Социолингвистическое исследование литовской речи коренных вильнюсцев

KALBŲ KONTAKTAI LIETUVOS TSR LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XXIII (1983) JIAAMA TPYMA/JIEHE COLMOJIMHITBUCTUYECKOE HCCJIE/J/JOBAHHE JIMT OBCKOM PEUH KOPEHHbIX BHJIbHIOCIIEB Beenenre. [opojgickas pe4ub BapuaOejibHa, 3TO YCJIOXHSeT aHajiu3 ee. Cire- JIyeT OTMETHTb, YTO BapHaOeJIbHOCTb S53bIKA B LEJOM — CBOHCTBO IOCTOSHHOE H TpOSBISiETCS B CNOCOGHOCTH K BapbHPOBaHHIO SI3BIKOBBIX cpeacts (cp.: CKBop- nos JI. H., 1978, c. 22), BeIpakkast XH3HeHHOCTb s3bIKa. IIpr H3y4ueHHH S3BIKOBOIO BapbHDOBAHHS B Ka4eCTBE OTMPaBHOro OOEbeKTA BhICTYmaer H/HOJIeKT (Crenma- mos I. B., 1979, c. 13-14). TojJibro onpe/teJiHuB I'PaHHILI BAPLHPOBAHHA B PEYH HHJHBHJIA, MOXHO NPHHSITHCS 3a CHEH(DHYECKYIO NOCTAHOBKY TaKOH JIMHIBHCTH- PeCcKONH 3a/IauH, KAK H3yYeHHe SB3bIKA KOJIJIEKTHBA B uejoM (I pocce P., HoiiGepr A., 1976, c. 316). | PeusL MHIMBHIA MOXET BAapbHpOBATb B IIpejieJi2X HOPMbI HEKOEro TpyrmoBOro HJIH KOJIJIEKTHBHOTO HHBApHaHTAa, B IIpejieJiaX ONpejteJIEeHHOH COIHAJILHO-KOMMYHH- KATHBHOŽ IHOJICHCTEMEI | TepMuz A. JĮ. Illsešepa (1976, c. 76 —77)/, Tak kak JIoJix- Ha NOMYMHSTHCA 3aKOHAM KoMMYyHHKamud. Ho He CyNIeCTByeT TaKHX COIHAJIBHO- KOMMYHHKATHBHBEIX CHCTEM, JUIS KOTOPBIX He OBLIO OBI XapaKTepHO OIpENe/iCHHOe BapbHDpOBaHHE, TAK KaK „HAJIH9HE BAPHAHTOB H IETEPOTEHHBIX CTPYKTYp B YVxe W3y4YCHHBIX PEYEBBHIX KOJIJIEKTHBAX SBJISETCS, pa3yMEeTCHS, TBEpAO YCTAHOBJIEBHbIM darxromv“ (Weinreich U., Labov W., Herzog M., 1968, p. 101). IĮlaumuoe TONOXKEHHE OOBACHAETCS NEHCTBHEM OOBEKTHBHBIX H CYOBEKTHBHBIX hakTOpOB Kak CONHAJIbHOTO, TaK H YHCTO JIAHIBHCTHYECKOro IUIaHa, MPH pa3ind- HELIX OOCTOsATENbCTBaxX noxBepraromuxcs aktupusamum (demepues FO. JĮ., 1977, c. 127-187; Jla6os V., 1975a, c. 96 — 181; ITocTtosanosa B. H., 1978, c. 148-156; CepebpennukoB B. A., 1974, c. 7—63). IMousiTHE COUMONMHTBHCTHYECKOH TNEpeMeHHOM, OOOCHOBaHHE KOTOpPOro CO- Jepxurcsi B paborax V. Jla6oBa, 0600uiaer JIMHIBHCTHYECKHMI H COLHAJIBHBIH IIJIAH HCCJIEYeMOr0 MaTepHajia: COIHOJIMHTBHCTHYECKHE IE€peMEHHBIE ,ompeze- JISIOTCA TOYKOM OTCYeTa H IIKAJOH BEIMYMH, M3MEHSIOIIMXCS B OIpECICHHOM HanpaBjIieHHH. BeJIMUWHLI B NpejieJiaX 3THX MIKAJ JeTePMHHHPYIOTCA CONHAIbHEI- MH (dakKTOpaMH mogo6HO TOMY, Kak (hoHOJSIOTHYECKHE