Актуальные социолингвистические проблемы языковой жизни Литовской ССР

SOCIALINĖS LINGVISTIKOS PROBLEMOS LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XIX (1979) Buja Kososna MHXAJIbUEH KO AKTYAJIbHbIE COLIMOJIMHIBUCTUYECKHUE TMPOBJIEMBI SI3bIKOBOW )KXH3HH JIMTOBCKOW CCP Ilocjiejiiee fecsitu/ieTne pa3BUTHSI COBETCKOTO SI3bIKO3HAHUS XApaKTEpH3YeTCHA BO3POXK/IEHHEM HHTEPeca K CBSA3H fA3bIKa H MbINIJIEHHS, S3bIKA H IICHXHUECKONH Jes - TeJIbHOCTH, K 1pobJeMe 3aBHCHMOCTH $I3bIKOBOTO Pa3BHTHSI OT COLMAJILHBIX SIBJIE- HHH, H3yUeHHe KOTOPHIX B CBSAI3H C IPEHMYIIECTBEHHLIM BHHMAHHEM S3BLIKOBEJIOB K BHYTDEHHEH CTPYKType f3blKa B 3HAUHTEJIbHOKH CTeleHH OblJIO MpeKpalieHo. JLasi coBpeMeHHOi HaykH XapaKTepHbI JBa IPOTHBOIOJIOKHBIX TIpoiecca — aud- įdepenuHauHA H HHTErpaius, KOTODpbIE B OO/IaCTH SI3bIKO3HAHHS IPOSBJAIOTCS B BO3HHKHOBEHHH TaKHX JIMCINHINIHH, KAK IICHXOJIHHTBHCTHKA, JTHOJIHHTBHCTHKA, COLHOJIMHTBUCTHKA, HHTETDHDYIONIHX JHHIBHCTHKY C ĮĮDyYTHMH HayKaMH H IIpO- SABJIAIONHX TEHJIEHIKIO K OOOCOOJIEHHIO B OTJIEJIbHbIe OTpaciIH. TocjiejįHHM OGCTOS- TEeJIbCTBOM Bbi3BAHO CTpeMJIEHHe YYEHLIX K CO3/IaHHIO TEOPETHUECKHX OCHOB CO- 1MaJIbHOM JIMHTBHCTHKH, K BbIPabOTKe CBOETO, OpHTHHAJIbHOTO MOJĮXOJIa K H3YyUe- HHIO 5i3bIKA, K CO3JĮaHHIO IIOHSATHHHOTO AIlNapaTa, a TAKE CIEiKHAJIbHbIX METOJ0B uccaenosanus (JlemepuesB IO. JI., 1977; Huxrojnsberknū JI. B., 1976; IlIseii- uep A. JĮ., 1977). Ilepejį coBeTcKoR CONHOJIHHTBHCTHKOKM, BO3poXKaeHHOH B 70-e TrOjįbi B Kagec- TBE peaKUMH Ha KpahHOCTH BHYTPEHHeH JIMHIBHCTHKH, Js VJIOBJIETBODpEHHSA COlHAJIBHBIX NOTpeOHOCTEH, OOYCJIOBJIEHHbIX Pa3BUTHEM SI3LIKOBOK MKH3HH MHOTO- HalMOHAJIbHOTO COBETCKOTO Hapojla, CTOHT 3ajlaua pa3BepTbIBAHHSA CONHOJIHHTBHC- THYECKHX HCCJIEejĮOBAaHHH TO HEJIOMY PAAY aKTYAJIbHbIX JŲJISI COBDEMEHHOH SH3bIKO- Boi >xH3HH HapojjoB CCCP npo6jiexM. K HUM OoTHOCSHSTCSH pa3BHTHE OČIINECTBEHHLIX (yHKLHII S3bIKOB Ha COBPEMEHHOM 3Talle H B MPOLLJIOM, XapaKTep BJIKAHHA 3TOTO rnponecca Ha pasHble YPOBHH SI3bIKOBOI CTPYKTYPhI, 3aKOHOMEPHOCTH (DYHKIMOHH- poBaHHsi PYCCKOTO s3blKa KaK f3blKa Me*KHAaLHOHAJIbHOTO OOIIEHHSI Ha PasHbIX 3Tanax pa3BHTHS COBETCKOH CTPaHbl, IPOLECCH PA3BUTHS pa3HbIX THIIOB OHJIHHT- BH3Ma H Haubo/iee BaXKHOrO B COIHAJBHOM IVIaHE — HALHOHAJIbHO-pYCCKOTO JIBYSI3bIUHs, HCCJIEI0BaHHEe HauboJiee pallHMOHAaJIbHbIX HYTEK CO3JaHUsT TEPMHHOJIO- THYECKHX CHCTeM B sisbikaX HapoaoB CCCP u ap. tu npobJeMbl H3y4aloTCst pas- HbIMH aBTOPaMH IIyTeM OCMbICJIEHHS S3bIKOBbIX IIPOIECCOB, XApaKTEDHbIX JIS OTĮĮEJIbHbIX PErHOHOB HJIH si3bIKOBBIX rpynn (/lapGeeBa A. A., 1969; Xacanos B., 1976 H Jip.), Wau Xe nyTeM BbISCHEeHHA OČINHX JIS BCE CTPaHbl 3aKOHOMEPHOC- tei ([lewepues IO. [1., 1976). Taxoii nojįx0jį Bbi3BaH HEOGX0MMOCTBIO BLISBJICHHS Kak O0LIMX 3aKOHOMEPHOCTEH SI3bIKOBOTO pa3BHTHS, TAK H YAaCTHHIX OCOOEHHOCTEN HX MPOSIB/ICHHS B KOHKPETHBIX STHOK YJIbTY PHBIX, STHOJIHHIBHCTHYECKHX YCJIOBHSIX. Ilejib nacrosinieli cTaTbH — ONpejieJIHTb OCHOBHBIE AKTYAJIbHbIE IIpOOJIEMbI 3bI- KOBOH KH3HH B JluTBE, BbISBHTb BO3MOXKHBIE NYTH MX HCCJEJOBaHHS, a TaKikKe HHTEPIIPETHPOBATh TEOPETHYECKYIO H INPAKTHYECKYIO 3HAYMMOCTb HX pelIeHHS. OcymecTBHTb 3TO MOXKHO JIHINb C Y4eTOM OCLIMX TEH/EHUHA pa3BHTHA A3bIKOBON >»xH3HH B CCCP. OynkunoHHpoBaHHe 535IKOB HapojioB CCCP B coBerckoe BpeMa, C OHOH CTO- POHBI, ONpejieJI5eTCS5S OOINHMH 3aKOHOMEPHOCTSIMH pa3BHTHA COBeTCKOTO OČINE- cTBa, C JĮpyroli — KOHKpeTHbIMH 3THOJIHHTBHCTHUECKHMH YCJIOBHSIMH, B KOTO- 22 19 pbIX TH 3aKOHOMEPHOCTH peauayiorcsi. OjlHHM H3 OCHOBHbIX thakTOpoB, JAeTep- MHHHDYONIHX TeHJEHIHH S3bIKOBOTO pa3BHTHA B Hallieil CTpaHe, sBJIAETCS obpa- 30BaHHe HOBON HCTOPHYECKOH OOIIHOCTH — COBETCKOTO Hapoja, KOTOPBIH CO3/[a/JI eIMHYIO TO lyXY H NpHHUHIHAJIbHOMŲ CO/ACPIKAHHIO COLUATHCTHYECKYIO KYJIbTY - py, BKJIJOUAIONILYJO HanGoJ1ee LeHHble YePThl H TPAAULUH KYJIbTYp Hapo/IOB Hater cTpanbl. OJHOBPEMEHHO C CO3JIaHHEM OOILIECOBETCKOM KYJIbTYpbI COXPAHAIOTCA H pa3BHBAIOTCHA CaMOOBITHBIE UepTbI COLHANHCTHIECKHX HALHOHAJIbHbIX KYJIbTYD. Pa3Burne OOIIECOBETCKOH KYyJIbTYpbI H JaJbHEHIIHH pacilBeT HALKHOHA/IbHbIX COLHKHAJIHCTHUECKHX KVJIbDTYDp CONPOBOXKAAIOTCS EJAHbIM COCYIIECTBOBAHHEM JIBYX TEHJIEKHIMŪ SI3bIKOBOTO pa3BHTHSA HApOJIOB Halle CTPaHbl: 3TO peaJIH3allHA NOTEH- UHAJILHbIX BO3MOXHOCTEH 535IKOB Hapojjos CCCP H o/lHOBpeMEHHOE HHTEHCHBHOE pacnpoCTpaHeHHe PYCCKOTO si3blKa KaK S513bIKa MEKHAllHOHAJIBHOTO O0LIeHus1 (TIporpamma Kommynncrnueckoii naprun CoBerckoro Cotosa, 1976, c. 115-116). Heo6xojmnMo VuecTb, YTO OCHOBHbIE Yep Thl A3BIKOBOI JKU3HH HAPOJIOB Hallleii cTpa- HbI MOTYT GbITh NPABHJIBHO OCBEIIEHbI JIHINb TIOCJIe BbISBJICHHS NyTeH peasHsa- MH THX 3aKOHOMEPHOCTEeHl B KOHKPETHBIX YCJOBHSIX TOH HJIH HHOH pecITyOJIHKH, TOTO HJIH HHOTO peruona. [TosTomy Ha COBpeMeHHOM 3Tare, Ha Halll B3TVISIA, BECh- Ma AKTYAJIbHbI COLHOJIHHTBHCTHUECKHe HCC/IENOBAHNSI 5SI3bIKOBONM >xkKH3HH JluTOBC- xoit CCP, npoBojiHMbIe B IBYX HaNpaBjeHusx: 1) K3yueHHe BONpOCOB OYyKKUHOHH- DOBAHHS H pa3BHTHA JIHTOBCKOTO S513bIKA; 2) HCCJIEIOBAHUE OCHOBHbIX TeH/ĮeHllHH dyKKunKoKHpoBaHHA H pacnpocTpaHeHHS5S B pecryOJIMKe pycCCKOTOo fA3blKa Kak S3bIKa MEXKHAIHOHAJIBLHOTO OOLIEHHS. VicenejnoBanne GyHKIMOHHPOBAHHA H pa3BHTHS JIMTOBCKOTO 513bIKA BK/IIOYAET pS1JL HHTEPECHLIX B TEOpeTHUeCKOM H MPAKTHYECKOM acreKTaX BONpoCOB: pa3BH- THe OOINnECTBEHHbIX (YHKIHI JUTOBCKOTO 5135IKA B pa3JIKUKHbIe HCTOPHYECKHE IIe- PHOJIbI H BJIHSHHe 3TOTO Nnpolnuecca Ha pa3Hbie eTO VpOBHH; CBA3b OOINIeCTBeHHOTO H KYJbTYPHOTO nporpecca JHTOBCKOTO Hapojįa € pa3BHTHeM JIHTOBCKOTO 513bIKA; COnHAJIbHa;1 OOYCJIOBJIEHHOCTb $I3BIKOBBIX H3MEHeHHH; COLHOJHHIBHCTHUECKAS OCHOBA IIpONECCOB HOPMUPOBAHHUS JIHTOBCKOTO SI3bIKa; TIDHHIIHIIbI CO3/IAaHHA