPIO CBOGOAHO — 2894, yjioBJIeTBOpHTEJIbHO — 56, cna60 — 16%; mummy xopomo — 6, yaoBJeTBOpHTENbHO — 60, MAOXO — 349,. 3. ,KakoB ypoBeHb Bi1ajieHHsi HHOCTPAHHBIM A3BIKOM?“ OTBeTHI: YHTAIO CBO- boano — 6, ciao — 9494; uuraio 663 cioBaps — 5, co cjoBapeM — 9594. 4. ,, KakoBo cooTHouleHHe ynoTpeG/IeHHA S3bIKOB B IIpoLecce 06y4YeHHsI B BY - 3e?“ CTyZeHTbl BbIIIYCKHOTO KYPCa OTBETHJIH o0laeMcsi Ha JIMTOBCKOM siabike — 92,8, Ha pycckom — 6,2, Ha HHOCTPaHHOM — 1,0%; unTaem Ha JHTOBCKOM si3bike — 69,2, Ha pycckom — 28,6, Ha HHOCTpaH- HOM — 2,2%,; NHIleM Ha JIMTOBCKOM si3bike — 90,5, Ha pycckoM — 8,5, Ha HHO- cTpaHHOM — 19. CryjteHTbi mepBOro H BTOporo KypCoB, Ie elle npenojaeTCA NPAKTHYECKHH KYpC pyCCKOTO H HHOCTPAHHOTO A3bIKOB, Ha BbIllIeYIOMSIHY Thi BOMPOC OTBETHJIH: obliaeMcst Ha JIMTOBCKOM fibike — 88, Ha pycckom — 10,5, xa HHOCTPAHHOM — 1,5%; uHTaeM Ha JIMTOBCKOM sidbike — 81,4, Ha pycckom — 11,5, Ha HHocTpaHHOM — 7,1%; NHlIeM Ha JIMTOBCKOM si3bike — 89,9, Ha pycckoM — 7,9, Ha MHOCTpaH- HOM — 3,2%. į Takum o6pasoM, BHIHO, YTO Ha CTApIUHX KyYpCaX 4TEHHE Ha PYCCKOM H3bIKE KaK BH/Į CAaM006pa30BaHHA 3aHHMaeT NOYTH OJHY TpeTb, Hapsily ¢ POAHLIM H HHO- CTPAHHLIM SI3bIKAMH. JTO CTAHOBHTCA BMOJHE MOHATHBIM, KOTJA 3HAKOMHMCS C NOJIOKEHHEM JIEJI B HHCTHTY Te. BOJIbIIMHCTBO YyueGHbIX NOCOGHĖ IO CNetiKAaJIbHbIM, OCOGEHHO HOBbIM HAYYHO-TEXHHYECKHM JHCUHINJIHHAM TOJIbKO HA PYCCKOM S3bIKe. Hast Toro, 4To0bl rjryGxe H3YYHTH MpeMeT (eK NO npeaMeTy YHTaeTcs Ha POZIHOM fi3blKe), CTYI€HTAM NPHXOMUTCS 06PAlATLCS K CHENHANbHOIN JHTEepaType, H3/IaHHOH Ha PYCCKOM Si3biKe. B o6ieo6pa3oBaTe/ibHBIX CPeHHMX IIKOAAX H By3aX OCHOBHBIM CPEJICTBOM OOLIIEHHA SABJASETCS POAHON — JIHTOBCKHĖ SI3BIK. Hapsiny c num Bce 66.ibiuee 3Ha- ueHHe rpHoGpeTraeT pyCcCKHĖ A3BIK KaK CPeICTBO OGINEHHS, PACUIHPEHHOTO H YIVIyG- JIEHHOTO TIO3HAHHSA, a TaKXKe Kak CPeJCTBO IporiaraHJibi JOCTHXKEHHH TPYASAIIHX - ca Jlutosckoit CCP He ToJIbKO B MHOTOHALKHOKHAJIbHOH CoBerekofi cTpaHe, HO H 3a ee npeaesiaMH. Kadenpa pycckoro sisbika [sty aisitcknii nejarornyeckuilt HHCTHTYT nm. K. Tlpeiikmaca GIMTOSIOS IR RUSŲ KALBŲ VARTOJIMAS MOKYKLOSE Reziumė Lietuvos TSR mokyklose jaunimas mokomas gimtąja kalba. Nemažai dėmesio skiriama ir rusų: kalbos mokymui. Todėl lietuviškų mokyklų moksleiviai šnekamąją rusų kalbą moka gerai. Šiame darbe pamatuotai tvirtinama, kad lietuvių moksleivių reprodukcinis rusų kalbos žodynas — maždaug 8000 žodžių. Tatai pakankamas pagrindas laisvai bendrauti ir tęsti tolesnes studijas, kur paprastai dėstoma specialybės leksika ir frazeologija bei giliau mokoma rašomosios rusų kalbos. Sociolingvistinės anketos duomenimis, tiek vidurinėse, tiek ir aukštosiose mokyklose daugiau-- sia vartojama lietuvių kalba, mažiau — rusų, visai mažai — užsienio kalba.