OKDYXEHHA 00yCIOBIHBAIOT boHernueckyro peammsanuio amoponos® (Iseimep A. JĮ., 1976, c. 35). Ilonsarae COLMOJIMHIBACTHYECKOH NEpeMEHHOM NpHMEHSETCS H YCHEINHO pa3pabaTsiBaeTCs BO MHOTHX TpyJax COIHOJIAHTBACTHYECKOM TEMATHKH. Vi3yuenne BapbuHupoBaHHS PEYH ONpPENEICHHOIO PEYeBOro KOJUICKTHBA IPH IIO- MOI COLMOJIMHTBECTUYECKOH METOJIHKH MPEAnoJiaraeT COIHOJIHHIBHCTHYECKOE 62 MCTOJIKOBAaHHE BapbHpOBAHHSA 3bIKA, KOTOPOE HaXOJIHT CBOE BHIPAXEHHE B OTHO- CHTeJIbHOM pa3rpaHH4UeHHH €ro CTpaTHOHKAIIKOHHOŽH H CHTYATHBHOM BapHATHB- HoctH (Iseimep A. JĮ., Hukomsckwuit JI. 5., 1978, c. 76—85). Cnenyer akuenTHpo- BaTb OTHOCHTeJIbHOCTb pa3IrpaHHUeHHS JaHHBIX BHJIOB BADLHDpOBAHHSA, TAK KaK MEX- Jy HHMH HabiojaeTcs TecHas B3aMMOCBS3b. ViMeHHO y4eT OINOCpeJICTBYIONnEN POH yroMsKHYyTOH CHTYaTHBHOW BApHATHBHOCTH IIO3BOJISET M36ekaTh BYJIbrapH- 3aropcKolt HHTepnpeTaliHH BO3JEHCTBHA Ha SI3bIK COUMANBHBIX (dakTOpoB. Pa3- TpaHH4eHHe YyKa3aHHbIX BH/ĮOB BAPbHPOBAHHS S3bIKA YYHTHIBAET H COOTHOULICHHE B HEM MHIMBHAYaJbHBIX H COUMAJIbH5IX ()AKTOpOB nonpoBiee 06 stom cM.: Ma- xoBckmit M. M., 1976). OTHM ĮBYM BH/(aM BApbHpOBAHHS A3bIKA COOTBETCTBYET BapbHPOBAHME JIBYX BHJĮOB COLHOJIHHTBHCTH4ECKHX NEPEMEHHBIX: CTPATH(GUKALMOHHBIX H CHTYATHBHBIX (HJK cTrpaTHOHKAUKOHHO-CHTYATHBHLIX). CTpaTHdHKAIHOHHBIE NepEeMEHHbIE BEI- JACNAOTCA B COOTHONICHHH C COLMAJIbHO-KJIACCOBOH CTPYKTypoH OOnIecTBA, a CTPaTHYHKAUMOHHO-CHTYATHBHbIE M3MEHSIOTCA H B COOTHOIICHHH C COLHAJHHOM CTPYKTYpOii 0b1ecTBa, H B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT COnuKMaJILHONH cutyamun. KiccJrejjroBanne CONHAJIBHOM CHTYAILIHH IIpeNojiaraeT H3y9eHHe ABYX BHIOB IMITHPHYECKOTO MATe- pHana: T.H. JaHHbIX OOBEKTHBHON M CyOBEKTHBHON CTOPOH A3blka. VueT cyOber- THBHOM CTOPOHBI (T.e. MHEHHĖ, OLCHOK, CYXICHHIf, ODHEHTAINIf HOCHTEeH S3bIKa TO NOBOAY CBOEH COOCTBEHHON peuKH HJIH pe4KH APYTHX, ONpeelieHHil LEHHOCTHONH OpHeHTalįHH B OOJACTH sS3bIKA H A3BIKOBOM HOPMBI) FOTOBHT IHO4BY JŲIS ILIOHO- TBOPHOTO NMPHMEHEHHS COLMOJIMHIBHCTHYECKHX IIpaBHJI, a TEM CaMbIM H JUIS pac- KPBITHSI OCHOBHBIX (DAKTODpOB (KaK JIMHIBHCTHYECKOTO, TAK H CONHAIBHOTO IUIaHa), BJIHSIOIIAX Ha JBOJIIOIMIO S3bIKA. Tonpko mpu TIATENBHOM H3Yy4eHHH CYOBLEKTHBHON CTOPOHBI S3bIKA H COOTHE- CEHHH [IaHHBIX 5TOTO IUIaHA C JaHHBIMH OOBEKTHBHOM CTOPOHBI A3bIKA CTAHOBHTCS BO3MOXHOH KHTEepIIpeTAIIHA Iepexoa CTPATHPHKAUMOHHBIX TEPEMEHHBIX B cTpa- THQUKANMOHHO-CHTYaTHBHBIE. [IposBiicHHE TIOCJIEJMHHX CBS3aHO C CO3HATOJILHON JEATeNIbHOCTHIO 4eJIOBEKA B OOJIACTH A3bIKa, T.