HAy4- HO-TEXHHYECKOH H OOINECTBEHHO-I[OJIAHTHYECKOH TEpMHHOJIOTHH; pe4ueBaf1 KYJIbTY- pa KaK OjiHa H3 COCTaBHbIX UacTeH OOIIECOBETCKOR KYJIbTYpbi; XapaKTep H (DOpMbI B3AHMOJIEŠHCTBHS JIKHTOBCKOTO SI3bIKA C PYCCKHM H JIPYTHMH Si3bIKAMH, (DYHKIKOHH- pYVIOMmHMH B pecny6anke, H 1.1. OcTaHOBHMCS NOJIpoOHee Ha HeKOTODpbIX H3 YMO- MSIHYThIX BOTIPOCOB. O6mecrBeHHbie OVHKUHH JHTOBCKOTO s3blKa pacCMaTpHBAJIHCb B OGLIHX Uep- Tax B page pador (Kpyomac M., 1969; Jlemepues IO. JĮ., 1976; Muxajsbuen- xo B. IO., 1975), ojiako riayGoKoro, BcecTopoHHero MCCJ/IEIOBAHHS COLHA/IbHBIX ĖYyKKIKŪ JHTOBCKOTO i3biKa JIO CHX IIOP He cylmecTBYeT. Kak H3BecTHO, JIHTOBCKHH 53bIK JIO cepejiuhbi XVI B. OyHKUKOHHpOBAJI B Ka- yecTBe GecInHCbMeHHOTO HapOJHO-Pa3TOBOPHOTO S53bIKA JIHTOBCKOTO Hapojla, a TAKKe S53bIKa VCTHOTO HapojiHO-II03THUecKOro TeopyecTsa (Lietuvių literatūros istorija, 1957). JIuib OTJIeJIbHbIe JIH TOBCKHE CJIOBA YTOTDEOJISJIHCb B JJOKY MEHTAX, HATIHCAHHLIX HA 3AINAaJĮHODYCCKOM, HEMEIKOM H JIATHHCKOM S13bIKAX. B cepejiune XVI B. B CBSI3H C TOSBJIEHHEM THCbMEHHOCTH pacUIHpsAIOTCA COepbi NpHMeHeHHA JIMKTOBCKOTO s3biKa. /[la/bHeliiliee pa3BHTHEe CONHAJIbHbIX (jyKHKIMĖ JHTOBCKOTO S3bIKA B pa3HbIX cepax KYJIbTYDHOH >KH3HH JIMTOBCKOTO HapoJia NHIJIO MO MYTH NIOCTEINEHHOTO BbITECHEHHA IPY THX SI3BIKOB (HeMenKOTO, 3arIajĮHODpYyCCKOTO, IOJIbC- Koro). B cBoeM pa3BHTHH JIHTOBCKHĖ SI3bIK TIDOLNeJI CJIOXKHERINHĖ IIYyTb — OT HApojJ- HO-pa3TOBODpHOTO, $I3bIKA YCTHOTO HapOJIHO-I03THUeCKOTO TBOpuecTBA JIO si3bIKA JIKHTOBCKOR COIHAJIHCTHUECKOR HAalLHH, OOCJIVXKHBAIONIETO Bee cĖdOepbi COLKHAJIbHONM H KYJbTYpPHOH KH3HM Hapoja. PazBHTHEe OOINECTBEHHLIX (DYHKIHH JIHTOBCKOTO SI3bIKA He OBbIJIO HCKJIPOUKHTEJIbHO BOCXOAALIMM NNpOnecCOM: CYNIleCTBOBAJIH MepPHO- Jlbi OTHOCHTEJIbHO OBICTPOTO TPOJBHAKEHHS BIIepejį H IMEPUOJbI HeKOTOporo 3a- 20 crog. H Te H JipyrHe 3aBHCeJIH OT HCTOPHYECKOTO pa3BHTHA JIHTOBCKOTO HAapoJIa, OT pfijla TOJIMTHYECKHX, CONHAJIbHbIX, 3THHYECKHX H KYJbTYPHHIX (OAKTODOB, pa3jiuuKOe CouYeTaHHe KOTODpbIX B pasHble HCTOPHYECKHE IepHOJIbI CO3jįaBaJIO 6o- Jee HJIH MeHee OJ/IarONPHSATHBIE YCJOBHA JIA pacinnpeHHA cep TpHMeHeHHA JUTOBCKOTO fA3bIKa. Heo6xojiHMo u3yuuTh, Kak BJIHSAJIH COLHAJIbHO-2KOHOMHUeC- KHe YCJIOBHS, 3THOKYJ/IbTYPHBIE MPOIECCH Ha CONHAJIbH5IE (DVHKIHH JHUTOBCKOTO sI3bIKa, Ha ero npHMeHeHHe B cgepax JeJIONpOH3BOJICTBA, KHHTONeYaTaHHs, BbIC- mero H cpeaHero obpasoBaHusi H T.A. [LJ STOTO HYMKHO BCKPBITH CTPYKTYPY, 00BbeM S3BIKOBbIX (PYHKUMH TOTO HJIH MHOTO [epHoja, MOKas3aTh CONHAJIbHYIO OGYCJIOBJIEHHOCTb 3THX (DYHKIM, ONpeJIeJIHTb, KaK B TOK HJIH HHOH cdepe Ky.ib- TYPHOH JKHM3HH JIHTOBCKOTO Hapojia COCYLIECTBOBAJIH JIB HJIH TPH A3blKa, KaKue COHHAJIbHbIE (PaKTOpsl CIOCOGCTBOBAIH HJIH Ke, Hao0OpOT, MeINIaJIH paculipeHHio (yHKIHMI JTHTOBCKOTO S13bIKA. HceneoBanue npoueccoB pasBUTHS CONHAJIbHbIX (DYHKUMH JHTOBCKOTO S13bI- Ka NpEeACTaBJ/ISIeT MHTEPEC, TAK Kak IMO3BOJIIET YIVIYOJEHHO, HaydyHO OCBETHTb nyTH OOpMHDpOBAHHS HALMOHAJBHOTO CAMOCO3HAHHS JHTOBCKOIO Hapojla, B 3T- HHYECKHX Ipoleccax KOTOPOro fA3bK 3aHHMAJI BeCbMa 3HaUHTEJIbHOe MeCTO, OCO- 6eKHo HaunHasA ¢ XIX B. B CBA3H C¢ KOHCOJIMJAIMeH JUTOBCKOH HauuH. OG6GcTOSs- TEJbHOE JHAXPOHHOE COLMOJIMHTBUCTHUECKOE HCCJIe/[OBAHHe pa3BHTHS OOINEeCTBEH- HbIX (YHKUHH JIHTOBCKOTO f3blKa CHOCOOCTBOBAJO Obl OCBEIIEHHIO S3BIKOBOH xXH3HH JIMTBBEI B IMPOILIOM, BBISIBJIEHHIO DOJIH JIHTOBCKOTO H JIDYTHX f3LIKOB B CONHAJIbHOK H KYJIbTYDHOK Xusuu Hacesenuda. Ha done ¢ynkumonaasHoro pas- BHTHS JIHTOBCKOTO fI3bIKa GoJiee pesibepHO MOXKHO ObIJIO Obl OCBETHTb OCHOBHBIE TEHJIEHIHHH ETO HODMHDOBAHHSA, MyTH pa3BHTHS ero CTPYKTYpel. Kpome Toro, B03- MOXKHBI OIpeJie/IeHHble VYTOUHEHHS OČINETEOpeTHUEeCKHX noJsoxenuii. Hanpuwmep, IIpHHSATO CYHTATb, UTO (PYHKIHOHAJIBHOE Pa3BHTHE HA3blKa OrNpe/leJISeT, IeTep- MHHHDYET B 3HaUuHTE/IbHOH CTEeNeHH H3MeHeHHS ero oT/Ae/bHbIX ypoBHeil ([lere- pues IO. JĮ., 1977, c. 233). Onnako 3T0 NpaBHJIBHOE TEOPETHUECKOE MOJIOKEHHEe He OTpHIlaeT HAJIHUHA B pa3HOOOpa3HOH, MPOTHBOPEUHBOH $3BIKOBOH JKH3HH [POIL- JIOTO TaKHX CJIy4aeB, KOrjia aTa OOYCJIOBJIEHHOCTb [POAB/ISJIACh HEOJAHO3HAUHO, CBOe€0OPasHO. BHYTPHCTPYKTYpHOE pa3BHTHE SI3bIKA MOMKET MPOUCXOJHTH OYEeHb HHTEHCHBHO IPH CpaBHHTeJIbHO HE3HAUYHUTE/JbHOM PACIIMPEHHH eTO COLHAJIbHbIX ¢ynkumit. Tak, B XVII — XVIII BB. TUTOBCKHIl IBLIK BECbMA MEJVIEHHO PaCIIHPSLT CBOH OŪČINECTBEHHbIE (DVHKIHH, OHAKO HHTEHCHBHO (bOpMHDpOBAJIHCb ero (doHeTH- 4eCcKHe H Mop(doJIoTHYECKHe HOPMBI, JIEKCHKA H CHHTaKcHYecKuil ctpoii. Heo6xo- JIAMO YY€CTh, UTO OTHOCHTEJIbHO IIHDOKOR ETO IIpHMEHeHHe B pa3HbIX cdepax Kyiib- TYPHOH H OOIIECTBEHHOH XH3HH JIKTOBCKOTO Hapojla B GYypxYVa3HbIH TIEpHOJjĮ He BbI3BAJIO 3HAUHTEJIbHbIX H3MEHeHHH B ero CTPYKTYpe, HHTEHCHBHOTO eTO HOPMH- poBanus. Ilo-BHjinMoMy, B XVII — XVIII BB. GO/IbUIYIO poJIb ChITrpaJi CVYObEKTHB- Hb (paKTOPp — ĮIESITEJILHOCTb HOPMAaJH3aTOPOB SI3bIKA, YCHJIMBLIASICS B IIEDHOJĮ (hopMHPOBAHHS JHTOBCKOH HalninH. B GypxKya3HbIH TMEpHOjį JIHTOBCKHĖŪ S3bIK MPHU- MEHS1JICS BO BCEexX cdepax COLKHAJIbHOH H KYJIbTYDHOR XKH3HH, HO CAMH CODepbI ObIJIH MAJIOpa3BHTbI (KHHT H3jĮaBAJIOCb MAJIO, He BCE HaceJIeHHe COOTBETCTBYIOLIHX BO3pacToB ŠObIJIO OXBaueHo OOpa3oBaHHeM H T.Jį.). IlojgoOHbie siBJIEeHHS, Ha Hal B3TJIS1JĮ, CBUJETEJILCTBYIOT O HEOJHOTHIHOCTH, pa3HOOGpa3HH B3aHMOOTHOLIEHHH OĖYVyHKKUKOKHAJIbHOTO H BHYTPHCTPYKTYPHOTO pa3BHTHS. B coBerckuit repHojį pa3BHTHe OČINECTBEHHbIX OVHKIUHĖ JIHTOBCKOTO S13bIKA IlIJIO JABYMST MYTSIMH: C OJĮHOH CTODOHEbI, JIMTOBCKHI HS35IK CTAJI IIDHMEHATLCSH B HOBBIX cepax ueJjIioBeuecKOoH JeSiTEJIbHOCTH (HanLHOHAaJIbHOe6e KHHO, TEJIEBHJIEHHE), C JAPYyroH — HNONOJIHHJI CBOH OOINnNecTBEeHHLIE (YHKIHH, NpHMEHSAJICA