€. ¢ IEHHOCTHOM opneHTanpeit H COIMAJIbHBIMH YCTAHOBKAMH. Co3HaTeJIibHas ĮeSTEJILHOCTb B 06J1aCTH S3BIKA BCEIIa COOTHOCHTCS C ITOHSTHEM A3bIKOBOH HOpMEI. IIpejicTaBJieHHe O TOM, 4TO MeHA THX HOPM IMPOHCXOIHT O4CHb ME/UIEHHO, CTAJIO NIpHBEI4HbIM. Ho eme B 1931 r. E. IlojmBaHoB mucain, 4TO Takoe TIpEZICTaBJICHHE MOXeT OBITh YTOYHEHO, ECJIH HAOJIPOJIATb XOX S35IKOBON 3BOJIIO- IHH B OTACJIBHBIX 3BEHBAX rPAMMATHYECKOM CHCTEMBI ,BIUIOTHYIO®, C IOMOIIBIO BEPOATHOCTHO-CTATHCTHYECKOTO METO/A, PasyMeeTcs, B TeX Ciydasix, Korja akTBI JOCTYIHBI Takoro pojla nabmoxenusm (IToymsanos E., 1931, c. 75-76). O He06- XOJĮAMOCTH OCBOCHHS MEeXAHH3MA 3BOJIIOINKHH S35IKA IPH HOPMHPOBAHWH ITHIIYT st JipyrHe JIAKrBHCTEI (KocroMapos B. I'., HIsapukoud B. C., 1965, c. 126). Toxsro TIpH YCJIOBHH BCECTOPOHHETO H3YYCHHSI MeXaHM3Ma S3bIKOBLIX H3MEHEHHI CTAHO- BHTCS| BO3MOXHbIM CBOEBpeMeHHOE H Gojiee OObEeKTHBHOC pemenHe NpOOJIEMEI HOpMHpOBAHHS, T.e. KOAMpHUKAUMH S3bIKA, KOTOPOE NpPEAYCMATPHBAIO GBI onpe- JCNICHHYIO 3aBHCHMOCTh BHYTPHCHCTEMHBIX HM3MEHCHHI OT pa3sBHTHS YaCTHBIX KOMMYHHKAIHOHHbIX (DYHKIHN S3BIKOB (Aemepuen IO. JIĮ., 1966, c. 235-239). 63 HMeHHO BkISBJIEeHHe CODHMOJIHHTBHCTH4eCKHX HopM (Hurojrbexuū JI. B., 1976, c. 129—130) mpexmonaraeT yseT B3aHMOJCHCTBHS B S3LIKOBOM Ppa3BHTHH T.H. „BHeEmHHX“ H ,BHYTpeHHHX“ ()AKTOPOB, PAaCCMOTPEHHE JMHIBHCTHYECKHX (dar- TOB HE TOJHKO OOBEKTHBHOTO, HO H CYOBEKTHBHOIO XapakTepa, YCTAHOBJIECHHE MX B3aHMOCBS3H, I103TOMY COIHOJIMHIBHCTHYECKOE H3yueHHe pasroBOpHOH peun BaXHO HE TOJIBKO [UIs ONpelesieHHs CHCTEMBI JIHTOBCKOTO S3bIKA XHTEJIEN ropona BuibHIOCA, HO H B ONpEENICHHON Mepe JŪS JajlbHeHIIEro mpouecca HOpMHPOBAHNS H KONKOKKAIMH JIMTOBCKOTO JIHTEPATYPHOTO SA3bIKA. | AxryajisHoji mpoOjJieMoH JIAHTBHCTHKH, Kak H BCEH HAYKH B LEJIOM, SBJISCTOS pa3paboTka H OCMEICJIeHHe IIpolnejJityp O60CHOBAHHS HaYy4HOTO 3HaHHS, B YaCTHOCTH, npoOjieMa nocTaToyHOCTH O6OCHOBaHMN NpH moxTBepxkjeHnu THIrIoTe3 (Ilocro- pasiosa B. H., 1980, c. 89), noz(6op, Bebop H OTOOp sMmupruecKHX (GaKTOB H OCHOBEI HX NIDOTHBOIIOCTABJIEHHS wim conocrapienns (Bell R., 