B paciln- DpHBINHXCHA TPaJAMIHOHHBIX Cdepax KyJabTyPHOH >KH3HH JIHTOBCKOTO Hapojaa (06- pa30BanHe, KHHTOTeJaTAHHE, JIeJIOTNMpOoH3BOJICTBO H Ap.). [To cpaBHeHHito ¢ Gypxky- a3HbIM HepHOJIOM B COBETCKHE TOJIbI PasBH THE OČINEeCTBEHHbIX (DV HKIHŪ JIH TOBCKOTO 21 Si3bIKA B OCHOBHOM LIIJIO HE 110 MYTH VBeJ/IHUeHHSA KOJHYECTBa cep ero TIpHMEHe- HHS (IOSIBHJIHCb TOJIbKO JIBe HOBbIe Cepbl KyJIbTYPHOH JKH3HH: HaAlHOHAJIbHOE KHHO H TeJIeBHJIEHHE), a 3a CUET pa3BHTHA caMHX cep, yBeJHUYeHHS] HX o0beMma, VCJIOXHEHHSA MX cTpyKTypbl. Tak, nanpumep, B 6ypxyasHoii JIutse Gbliio 6 By- 308, a B CoBerckoii — 12; B 1964 r. B By3ax pecrryOJIHKH CTyAeHTOB 6b110 B 10 pas 6ojbsu1e, yem B 1939/40 yueGHOM TORY. ToBopst O pasHBIX NEpHOJAX pa3BHTHS OOIIECTBEHHBIX (PYHKIHH JHTOBCKOTO S3bIKA Ha JaHHOM 3Tale H3yYeHHs npoueccoB (hyHKIHOHHPOBAHUS A3BIKOB B JIMT- Be, OTDpaHHUHMCS CpaBHeHHeM LHP H YMO3pHTeJIbHbLIMH 3aK/IIOUEHHSIMH, TaK Kak JO CHX IIOP OTCYTCTBYIOT paGoThI, NOKA3bIBAIOLHE COBOKYMHOCTb OGLIECTBEHHbIX OyKHKUKHĖ JIHTOBCKOTO $3blKa B PasHble HCTOPHYECKHE MEPHOJIbI, a TaKkKe 3Ha- UHTEJILHLIE H3MEHEHHS, KOTODĖEIE NMPOU3OLLIH B ETO (DYHKIHOHHPOBAHHH B COBETC- KHH IIEDHOJI, H BJIKHSHHEe THX H3MEHeHHH Ha pasHble ero YPOBHH. Venjiekne TEHJEHIHAĖ CO3HATEJILHOTO BO3JIEKCTBHS OOInecTBa Ha si3bIK (JTeime- pues IO. JĮ., 1977, c. 254) rpe6yer 6oJiee NnpHCTAJIbHOTO BHHMAHHA SISHIKOBE/IOB K OOIIHM TEHJIEHIHSAM (YHKIHOHHPOBAHUA H pa3BHTHA A3bIKOB B CTpaHe H B pec- NYyOJIHKĖ, K NpoO/IeMe COOTBETCTBHA TEMIIOB H TEH/ĮEHIHĖO HOPMHPOBAHHS A3bIKA Ha COBPEMEHHOM YPOBHE pa3BHTHS COBeTCKOTO OOnIecTBa. B yacTHOCTH, He0OXOJIH- MO DpEINNHTb BOMpoC 00 yueTe CONLHAJIbHbIX (PAKTOPOB B XOJIE CO3HATEJIbHOTO BJIHA- HHS OČOINnECTBA Ha JIATOBCKHH s513bIK. UTOGbI NPOHJIJIIOCTPHPOBATL JaHHOE IIOJIOXKE- HHE, OCTAHOBHMCS HA KOHKPETHBIX IpHMepax. Kak yxke ObiJIO OTMEUEHO, B COBETCKHH INEpHOJĮ IIOABHJIHCb HOBbIE CĖDepbi (DyHK- IIHOHHPOBAHUS JIHTOBCKOTO S13bIKA — HAaIlIHOHAaJIbHaf; KHHeMaTtorpagus, Te/IeBH- JIEKHE, KpoMe Toro, HHTEHCHBHO pacnpocTpaHAIOTCHA pas3Hble (GOPMbl OOLIECTBEH- HOH H KYJbTYPHOH JIEATEJIbHOCTH (COBeLlaHusi, C¢be3/bl, KOH(pEpPeHIHH, CHMIIO- 3UYMBI, BCTPEYH C MHCATeJAMH H Jp.), Toke Tpelylollue NPUMEHEHHS YyCTHOH dopmbl sidbika. [loBbicuiicsi OOINHĖ KYJAbTypHBIH YpOBeHb Hapoja, H3MeEHHJIHCb MCHXOJIOTHYECKHE YCTAaHOBKHM TO OTHOIIEHHIO K KyabType peud. Ilostomy oie- HUBAsi COLMAJIbHYIO 3HAUHMOCTh MTHCbMEHHON H YCTHOMH (hOpMbI si3bIKa, HEOOXOJIH MO OTMETHTh, YTO COlLHaJbHAs POJb YCTHOH (DOpMbI si3blKa Bo3pocdaa. B jocoBerckuii NEDHOJĮ B COOTBETCTBHH C COHLHAJIbHbIMH (DaKTOpaMH H YPOBHEM pa3BHTHS obLIeC- TBEHHbIX (PYHKIHH S3bIKA GOJIbLIVIO POJIb B OOLIECTBEHHOH H KYJILTYDHOK 2KH3HH JUTOBCKOTO Hapojia Hrpaja MucbMeHHas ¢dopma Ss535IKa, UTO CKA3bIBAJIOCb Ha IIKOJIbHOM 00y4eHHH, OCHOBHasl 1ieJlb KOTOPOTO — H3VYUKHTb opdorpaduio, B JIHKH- TYaHHCTHKE TPEHMYLIECTBEHHO HAMNpPAaBJIEHHYIO Ha HCCJeJ0BaHHe H HODpMAJIH3A2- IHIO [IHCbMEHHOH (opMbI si3biKa. B coBeTckuii ke nepuoj ycruas gopma npuobpe- TaeT GoJibllIoe 3HaueHHe B OOLIeCTBEHHOH H KYJ/IbTYPHOH JKH3HH Hapoja, II03TOMY CJIelyeT BeChbMa IOJIOKHTEJbHO OLEHHBATh VCHJIHA, KOTOpbIE IpH/IaralIOTCHA JIH- TOBCKHMH $I3bIKOBEJlaMH K HOPMHDOBAHHIO YCTHOH peuH (CM. BbIMycKH „Kalbos kultūra“, „Mūsų kalba“). Ha nau B3rasja, HeoOxojiHMa jajabHeinas paspaboTka BOIIPOCOB KYJbTYPbl YCTHOH peuH. : JIMTOBCKHMH f3bIKOBE/laMH B JIEITE/IBHOCTH 110 HODMAJIH3ALHH SI3bIKA VUHTBI- BAlOTCS COLHAJIbHBIE (PAKTOPEI, T.€. COLKHAJIbHAafi OCHOBA H3MEHEHHH HODMEI A3bIKA. B xauecTBe nmpuMepa MOMXKHO TPHBECTH COIMOJIHHTBHCTHYECKYIO HHTEPIPETAIHIO HEKOTOPBIX H3MeHeHHH opdorpaduu H NYHKTyalMH JHTOBCKOrO fdbika, JaH- HYlI0 B Tpy Jie „Lietuvių kalbos rašyba ir skyryba“. B stom u3iannu npeaycmoTpeHs YaCTHbIE H3MEHeHHA, He KacalollHecsi OCHOB NpaBONnHCaHHA HK NMyHKTyauu#. Tak, npeinaraeTcsi TIHCATb HEKOTOPhIe WHOA3BIYHbIE (DAMHJIHH NPHOJIHKEHHO K A3BIKY opurunaza (Tam xe, c. 131). [las Takoro u3MeHeHusi B MEPBYIO OUepejib HYKHbI JUHTBHCTHYECKHE MPEANOCHI/IKH, T.€. OOIIHOCTL OCHOBBI a/(haBHTa OČOHX A3BIKOB, Tak Kak IPH HAJIHUHH B ajipaBuTax GYKB C pa3JIHUKHbIM 3BYKOBbIM 3HAUYEHHEM I0- SIBHJIHCb Obl 3HAUHTEJIbHbIE TPYAHOCTH. ¥Y KasaHHOE IIpaBH/IO MOMKET OTHOCHTHCSH 22 JIKINb K COOCTBEHHbIM HMEHAM TeX HAPOJOB, DOJIHON SI3bIK KOTODbIX HMEET B OCHO- Be cCBOero ajiaBuTa JIaTHHHILY. JIMHTBHCTHYECKHE MpejJinoCbiJIKH, Ha Halll B3TJIAJL, HeJIOCTATOUKBI JŲIS! MOJOOHOTO H3MEHeHHfA B opdorpaduu JIHTOBCKOTO s3blKa — HEeOOXO/IMMBI Elle ONpeJIeJIEeHHbIe COLHAJIbHEICE INpeĮINOCbIJIKH: JOBOJBHO BbICOKHĖ ypOBeHb OČIIleH KYJIbTYDpbI HApOJIA, KOHKPETHO BEIPAKAIONIHIICS B OGIneH O6pa30BaH- HOCTH ČOJIbINeK YaCTH HACEeJIEHHS H IpejUIOJIaTAIONIHH COOTBETCTBYIONIĮYIO CTENEHb 3HAHHfA1 HHOCTPAHHBIX A3LIKOBY. Bes 3THX CONHAJIbHbIX NPeANOCHIIOK YCIOex N0jJI06- HOTO H3MEHEHH SI BD SĮ JIH BO3MOKeH. DTO NPABHJIO YUHTHIBAET STHHYECKHE, KYJIBTY]- HbIe H COUMaJIbHble (OAKTODpbi H MOMKET YCMEIIHO BOHTH B NPAKTHKY JHTOBCKOTO A3blKa. Yxe celiuac Takoe HarmcaHHe Hab/i0@aeTcsi B MEPHOJHYECKOH MedaTH (em. „Literatūra ir menas“). Ilpeanarasi BBecTH JaHHOE M3MEHEHHe, JHTOBCKHE SI3BIKOBE/IBl YUJI H TaKHe Ba)KHble COLHOJHHTBHCTHYECKHE TapaMeTphl, KaK CO- uHAJIbHASi 3HAYHMOCTb YCTHOM (opMbI A3bIKa, CTHAHCTHYECKAs JuddepeHmrars, H PEKOMEHJICBaJIH JIBa BapHaHTa — B M€YaTH JŲJIA LIHPOKOH OGLIEeCTBEHHOCTH (ho- HeTH3HpOBAHHbIKH BapHaHT + BapHAHT OpHTHHAJia, HanpHMep, Dekartas (Descar- tes), a B Hay4yHBIX TPyJax, HHPOPMALHOHHOI JHTepaType, OO bSBJICHHAX, HA060- por — BapHaHT OpHUTHHAJa + (OHETH3HPOBaHHOE CJOBO, Hanpumep, Descartes (Dekartas). Pexomenays B Hay4HBIX TPY/JaX OTMeYaTb B CKOOKAX IIpOH3HONIEHHE, aBTODPbI VUJIH HeOGXOJIHMOCTb COXDpaHeHHA €MHOTO IpOH3HONIEHHS HHOS3BIYHBIX CJIOB BCEMH HOCHTEJISIMH 5I3bIKa, A TaK>Ke CO3/la/iH YCJOBHS JIS! YCITeHLIHOTO TIpe0- JIOJIEHHsT TICHXOJIOTHYECKOTo Gapbepa, CBSI3aHHOTO C NPOYTEHHEM MaJIOH3BECT- HOTO HJIH HEH3BECTHOTO cJjioBa. CTpeMJ/ieHHeM K MaKCHMaJIbHOMY HCIOJIb30BaHHIO KVJAbTYPHOTO MOTEHUHa a HApoJa — HOCHTeJIA fA3blKa OOYCJIOBJEHBI H JPYTHE NpeJIOKeHNs] H3MeHeHHH JIHTOBCKOH opdorpaduu H NyHKTyalWH, MpeicTas- JIEHHbIe B YIIOMSHYTOH KHHTE. Yuer coOnuHaJIbHbIX, 3THHUECKHX, KYJbTYPHBIX (PAKTOPOB B MpOLECCax HOpMA- JIH3ALWH TI03BOJISIET 53biKOBEJĮaM IOJOHTH K CO3HATEJ/IbHOK JIESITEJ/IbHOCTH B 00- JIaCTH Pa3BUTHS S13bIKA C NOHHMAHHEM COLKHAJIbHOKH 3HAUHMOCTH, COHNHAJIbHBIX NePCreKTHB TeX HJIH HHbIX ABJIEHHH, TeX HJM HHbIX H3MEeHeHHil, CIrIOCOGCcTByeT TOMY, UTOObI $I3bIKOBbIE H3MEHeHHS BOCIDpHHHMAJIHCb HA IIHPOKOM (dOHe obllec- TBEHHOTO pa3BHTHA COBeTCKOTO Hapoja. B ycaosusx HTP GomJibinoe 3HauenHe npHoOperaioT BONPOCH, CBA3aHHBIE C OVHKUKOHHpOBAaHHEM ssbikoB HapoaoB CCCP B cdepe naykm (Asumos II. A. u ap., 1977). HTP Bansier na naMeHeHue COLHAJIbHbIX (OVYHKIUKHĖ JMAJIEKTOB H JIH- TEPaTYPHBIX ASBIKOB, MOBLILIAET pOJIb JIHTEPATYPHOTO S13bIKA, Yepe3 CPeicTBA Mac- COBOH KOMMYHHKallMH, COJEHCTBYIOLIHE NOMY/ISIPH3AUHH HAYYHO-TEXHHYECKOH TEPMHHOJIOTHH, CNOCOOCTBYET OBICTPOMY DpacnpocTpaHeHHIO 3aHMCTBOBAHHBIX CJIOB, TEPMHHOB, MPEBPAIIEHHIO HX B 3Je€MEHThl MHTEPHAUHOHAJILHON JEKCHKH; npoiecchl ypOaHH3alUMH HM MHTPAllHsl HaceJieHHs] CKasbiBalOTCSi Ha CONHAJBHO- npodecenoKHaJibHOH Anddepeninaiin s3piKoB. CouHaJIibHasi JeTepMHHEPOBAHHOCTh Ha3BaHHBIX SIBJIEHHH, pa3HOOOpa3He (GopM MX NPOSIBJIEHHS JOJIKHBI CTATb MAJA COBETCKHUX CONHOJIHHTBHCTOB NPEAMETOM YTJ1YO/I€HHOTO H3YUEHHA. Onna H3 BaHBIX TIpOOJIEM (GYHKUHOHAJBLHOTO pa3BHTHA JHTOBCKOTO SI3bIKA, cBsianHas ¢ BausuueM HTP, — dgopmupoBanue si3bika HayK¥, B 4aCTHOCTH, pa3- BUTHE HAay4YHO-TEXHHYECKOH TEPMHHOJIOTHH, KOTOpoe HMEeT JaBHHE TPaAMIIUH. Hauano cosjanusi TEpMHHOJIOTHH HCC/EIOBATENH OTHOCST K AOMHCHMEHHOMY NepHojy, TouHee K TOMY BPEMEHH, Kor/ia B JIuTBe B KaueCcTBe fA3blKa MHChMEHHOC- TH HCIO/1b30BaJICst 3anaHopycckuit a3uiK (Keinys S., 1967). Jlonrne roast o6ntec- ! B ganuHoM cayvae Mb OTrpaHHuHBaeMCS OT YTBEpPAMBLIECS B JHTOBCKOI SMHTPAHTCKOIl nevati (CIA) npakTHkH noao6uoro oporpadupoBanist HHOS3LNHBIX COGCTBEHHBIX HMEH, Tak Kak, Ha Hall B3TJIS J, TaKast NpaKTHKA HMEET COBEpPIIEHHO HHYIO COLHAJIbHYIO NPHPOAY: OHA Bbl- CTyNaeT Kak OHH H3 YaCTHBIX MOMEHTOR OGIIEro Nponecca H3LIKOBON ACCHMHJISUHH H SBJISETCS Pe3yJIbTaTOM COLHAJIBHO aKTHBHOTO JIHTOBCKO-aHT HH CKOTO OHJIHHT BH3MA. 23 TBEHHO-[IOJIHTUYECKHE VCJIOBHA He OJIAaTrONpHATCTBOBAJIH CO3JĮAaHHIO TEPMHHOJIO- JIOTHH JIHTOBCKOTO si3blKa. Pa3BH THE IHCbMeHHOCTH H CBA3aHHOH C HEH TEDMHHOJIO- THH JIHTOBCKOTO $I3bIKa HauHHaeTCHA B ITepBOH noJjosuHe XVIII B. H npojpo/Kaercs B XIX B. YiKe Ha CaMbIX paHHHX 3TalaxX pa3BHTHH TEpMHHOJIOTHH IIpeoOjrajjaeT TEHJEHULHS K MAKCHMAJIbHOMY HCINIOJIb30BAHHIO pecypcOB HapojįHoH peur. OpHO- BPEMEHHO ĮĮEJIAIOTCH IONbITKH IONOJIHEHHA JHTOBCKOH TEDpMHHOJIOTHH 3a CYeT 3aHMCTBOBAHHH H3 JPYTHX S3BIKOB — JIATHHCKOTO, HEMEIKOIO, pyCCKOTO, IIOJIbC- KOTO H Jip. DTH Ba NpHHHUHIa TJIaBEHCTBYIOT B JAaJIbHEHIEM pa3BHTHH TEDMHHO- JIOTHH JIHTOBCKOTO $I3blKa, MpHYEM rpeBaJiHpyeT CcTpeMJIeHHe K MAKCHMAJIbHOMY HCIIOJIb30BAHHIO BHYTPEHHHX pecypcoB s3biKa. B coBeTCKHH IepHOjį IOJIYUHJIH JaJbHellliee pasBHTHE Oe TeHEHIHH, KpOoMe TOIMo IOJ/IHMTHUeCKAS H 3KOHOMH- yeckas obmuoctb Hapojjos CCCP ofyc/ioBH/Ia MAKCHMAJIbHO6 COOTBETCTBHE Tep- MHHOJIOTHYECKOH JIEKCHKH s3biKoB HapojoB CCCP, sBJsiolieecsi 4aCTHBIM IpO- SIBJIEHHEM OGINEKH 3aKOHOMEPHOCTH — B3aHMOJEHCTBHS $3BLIKOB. B yc/0BHAX CO- BETCKOTO OOLIECTBA 3TOT NPHHIMI — OJUH H3 BeAYLIHX, ONpe/ĮeJISIOLIHX MEeCTO H pOJIb B CO3/IaHHH TEPMHHOJIOTMH JAPYTHX NPHHUHMNOB (rmojpobHee cM. Muxaib- yenko B. 10., 1977). B nponeccax B3aHMOJIEKHCTBHA S3bIKOB HapojoB CCCP B o6j1acTH TepMHHOJIO- THH Ba)XKHOE MECTO NpHHAJŲJIEXXHT PYCCKOMY f3bIKY, KOTOPbIH C pa3JIHYUHOH HH- TEHCHBHOCTBHIO B pa3HbIX (DOpMaX BJIHSET HA Pa3BUTHE TEDMHHOJIOTHH, B TOM YHC- Je H Ha TepMHHOJIOTHIO JIHTOBCKOTO s3blka. HarntnonaJibuas cneunduka dopm B/JIHAHHS PYCCKOTO 13bIKA Ha TOT HJIH WHOM SI3bIK ĮIETEDMHHHpOBAHa TpaJIHILHAMH CO3/IaHUs TEDMHHOJIOTHH, a TaKXe CNenHĖOHKOH BHYyYTpeHHeKH CTPYKTYpPhI A3bIKA. HanpumMep, HainoHaJIibHasi cHelU(pHKA TEPMHHOJOTHH JIHTOBCKOTO SI3bIKa IIpo- SIBJISIETCHA B TOM, UTO HEeINOCDpejICTBEHHbIX BaHMCTBOBAHHH H3 PYCCKOTO 513bIK3 OUECHb Ma/I0: narodnikas, bolševikas, artelė, agitpunktas. JIHTOBCKHIT 13bIK Yepe3 pyceKHHū 3aHMCTBYeT HHTepHALHOHAJIbHbIeE TEDMHHbI; LIHPOKO MPHMEHSIETCS Ka/JbKHpOBa- HUE TEDMHHOB; pyCCKHŪ S3bIK CTHMYJIHpYET, AKTHBH3HDpYET HeKOTODbIe CIIOCOOBbI CJIOBONpOH3BOJĮCTBA, T.e. MOOHJIH3YeT BHYTPEHHHE DpecypCbi JIHTOBCKOTO Si3bIKa JIS CO3/1aHHS TEDMHHOJIOTHH. B coBerckuil repHOjį HAMeTHJIaCb TEHAEHUHS K VCHJIEHHIO HHTEpHALHOHAJIH- 3a1LLHH TEDMHHOJIOTHUeCKOH JeKcHKH. OHa MposBJISE€TCS H B JIHTOBCKOM S13bIKE (Keftuuc C., 1973). Heobxoaumbl CONOCTaBUTENbHBIE HCCJIe/ĮJOBAHHA TIpOnEcCCOB HHTEpHAIHOHAJIH3AIIHH TEPMHHOJOTHUECKHX CHCTEM PasHOCTPYKTYPHBLIX S3bIKOB HaposoB CCCP, Tak Kak JHlib OHH MOTYT BbISBHTb OČIIHEe 3aKOHOMEPHOCTH pas- BUTHSI TEPMHHOJIOTHH, HX HAUHOHAJIbHYIO Clelu(dUKy, a TakkKe HHTEHCHBHOCTb HHTepHAalnLHOKHA/IH3alIHH TEePMHHOJOTHH. Takue Hcc/lenoBaHHs CHNOCOGCTBOBAM Obl peEnIeHHIO TEOPETHYECKOH MpobiieMbl HaHOOJIEE palUOHAIBLHOTO COOTHOINNEHHS COOCTBEHHON H 3aMMCTBOBAHHOH JIEKCHK Ha COBPEMEHHOM 3Tare. Kak H3BecTHO, B Nocjej(Hee BpeMsi IpHHHMAIOTCHA HaYYHO-OP FaHH3alHOHHBIE MephbI 110 HHTEHCHODHKAIHH TePMHHOJOTHYECKOH paboThl, TaK KaK COBPEMEHHOE CO- CTOSIHHE JIHTOBCKOK TEDMHHOJIOTHH, TeMIIbl €e pa3BHTHA HE COOTBETCTBYIOT TEM- nam u yposrio HTP. Hapsiay c npaktaueckoit paGoToil mo cosiaHuio TEDMHHOJIO- THH Pa3HbIX OTpacjIeK HayKH, Ha Hall B3TJISJĮ, HeoOXouMa pa3paboTka mpod/ieM (GYHKUHOHUPOBAHUS CYINECTBYIOUHX TEPMHHOJOTHYECKHX CHCTEM, BOIMIPOCOB KYJIbTYpbI peur B cdepe npodecCHOHAIbHOI JesiTe/IbHOCTH. 3a4acTyio TepMHHEI, CO3/JlaHHbIE A3BIKOBEJaMH H 3a(MKCHPOBAHHBIE B TEPMHHOJOTHYECKHX CJIOBADSIX, B peuH MpeJICTaBUTE/NeH TOM HJIH MHOH CHeluaJbHOCTH VIIOTDpeOJISIOTCHA Herpa- BHJIbHO, 3aMEHAIOTCSA „ObITOBOKH“ TepMHHOJOTHEH, noJayTepMuHaMu. OcoGeHHO 3TO XapaKTepHO JŲIA cdepsl npoussoactsa. Hapsany c Gobiioii pa6oToii, KoTopast B CONHOJIMHTBHCTHYECKOM I1JIaHE TpOBOJIHTCA H3jlaHHAMH „Kalbos kultūra“, „Mūsų kalba“, H3yuatonituMH OyKHKUKHOHHpOBAHHe A3bIKA [10 COLMAJLHO-Mpodec- CHOHAJIbHbIM TDY INaM, IO-BHJĮHMOMY, HESJIECOO0Opa3HbI ČOJIEL LIHDpOKHE COLHKHOJIHHT- 24 BHCTHYECKHE HCCJIe/ĮOBAHHS, PaCKPHIBAIOIIHE OCHOBHBIE TEHIEHLHH, OCOOeHHOCTH (DYHKIHOHHPOBAHHUS B PYM CNENHATHCTOB TOM HJIH HHOH TeDMHHOJIOTHYECKOH CHC- TEMbI, COOTHOLIEHHE TEPMUHOB, IIOJIVYTEDMHHOB H OČINEV IOTPEOHTEBHOH JIEKCHKH B UX peun. Takue uccieoBanus cnoco6CTBOBANN Obl BCKDLITHIO KOHKDETHbIX ODOpM Bo3jleKcTBH1 HTP Ha dynkunoHnupoBaHHe H pa3BHTHE A3bIKA, BbISBJIEHHIO OCHOB- HbIX TEHJEHIHH PasBHTHS JIATOBCKOTO fi3bIKA B CBSI3H C ero (YHKUHOHHPOBAHHEM B cepe HayKH H [1POH3BO/ICTBA. CoBeTcKasi COLHOJIHHTBHCTHKA B MOC/E[Hee BpeMs CTajga MHOTO BHHMAHHA VJIEJIATb MpobJemMe B3auMOOTHOLLUEHHS $I3IKOB H KYJbTYpP, MpeAcTaB some HHTepec B TEOPETHYECKOM acleKTe H B IIJ/IAaHe H3YYEHHS KOHKPETHBIX MpOIEecCoB H TeHJIeHIHH (QyHKIIHOHHPOBAHUSA SI3bIKOB B pa3HbIX cdepax KyabTypsl (cm. „Pa3- BHTHE f3BIKOB H KyJabTyp“, 1976). Ha coBpemenHoM Tare BecbMa aKTVAJIbHO HC- cCJIeJJOBaHHe OYHKILHOHHDOBAHHA JIHTOBCKOTO $I3blKa B PasHbIX cdepax KVJIbTŲDbI (HanpHMep, B cepe HayKH, Bbicllero oO6pa3oBaHUs, KHHTONe4aTAHHS H JP.) B pas/JHYHble HCTOPHYECKHE NepHOJIbi, TAK Kak „CONHAJIbHbIC MOCJEeJCTBHA pa3- BHUTHS COBeTCKOTO O0LIecTBa sipue BCETO MPOABJAIOTCS MPH CpaBHHTeEJIbHOM aHa- JIM3e TpeX BaXKHEHIIHX MepPHOJIOB Pa3BUTHS SISBLIKOB H KyJbTyp HapojaoB CCCP: a) nepHojia pa3BHTHS JOCOIMATUCTHYECKHX KYJIbTYp H OVHKUHOHHDOBAHHA S3bI- KOB HailHė, HApPOJHOCTEH H 3THHYECKHX TPYINN B VCJIOBHAX lLiapuaMa; O) nepuo- Ja (opMHPOBaHHS, pa3BHTHA COLHAJUCTUYECKHX KYJbTYP H BO3HUKHOBEHHS HOBBIX COIHAJIbHO-OOYCJIOBJIEHHbIX 3aKOHOMEpPHOCTeH (YHKUHOHUPOBAHHUS SI3bI- KOB H pa3BHTHA OOLIECTBEHHBIX (YHKUMH; B) repuoja OOpa30BaHHA 0OLECO- BeTCKOH COHLHAJIHCTHUECKOH KYJIbTŲDpbI H CKJIAJĮbIiBaHHSA1 HOBbIX TEH/IEHIIHH B OVHK- UHOHHDOBAHHH S513bIKOB B IIpolLlecce pa3BHTH HOBOH HCTOPHYECKOH OOIIHOCTH — coBercKoro Hapoaa“ ([lewepues IO. 1., 1977, c. 82). YKe caMO BOSHHKHOBEHHE JIHTEpaTVpHOTO SI3bIKa SBJISETCS pe3VJIbTATOM KY JIb- TYPHOTO Nporpecca, CBI3aHHOTO CO CTPEMJIEHHEM TOTO HJIH HHOTO Hapoja Mposi- BHTb ce0s B JHTeparype, MOJHUTHKE, HayKe, OOIIECTBEHHON XH3HH H JPYTHX 00/1aCTAX 4Ye/oBedecKoi JedaTtesbHOCTH. [lasbHefillee pasBUTHE JHTEPATypPHOM (dopMbl A3bIKa TOXKE HEOTAEJHMO OT KyJbTYpbl Hapoja. B cBoem mcropuueckom pa3BHTHH JIHTOBCKHHĖ HapojĮ ObLI TECHO CBS3aH C COCEJHUMH CJIABSHCKHMH HADpO- JlaMH — PYCCKHM, Ge/IOPYCCKHM, MOJbCKHM, YKPAHHCKHM, YTO OKa3aJjo orpe- JieJIeHHOe BJIHAHHEe Ha GOPMUPOBAHHE KYJIbTŲDpbi JJHTOBCKOTO Hapojia, a TaKXe Ha pasBUTHE JIHTOBCKOTO JIHTEPATY PHOTO fA3bIKa. Psa cep obiiecTBEHHOM H KVJIbTŲD- HO¥ JKH3HH JIHTOBCKOTO Hapojia, HalpuMep, CBSI3H C APYTHMH CTPaHaMH, JIEJIO- [IPOH3BOJICTBO, CO3]ĮaHHe MPOH3BEICHHH pa3JIHUKHbIX JKAHPOB B pa3Hble HCTOPHYEC- KHe TepPHO/Ibl OOCIIY2XKHBAJIHCb JIATHHCKHM, 3aMa {HOP YCCKUM, IIOJIbCKHM H HEMeIl- KHM S13bIKaMH. PopmupoBaHHe JHTOBCKOTO JHTEPATYPHOTO $I3bIKA, PaCIIMpPEHHE ero MpHMeHeHHs B PasHbIX cepax KyJbTYpPbI JHTOBCKOTO Hapoja NpOXOJIHJIO MY - TEM BBITECHEHHSI JPYIUX A3bIKOB B YCJOBHAX POCTA HALHOHAJIbHOTO CAMOCO3HA- Husa Hapojia. Ilostomy B3aMMOOTHOIIEHHE pa3BHTHS JIMTOBCKOH HAIHOHAJILHORH KYJIbTYDBI H I3bIKOBOH >KH3HH JIHTOBCKOTO Hapo/a ObLIO BECbMA CJIOXKHBIM H IIpoO- THBOPEYHBLIM. B HCTOpHH KYJIbTYDĖbI JJHTOBCKOTO Hapoja HAOJIIOJIAIOTCA SIBJICHHS, IPH OLIEHKE KOTOPBIX TPeOYeTCsl y4eT COBOKYIHOCTH psiia (pakTOpPOB — NOJIHTH- YECKHMX, KYJbTYPHbIX, 3THHYECKHX, MOCKOJbKY OIEHKAa HX Ha OCHOBAHHH JIHINb SI3LIKOBOTO (daKTOpa MOXKET IIpHBECTH K yIPOLIEHHOMY, MPSIMOJIHHEHHOMY TOJIKO- BaHHI0. Tak, B KOMIIJIEKCHOM MOJXOJE, MO-BHAHMOMY, HYIKIAeTCsi OlleHKa TBOP- yecTBa JuTepaTypHbix Aesarteseil XIX B., nucapmmx Ha mogbckoM (A. MuureBuu) HJIH 2Ke Ha JIHTOBCKOM H IOJIbCKOM sisbikax (K. Boryniac, A. Kaemenrac, JI. [Tom- Ka, C. Bamonac, C. CrausBuuioc H 1p.), a Take BaxkHasi H CJIOXKHas IIpoOJIeMa POJIH MOJBCKOTO, PYCCKOTO H JIPYTHX SI3bIKOB B CO3/ĮaHHH HAUMOHAJIBHOI JHTEepa- TYpbi, B OOCJIYKHBaHHH OTpacjeil KyJbTypbl (O ABYS3BMHBIX MHCATEJISAX CM. „Lietuvių literatūros istorija““, I, 1957, c. 338-363). MccaenoBanue KOHKPETHBIX 25 dOopM VyuacTHs5 pa3HbIX SI3HIKOB B OOCJIYXKHBAHHH Pa3/JHYHBIX cep KYJIBbTŲDBI JIH- TOBCKOTO Hapoja IIO3BOJISIET HaOJIIOJJaTb HHTEpeCcHbIe SBJIEHHSA — B3AHMOCBS3bL HAanHOHAaJIbHOTO $3blKa H HailHOHAJIbHOK KYJbTYpPBI, aJanTalMio $3LIKA OjiHOro HapoJa K BbIDaxKeHHIO KYJIbTYpbI JApyroro Hapojita. Hanpumep, H3BecTHO, uto 3anajiuOpycCcCeKHĖ S13bIK rIO4TH 300 JieT OyHKULHOHHDpOBAJI B KaueCcTBE O(ĖDHIKHAJILHOTO NHCbMEHHOTO f3bIKa Bejiukoro KHsžecTBA JluToBekoro(XIV — XVI BB.). B cBssu C 3THM BCTaeT npobJ/ieMa aIeKBaTHOCTH OTpa>KEHHA DTHM 53bIKOM JIHTOBCKON KV JIb- Typkbi. 3anajHOPYyCCKHH S3bIK (POPMHPOBAJICS B COOTBETCTBHH CO CNenHĖHKONH KYJbTYpbl 6€JI0PyCCKOTO Hapo/ia, B 3aBUCHMOCTH OT NOTPEGHOCTEH ETO HALHOHAb- HOTO, SKOHOMHYECKOIO H KYJbTYPHOTO pa3BHTHS. B Kakoif Xe cTeneHu ajaeksart- HOCTH 3alla/IHOPYCCKHH S3bIK OTpa3HJI KYJIbTYpy JIHTOBCKOro Hapoga? Cyas NO HCCJIEJĮJOBAHHAM MHCbMEHHBIX NaMsTHHKOB Bejimkoro kusizkecTBa JIHTOBCKOTC, cTeneHb aJeKBATHOCTH OTPaXKEHHSI THM SI3BIKOM KYJbTYPbl JHTOBCKOTO Hapoja HAXOJIHTCS B NPAMOH 3aBHCHMOCTH OT THIOJIOTHUYECKOH H/IEHTHUHOCTH HJIH OJIK- 30CTH SIBJIEHHH KYJIbTYDbI: SIBJIEHHSA JIHTOBCKOH KYJIbTŲYDbI, KOTODBIE HMEJIH COOT- BeTCTBYIONJJKE HJIH Ke GJIHSKHE peaJIiHH B PYCCKOH KyJbTYpe, SI3bIK OTpaXKaJ ajieK- BATHO, a B 0GJIACTH OTPaXKEHHsI CHENM(PHICCKHX, HAIHOHAJIbHBIX YEPT JHTOBCKOI KYJbTYPbl 3aNIaHOPYCCKHH S3bIK HYXK/I/ICA B ĮĮONOJIHHTEJIbHbIX PEYEBBIX CPejIc- TBaX — ajiariTalLiHH K BbIDaxkKeHHIO KyJabTyphl Apyroro Hapoaa. OpHoii u3 ¢opm TaKOH ajanTaliy, Ha Hall B3IJIAJ, ABJISETCS Ha/JHuHe B IAMATHHKAX NHCbMEH- HOCTH 3TOTO NepHoJa, HalHCAHHBIX Ha 3aMaJHOPYCCKOM SI3LIKE, HEMAJIOTO KOJIH- uecTBa 3aHMCTBOBAHHH M3 JIHTOBCKOTO f3bika (cM. Jablonskis K., 1941, 1973). OrmMeias poJsib JTATHHCKOTO, PYCCKOTO, HOJIBCKOTO, HEMEIKOTO S3bIKOB B CTA- HOBJIEHHH KYJIbTYPbI JINTOBCKOTO HapOJa B JIOCOBETCKHIl TIEDHOJĮ, CJIeIyeT yUecTs, 4TO cepa HX pacrpoCTpaHeHHsl H npuMeHeHus B JIuTBe Okbijia VY3KON, NaMATHHKH, HAIIHCAHHbIe Ha 3THX 53bIKAX, CJIŲ2XKHJIH HHTEpecaM IpaBsill[iX KJaccoB, a JŲISI JIMTOBCKOTO HapoJa, TBOpila H HOCHTEJS HAUHOHAJIbHOH KYJIbTŲDBI, OblJiH HErNo- HSITHBI H HEJIOCTYMNHBL. XOTA 3TH S3bIKH H He ObLIM HENOCPENCTBEHHO CBS3AHbI C BO3HHKHOBEHHEM H Da3BHTHEM IHCbMEHHOCTH JIHTOBCKOTO $I3bIKa, JiKTepaTypa Ha JIaTHHCKOM, PYCCKOM, IOJIbCKOM, HEMEIKOM SI3bIKaX ChIrpaJia GOJIbuNyIO PoJib B OOLIECTBEHHOM H KYJIbTYPHOH KUSHH JilHTBbI, B pa3BHTHH NPOCBEIIEHHS H KY /Ib- TYpPbl, B YaCTHOCTH, IIOBJIHAJIA HA JUTOBCKYIO MHChMEHHOCTD. OnHoil H3 XapaKTepHLIX YePT pa3BHTHSA JHTOBCKOTO Si3bIKA, CBA3AHHOTO ¢ 06pa- 30BaHHEM JIHTOBCKOH COLHAJIHCTHYECKOH HALHH, SIBJISIETCS pasBHTHE H oforaliie- HHE ero QYHKUHOHAIbHBIX CTHJIEH (noapobHee cM. ,,3aKOHOMEPHOCTH PasBUTHS 1973). B coBerckuii nepHojį NpOJO/IKAeTCs CTHIHCTHYECKAs AMMepeHIHaus JUTOBCKOTO f3bIKa, HauaBillasicad B XVI B. ¢ nosB/eHHeM nuchbMeHHoctH. Hawu- GoJiee HHTEHCHBHO Pa3BHBAIOTCA NYOJIKUKHCTHUECKHĖ H HAYUHBIH CTHJIH, B TO Bpe- Mf KaK KaHUEJSIPCKHH HeCKOJIbKO orcraer. [lostoMy akTyanbHel uccienoBa- HHE TIPOLIECCOB Pa3BHTHA OT/JEJIbHBIX CTHJEH JIHTOBCKOTO $i3bIKa H yCTAHOBJIEHHE COOTBETCTBHSI YPOBHSI MX pa3BHTHS5 COBPEMEHHBIM NOTPEGHOCTSIM Hapoja. Boabioe BHuManne B pecnybanke yjeaseTcs KyJbType peuH — OHO H3 COCTaBHBIX YacTeil O0LIECOBETCKOH COLHAJIHCTHHUECKON KyabTyphl. B JIKHTBHCTH- ueckol JIHTepaType BONPOCHl KYJAbTYPhI pe4H PacCMATPHBAIOTCH B OCHOBHOM IIO COLHA/IbHO-NIPO(ECCHOHANbHBIM TPYMNAM — aHAJH3HPYIOTCS aKTyasbHble TIpo- OJIEMbI KYJIDTYpbI PE MeIHKOB, MY3bIKAHTOB, MATEMATHKOB H T.jl., BBIHOCATCS PEKOMEHIAllHH 110 TOBbINIEHHIO YPOBHSA KYJAbTYphl peu. Takue HceJiejioBaHHS HEeOOXOJIHMO MPOJIOJIZKUTh, oHaKo isi JIntosckoit CCP akTyasbHa H pa3paGoTKa NpoG/ieM KyJIbTYPhI PedH, KOTOPbIe BOBHHKAIOT B OT/AEABHBIX pafioHax pecnyOJIHKH B CBA3H CO CcBOeoOpasHeM 3THHYECKOTO cocTaBa MX Hacejenns. Tak, B JlurBe CYUIECTBYET HeCKOJIbKO THIOB PadOHOB: C aOCOJIJOTHbIM IIpeoO/iajjaHHeM KODpeH- HOH HALHOHAJILHOCTH (JIHTOBILEB), € GOJIbIIHM NNponeHTOM PYCCKOTO HacejIeHHS (Urnanuuckuii, IllBenuėnekuū, HonaBeknit, Tpaxkaiickuit, 3apacaiickuii p-Hbl) 26 HJM NOJIbeKOoTO (Bugsuioceknh, diummkckuii, Tpakaiickuii p-Hsir). B arux paio- Hax B CBfI3H C TECHHIM KOHTaKTHDOBAHHeM $3bIKOB B TOBCEJHEBHOH XH3HH MX HOCHTEeJIeH BOSHUKAIOT crelHduyecKkue npo6/ieMsl KYJIbTYDpbI PEYH POJHOTO H BTO- poro si3bika (nojipoGHee cM. Michaléenko V., 1974). B onpesesnennoil crenenu He- KOTOpO€ CHHXKEHHEe YPOBHSI KYJ/bTYpPhl PeUH 00YCJ/IOBJIEHO IHKOJIbHbIM IPeno/iaBa- HHeM, TIE, IO HalHM HAOJIIOJIEHHAM, pacIIpocTpaHeHO MHeHHe, OY ITO IIKOJIbHHKH XOPOLIO YyCBaHBAaIOT BTOPOH A3LIK B IIOBCEJIHEBHOH XKH3HH, H HE BCET'Jla YUH THIBAETCS TOT ĖdaKT, 4TO B pafioHaX CO CMENIAHHbIM HACeJIEHHeM CYIIECTBYET IMOBbINEHHAS collHa/ibHasi NOTDEeOHOCTb B XODpONHIEM 3HAHHH BTOPOTO S513bIKa, a TaKXKe BO3MOXK- HOCTb CHHXeHHA KYyJ/JbTYpPbl peuH H3-3a aKTHBHOTO (DVHKLHOHHDpOBAHHA JABYX HJIH JKe HeCKOJIbKHX S5I3bIKOB (06 aTOM cM. Jacikevičius A., 1970). Ha coBpeMeHHOoM »Tarie TaKXe BecbMa AKTVAJIbHbI HCCJIe/(OBAaHHe H COIIHO- JHHTBHCTHYECKast HHTepIIpeTAlIHA S3bIKOBOTO MAaTepHaJIa, KOTODpbIH YXOJIHT H3 *XKH3HH, TaK KaK BO3HMKaeT HOpoO/IeMa CBOeBpeMeHHoOH ero ¢ukcanuu. C TOK TOUKH 3peHHA OCOGEHHO HHTepeCHbI paGOTbi, IOCBSIIEHHbIE HCCJIeJJOBAHHIO IPOIECCOB OYKHKUKOHHpOBAHHS H B3AHMOJIEKCTBHS IHAJIEKTOB PA3HBIX SI3bIKOB HA TEDpHTODpHH JlurBsi (cM. pa6oTbi CnuBunrene M., Illyjiene O. u Jip.). TeopeTHueckoro OCMbiIC/Ie- HHS, MapKCHCTCKOH HHTepripeTaliHH TpeGyioT TakxkKe OVYHKUKOHHpOBAHHE JIHTOBC- KOTO 513bIKa 3a pyGexOoM, npobjaeMa pa3BHTHS KYJbTYpPbl JUTOBCKOH 3MHTPAIHH, a TaKXe pOJIH JIHTOBCKOTO si3blKa H JHTOBCKOH COLHMAJHCTHYECKOH KYJIbTŲDbi B CO3]ĮaHHH KYJbTYpPbl JINTOBCKOH S5MHTDpauLHH, (DODpMHDYPONIEKCHA MyTeM TpaHC- (dbopManHH 3/1€MEHTOB 3apyGexHbIX KYJIbTYp H HCIIOJIb30BAHHA LIEHHOCTEH H Tpa- AKunuū pojHoro Kpas. Hapsanay c cymectByiomuMu oueHb HHTepeCHbIMH pabo- Tami (eM. Dasivmxene O.-A., 1973; Ilaxxycnc A., 1971), pacKpuIBalONHMH BJIHA- HHe AHTJIHĖŪCKOTO fI3bIKa HA peyb JIHTOBLEB-3MHTPAHTOB, HYXKHbI LIHPOKHE HCCJIe- JoBaHKsl QyHKUHOHHPOBAHUS JIMTOBCKOTO 53bIKA B PA3HbIX COLHAJIbHbIX YCIOBHSIX Ha (pOHE COLKHAJILHO aKTHBHOTO JIHTOBCKO-aHTJIHHCKOTO H JPYTHX THIOB JBYS3bl- YHA C HHOCTPAHHBIM SIBbIKOM. [lepexos K OCBelill[EHHIO BONPOCOB (hyHKIUHOHHPOBAHHS B PCN yGIHKe PYCCKOTO A3blKa KaK 5S53biKa MEeXHAIMOHAJIbHOTO OOIIeHHsI, TpeXKJae BCETO OTMETHM, YTO (pyHKLUHOHA/IBHOE COCYIIECTBOBAHHE JBYX $3BIKOB (HAllMOHAJBHOTO H PYCCKOIO) TNO3BOJIAET KAX/AOMY HapoJly Hallie CTpaHbl pa3BHBATb CBOIO KYJbTYPY, OOcCJIY- AKHBAEMYIO HAllHOHAJIBHLIM $I3HIKOM, H OJHOBPEMEHHO MPH TOMOLIH SI3bIKa MEXKHa- LHOHAJIPHOTO OOINEHHA NpHOONIATLCA K OGIIECOBETCKOH H MHPOBOH KYJbTYpe. Taxoe paumonansHoe coueTanne OČILHX H YACTHBIX HHTEPECOB HAPOJIOB Hallleil CTpa- Hbl H BCEro COLUHAJIHCTHYECKOTO ofllecTBa, Bblpakaolleecsi B COUeTaHHH COep NPHMEHEHHS HalLHOHAJIbHbIX A3BIKOB H $I3bIKa MEXKHAIMOHAJBHOTO OČINEHHA, IIO- JIYUHJIO Ha3BaHHe HAIlMOHAJIbHO-PYCCKOTO ABVSA3LIUHS (CM. ,,PasBuTHe HALMOHAJIb- HO-pyccKoro ABysisbiuns“, 1976). Pacnpocrpanenne IBys3bUHS C SIBBIKOM MeXK- HAllHOHA/ILHOTO OOIEHHSI — OJIHA H3 BeJyLIMX TEHJIEHIUHĖ pa3BHTHS S3LIKOBOMH XH3HH HapoaoB CCCP, ofyciioB/ieHHAs BakKHOCTBIO COLHAJIbHOR (DYHKUMH pyc- CKOTO fi3biKa KaK 513bIKa €JIHHEHHS, HHTerpallHH COHLHAJIHCTHUECKHX Hauui (Xa- KHa3apoB K. X., 1977). Ojinoii H3 BaKHEHIIHX COUHOJHHIBHCTHYECKHX 3aKOHO- MepHOCTeH (YHKIHOHMPOBAHHSA Ą3biKa MEXKHAIMOHAJLHOTO OOLIEHHS SBJAETCA AOGpOBOJIbHbIH, MaccoBblil H YCKOPEHHbI XapaKTep ero pacnpocrpanenns (Xou- moropoB A. H., 1976). BTopoii KOMIIOHEHT HaiHOHAJIbHO-DpyCCKOTO ABYSISBIUHS — PYCCKHIl H3bIK, A3BIK MEXHALHOHAJMBHOTO OŠČINEHKHS, HMEHHO NOSTOMY JAAHHBIH THI JBYSSHIYHS B Halle cTpaHe — HauGoJ/iee BaXKHbIil, HaHGO/€e CONMANBHO 3HAUMMBI. Kak no- Ka3biBaeT f3bIKOBas NpakTHKa, (GOpMHpOBaHHE HALHOHAJBHO-PYCCKOTO JABYS3bi- UH B Halllelf CTpaHe CBsI3aHO B OCHOBHOM CO IIKOJIbHBIM 0OYYEHHEM, B NTPOLECCe KO- TOporo NPOHCXOAMT HeJieHaripaBJIeHHOe (dOpMHpOBaHHe 3HAHHH BTOPOTO SI3bIKA, YMeHHH H HaBBIKOB. DTHOJMHTBHCTHYECKHE YCJOBHS 3aMETHO BJIHAIOT Ha 3HAHHE 27 PY CCKOTO S13bIKA JIHINIb B HECKOJIbKHX KDY ITHBIX TOpOJIax H paionax JIuroBekoti CCP. Bojnikinasi poJib NPUHAJJIEKUT CPEACTBAM MacCOBOH KOMMYHHKAIHH, OKAa3bIBAIO- IMM 3HAuHTeJbHOE BO3JIEHCTBHE Ha 3HaHHe pPyccKoro s3bika. H. Bce ke InIKOJIA OCTaeTcsi OCHOBHHIM HCTOUHHKOM pAaCHPOCTPAHEHHA HAIHOHA/IBHO-PYCCKOTO JBYSI3bIUHS, TAK KaK OJHA H3 OCHOBHBIX 3aJlay IIKOJIbI — HAYYHTh YYEHHKOB CBO- 60/1HO BJIAJIETb POJHBIM H PYCCKHM SI3bIKAMH, KOTOPhIE OHH MOIVIH Obl IpHMeHTb B OOIIECTBEHHO- TOU THUECKOH, HayUHOH H KyJIbTypHOH chepax xusuu. Ha cospe- MEHHOM 3Talle pa3BHTOTO CONHAJIHCTHUECKOTO OČINECTBA B CBSI3H C IpoLleccaMH (hOpMHPOBaHHSI HOBOH HCTOPHYECKOH OOIIHOCTH — COBETCKOTO Hapoja — MOBbI- 11aeTcsi pOJIb PYCCKOTO A3bIKa KaK fA3bIKa Me>KHAINHOHAaJIbHOTO OOLIEHHS H PYCCKOH JIMHTBOJIM/IAKTHKH, KOTOpasi BaxKHA B OOYYEHHH PYCCKOMY $I3bIKY He TOJIBKO Kak POJIHOMY, HO H KaK BTOPOMY si3bIKY. I [eJib 00y4eHHst Py CCKOMY SI3bIKY B HALHOHAJIb- HOM IIKOJIe — Pa3BHTHE KOOPJAHHATHBHOIO JIBYSI3bIYHMSA, YCTpPaHEHHE ABJIEHHH HH- TepiĖbepeHnHH poiHOTro A3bKa. Kak rioKa3biBAaIOT HAaO/JIIOJIEHHA Haj pe3y. bTaTaMH IIKOJILHOTO OGVUEHHA pycckoMy S13bIKY B JIutoBckoit CCP (noapotuee cm. Mu- xaasuenko B. IO., 1977), naxke B yCJOBHSIX COLHAaJIbHO AKTHBHOTO JIBYSI3BIUHS INKOJIbHHKH Ha MEPBOi CTyNeHH 00y4eHHS YCBaHBAIOT JIHKINb 569, MporpaMMHOTO o6beMa JIEKCHKH, Ha BTOpod — npumepHo 709%, H Ha TpeTbell — CTOJIbKO Ke. B paiionax, rie HaiLHOHAaJIbHbIK COCTAB HaCeJIeHHS OJJHOPOJIeH H ycTHas opma pyc- CKOTO S13bIKAa aKTHBHO He (PYHKIHOHHPYET, 3TOT MPOLEHT elle HHxXe. PelnTs npo- O/1eMy TOBEINICHHA YPOBHS INKOJILHOTO MPENoiaBaHis BO3MOXKHO JIHINb MOCPENCT- BOM COBMECTHBIX CKOODAHHHPOBAHHBIX YCHJIHH NMeJaroros, IICHXOJIOTOB, JIAHTBHC- ToB. IlcHxoJiOTH JIOJI2KHbI pelIHTh TIpoOjJjIeMy 1eaecoo0pa3sHOCTH HW XapakTepa COTIOCTABJIEHHS JIBYX $I3bIKOB — POJHOTO H BTOPOro, TEOPETHYECKH OOOCHOBATb, BKCINEDHMEHTAJIbHO JI0Ka3aTh, B KAKOM BO3pACTe MPHEMJIEMO COMOCTaBJICHHE SI3bI- KOBbIX (bakToB, mpaBHs (cM. ,B3aumojeiicTBie Si3bIKOB B mpolecce o0ydeHus‘, 1971, c. 67-69). OcHOBHBIE THHTBHCTHYECKHE XAapaKTEDpHCTHKH H3yUaeMoro Tpej- MeTa onpejiejiseT HayyHas rpaMMaTHKa DpyCCKOTO fi3blKa, HApPSAAY C Heil BaXKHBIM KOMIIOHEHTOM HAay4HOH JIMHIBHCTHYECKOH OCHOBHI OOy4YeHHS BTOPOMY SI3bIKY SIB- JIFeTCA KOHTPACTHBHAsA (COMOCTABHTEJNbHAsl) IpPaMMaTHKa JBYX KOMIIOHEHTOB JBys3buud. Ecjiu nepBasi rpaMMaTHKa pacKphIBaeT CVIOLHOCTb H3y4aeMOTo OO beKTa, TO BTOpasi yKasblBaeT Ha OCOOEHHOCTH BO3JEHCTBHSI POJHOTO 53bIKa Ha peub Ou- JIMHTBOB Ha BTOPOM S13bIKE H MO3BOJISIeT VYUeCTb CIOeILHOHKY pPOAHOTO si3bIKa B MPO- necce obydyenusi. JIuip Takas rpaMMaTHKa NMOMOTAeT METOAHCTY OmNepeTbes Ha POJIHOH SI3bIK, OPHEHTHPOBATHCS HA BO3MOXKHOCTH TpaHCINNO3HIHH, HEHTPaJIH30- BaTh ABJIeHHs HHTepdĖepenHnuH. B HacTos ee BpeMs POBEIEHO COTNOCTABJIEHHE MOP - (poJIOTHH JIMTOBCKOTO H pycckoro s13bIKOB (Mycreiikuc K., 1972), umetoniee 60.1b- ioe HayuHOe 3HaueHHe, TaK Kak TIJy0oKoe, apryMeHTHPOBAaHHOE OIMHUCAHHE CXOJICTB H pas nui OaJITHĖŪCKHX H PYCCKOTO f3LIKOB BCET/la HHTEpecoOBAaJIO f3bl- KOBEJIOB pasHelX npoduiieit. Ojigako Hapsily ¢ TAKHMH IpaMMaTHKaMH HeOOXOJIH- Mbl TPY/ibl, ODHEHTHPOBaHHbIE HA KAKYI0-1H00 chepy KOHKPETHOH JesiTeJbHOCTH, T.e. TPY/Jbl NPHKIAJHOTO XapakTepa, HalpHMep, KOHTPACTHUBHbIE OUEPKH JĮBYX SI3BIKOB JIJIs1 TIEDEBOJIUKHKOB, COJeprKallye COMOCTaBJ/EHHE BbIDa3HTEJIbHbIX pecyp- COB pa3HbIX YPOBHEH $I3blKd, KOHTPACTHBHOE COTNOCTABJIEHHE JBYX SI3BIKOB JŲ HIKOJIbHOTO OOYUEHHS BTOPOMY $I3bIKY (DYyCCKOMY HJM Ke JHTOBCKOMY). 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KoneunHo, Ha COBpeMeHHOM 3Tane PasBUTHA A3BIKO3HAHMS TIOJIHAS 28 KOHTpPACTHBHAsi TpaMMATHKA JIMTOBCKOTO H PYCCKOTO SI3bIKOB, OpHeHTHpOBAH- Hasi Ha WKOJIbHOe OGyueHHe, BPs JIM BO3MOXKHA, OIHAKO BIIOJIHE DpEeaJIbHbI OUEpKH no KPYNHLIM TeMaM IpaMMAaTHKH, AAIOllHe BCIO COBOKYINHOCTb CXOJACTB H pa3JIH- YH JIHTOBCKOTO H PYCCKOTO A3BIKOB, UTO B CBOIO OYepejib NMOMOIJIO Obl METOJIHCTAM BbIpaboTaTh CHCTEMY METOJOB H IPHEMOB MpENojaBaHHs ITOH TEeMbl C yueTOM CINELKHĖOKKH POAHOTO A3bIKA. Ba>xkHbi HCCJIe/(JOBaHHS5A IIpOLECCOB B3aHMOJIEKHCTBHA JIHTOBCKOTO H PYCCKOTO AI3bIKOB, JIHTOBCKOTO H IOJIbCKOTO, a Take JPYTHX fA3BIKOB, BCTDpeuaIoONIHXCSHA Ha TeppuTOopuH pecriyOJIHKH. Ciaepyer OTMETHTb, UTO B pa3HbIie HCTOPHUECKHE MepH- OJibl POJIb JTHX SI3bIKOB B OOIECTBEHHOH H KYJbTYPHOH 2KH3HH ObiJIa pa3JIHUKHA, nO3TOMY pa3JIHuHbl XapaKTep H GOpMbl HX BO3ĮĮEKHCTBHA Ha JIMTOBCKHH S3bIK, a TakKxKe BJIKHSHHE JIHTOBCKOTO si3blKa Ha HHX. B riponeccaX B3aHMOJIEHCTBHA $13bi- KOB HEOOXOJHMMO YUHTHIBATH BO3JEHCTBHE OJHOTO 5i3bIKA Ha peub OT/EJbHBIX HH- JHMBHJIOB — HOCHTEJIEH JPYTOro #A3blKa, BKJIJOUeHHe TOTO HJIH HHOTO SIBJIEHHA B HOPMY JIpYTOTO fI3bIKa, 3aHMCTBOBaHHE OT I€/IbHBIX CJIOB, CKPbIThIE, TPY AHOHAOJII0- JlaeMble INpollecChl BO3JEHCTBHSI Ha HHTEHCHBHOCTb (DYHKIHOHUPOBAHHS TOH HJIH HHOH TpaMMATHUeCKOH (DOpMBI H T.jį. Jinitib MPH TAKOM IOJĮXOJIE BO3MOXKHBI TIJIO- JIOTBOPHBIE HCCJIE/|JOBAHHA, INOKA3bIBAIONIHE BCe MHOTOOOpa3He S3LIKOBOTO KOHTAK- THpOBAHHA, eTO pe3yJIbTATbI Ha pa3HbIX YPOBHAX S53bIKA, 3aBHCSINLHe OT xapaKTEepa KOHTAKTHDOBAHHSA 53bIKOB H OT CTeEINEHH BO3JIEKHCTBHA OJHOIO 13bIKa Ha Įpyrok. XorTej10Cb Gbl TaKXKE o6paTHTH BHHMAHHe Ha HeOOXOJIMMOCTb C CaMOTO HaUuaJIa PasBUTHSI COLHMOJIHHTBHCTHUECKHX HCCJEJOBAaHHH Ha MaTepuaJe S3bIKOBOH >KH3HH JIntoBckoit CCP paspa6orku CTpPOroil, Hay4HO OGOCHOBAHHON COLHOJIHHTBHCTH- UECKOH TEDMHHOJIOTHH B JIHTOBCKOM $I3BIKE. Takum 06pa3oM, akKTYAaJIbHOCTb COHHOJIAHTBHCTHYUECKORH MPOGJIEMATHKH OTIpe- JIEJIAETCS TEM, HACKOJIbKO OHA CIIOCOOCTBYET HCCJIEJJOBAHHIO OCHOBHbIX 3aKOHOMEP - HOCTeH, BeĮLVYLIHX TEHJIEHIHH 513bIKOBOTO pa3BHTHSA Ha COBPEMEHHOM 3Tarle H TIDa- BHJIbHOHK, MApKCHCTCKOH OIEHKe NpONHEeCCOB (OVYHKUKOHHpOBAHHSA H Dpa3BHTHS SI3bl- KOB B TIPOIILJIOM, a TaKzKe IpOrHO3HpOBAHHIO A3HIKOBOM >XH3HH. CTaBsl TV HJIH HHYIO uacTHYIO NNpoOJNIeMy, HeOOXOJHMO IIOMHHTb O ee MecTe B pelleHHH HAaCYIIHbIX H HaHGOoJIee BaXKHLIX BOTPOCOB pa3BHTHSA H OVHKIUKOHHDpOBAHHS 3bIKOB Ha COBpe- MEHHOM 3Talle. Jiuteparypa Grinaveckienė E. Lietuvių literatūrinės kalbos ir tarmių sąveika. — Kn.: Lietuvių kalba tarybiniais: metais. V., 1969. Jablonskis K. Lietuviški žodžiai senosios Lietuvos raštinių kalboje. K., 1941, t. 1. Jablonskis K. Lietuvių kultūra ir jos veikėjai. V., 1973. Jacikevičius A. Daugiakalbystės psichologija. V., 1970. Keinys S. Lietuvių terminologijos kūrimo apžvalga (iki 1940 m.). — Kalbotyra. V., 1967, t. 18. Kruopas J. Lietuvių literatūrinės kalbos vystymasis praeityje ir tarybiniais metais. — Kn.: Lietuvių kalba tarybiniais metais. V., 1969. Lietuvių kalbos rašyba ir skyryba. V., 1976. Lietuvių literatūros istorija. V., 1967, t. 1. Michalčenko V. Kelių kalbų vartojimas ir kalbos kultūra. — Kalbos kultūra. V., 1974, sąs. 27. Mporpamma Kommyuuctnueckoii naptun CoBerckoro Coiosa. — M., 1976. As3umos II. A., lemepues IO. JĮ., Hukoasckuit JI. B. u 1p. CoBpemeHHOe 06IECTBEHHOE Da3BATHE, HayuHO-TeXHHUECKasi peBOJIIOHLHSA H 3bIK. — B ku.: Hayuxo-TexHHuecKasi pesoionust H ¢yHK- LHOHHpOBaHHĖė 3bIKOB Mupa. M., 1977. B3aumojieiicTB He sI3BIKOB B Nponecce oGyuenns. — Buabhioc, 1971. Fasmxene O.-A. Hurepgepennns anrjiuūckoro s3bIiKA B Jekcuke Jjutosues CINA. Asropego. Kaun. auc. — Kues, 1973. AapGeesa A. A. PaspuTiie o0uiecTBeHHBIX HYHKIMIT MOHTOJIbCKHX SI3LIKOB B COBETCKYIO 3MOXY. — M., 1969. 29 Įlemepnes 10. JĮ. 3aKOHOMEPHOCTH pa3BHTHS JiHTEpaTypHbIX 3bIKOB HapojjoB CCCP B coBerckyto snoxy. PasBurHe OGHIECTBEHHBIX (YHKIMI JiKTEpaTypHbIX s3biKOB, — M., 1976. Jemepues 10. JĮ. Conuajibuas Junrsuctika. — M., 1977. 3aKOHOMEPHOCTH Dpa3BHTHS JIKTEpaTypHbIX si3eikoB HapojjoB CCCP B coserckyio snoxy. Buyrpu- CTPYKTYPHO® Da3BHTHE CTAPOMHChbMeHHbIX si3bikoB. — M., 1973. Keine C. MurepuanmoHasbHble 3/€MEHTH B JIHTOBCKOI TepMHHOJiorHH. — B KH.: Bompocst pa3paloOTKH HayuHO-TeXHHuecKoil TepMHHOJIOrHH. Pura, 1973. Muxaabuenxo B. K). Tenjenuun passHTHS HAayYHO-TEXHHUYECKOH TepMHHOJIOrHH B OaJTHHCKHX s3biKax. — B KH.: HayuHo-rexHuueckas peBOMIONMS H (DYHKUHOHHDOBAHHE SI3BLIKOB MHDa. M., 1977. Muxaabuenko B. KO. O®yuxuuonnpoBanue pycckoro s3bika B Jlutonckoit CCP un ero B3anmMojieii- CTBUE C ALTORSEUM A3bIKOM. — B KH.: Pycckuil s3bIK Kak CpeJCTBO MeXKHAalHOHA/IBHOrO ofiue- Hus. M., 1977. Mycreiikuc K. ComocraBuresbiasi MOpHOJOrHst pyCCKOTO H JIHTOBCKOrO s3blKOB. — BuusHioc, 1972. Huxoabckuit JI. B. 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HucruryT sisbiko3nanns AH CCCP LIETUVOS TSR KALBINIO GYVENIMO AKTUALIOS SOCIOLINGVISTINES PROBLEMOS Reziumeé Straipsnyje apibūdinamos svarbiausios mūsų šalies kalbinės raidos tendencijos: TSRS tau- tų nacionalinių kalbų potencialių galimybių realizacija ir intensyvus plėtimasis rusų kalbos, kaip nacijų bendravimo priemonės. Ryšium su tuo laikomos aktualiomis tokios Lietuvos TSR kalbinio gyvenimo sociolingvistinio tyrimo kryptys: pirma, lietuvių kalbos funkcionavimo ir raidos klausimų sprendimas ir, antra, rusų kalbos, kaip nacijų bendravimo priemonės, funk- cionavimo ypatybių ir plitimo respublikoje pagrindinių tendencijų tyrimas. Smulkiau apsisto- jama ties atskirais lietuvių kalbos funkcionavimo seniau ir dabar klausimais. ia svarstoma ir kelių kalbų vartojimas visuomenėje, kultūros ir ją aptarnaujančios kal- bos adekvatumas. Pabrėžiama, jog šnekamosios lietuvių kalbos kultūrą reikia kelti ypač tuose respublikos rajonuose, kuriuose gyventojų nacionalinė sudėtis yra mišri. Svarbu tirti funkcinę- stilistinę lietuvių kalbos diferenciaciją, nustatyti terminologinės sistemos kitimo, pasipildymo ir funkcionavimo dėsningumus ryšium su moksline-technine revoliucija ir TSRS tautų bei kultū- rų tarpusavio sąveika.