1978, p. 123-156). Ilpn n3yueHHH s3bIKa Kak (QYHKIHOHAJNBHOM CHCTEMBbI O HAajIBHTAIONIHXCS H3- MEKHEHHSX CHIHAJM3HpyeT HaJIMUuHe „CJIAOLIX TOUeK“ si35IKA (TepMHH D. Kocepny, 1963, c. 238—239), T.e. HECOOTBETCTBHS MEeXJIY NOTPeOHOCTSAMH BHIDAXEHHS H HAJIMUHLIMH CpENICTBAaMH Bkipaxenus. B momcke „CJIAOBIX Touek™ s3bIKa MOXET OBITH INpHMeHeH HM CTATHCTHKO-BEPOSTHOCTHBIH MeTOj. [lake npe/mojiaraeitos, B Y4CTHOCTH, 4TO C HOMOLIbIO CTATHCTHYECKOTO aHaJM3a MOTYT CTABHTBCS H pe- maTbCA TakWe 3ajiaunu: 1) mpobiema abCoOMOTHOrO MaTHPOBAHHS W3MEHEHHIA, 2) KcyncJIeHHe TEMTIOB H3MeHeHn ii, 3) npobaema nporuo3uposanus (I'paymmna JI. K., 1980, c. 132). Pojib cTaTHCTHYECKOTO METOJA B HayKe O S3bIKE OTMEYajach Ile B IPOLLIOM BeKe, Hamp., B paboTax 178 bonysna ne Kyprene. Ho npuMerenne MmaTeMaTHYECKAX METO/J(0B B COLMANbHEIX HayKaX (5TO OTHOCHTCH H K H3YYeHHIO A3bIKA B COLHOJIHHT- BHCTHYECKOM aclieKTe) BCTpeYaeT PSA TPYAHOCTeH, KOTODEIE MPOHCXOMAT OT CJIOX- HOCTH COUHMaJbHBIX SBJICHH}, a Takxe OT TOro, 4TO H3Yy4eHHIO MOIBEpraeTcs He TOJIbKO OObEKTHBHAS, HO H CyOBEKTHBHAS CTOPOHA SIBJICHMS, BhIpaxenue (daKTOB KOTOpOH B KOJIKMYeCTBEHHOH dopMe TpebyeT pa3paboTku crenuaibHOro MaTeMaTH- Yeckoro ammaparta. I 'raBHasi TPYJHOCTh 3aKJIOYaeTCs B TOM, YTO NMOPOIO NpHXO- HATCH HMETh JIeJIO C KOPOTKHMH CTATHCTHYECKHMH pSJaMH, a YBEPEHHOCTH, 9TO 3HAYHTEJIbHAS 4YacTh HaOJIIOJfaeMOTO He co3faHa BOOOpaxeHHEM CAMHX Ha- 6mopateneii, Her (cp. Anapee S. II., Ocumos I". B., 1973, c. 339). IlpuvMeHenue MaTeMaTHYECKHX METOHOB B JIMHTBHCTHYECKHX MHCCJIEJIOBAHHSX pacueHuBaeTcs mo-pasHomy. Ml 3TO ecTecTBeHHO, Tak Kak OHH II0-pa3HOMY H NPH- MeHSIOTCS. BecbMa OTpHUATENBHO HO NOBOY TIDHMEHEHHA MATEMATHYECKHX METO- JOB B JIHHTBHCTHKE BBICKa3biBACTCS CpABHHTEJIbHO HEMHOTO JIMHIBHCTOB, HAmp., H. C. Tpy6euxoit (1960, c. 18), P. A. Bymaros (1978, c. 40—42) u np. T'opasjto Gosbiie cnenHajiuCTOB NPHIEPKUBAIOTCS IIpOTHBONNOJIOXXHOTO MHEHNS, COTJIACHO KOTOPOMY JIMHTBHCTHKA „He MOXET Ces CB53bIBATL Pa3 H HABCETr[a 3aJaHHBIMH HKCCJIEJĮOBATEJIbCKHMH MeTonamu™ (3BernmueB B. A., 1977, c. 46). 1. CoquonuHTBHCTHYECKAS XapaKTepucTHKa OGteKTA. OGbeKTOM Ha- CTOSAILIECTO MCCICIOBAHUSA ABJSETCA COUMAJIBHO-KOMMYHHKATHBHAS cuctema (CKC) JIATOBCKOH pe4H KOJUIEKTHBA KOPEHHBIX JHTOBLEB BuibHIocues (JIPKJIB) (Illpeii- 64 nep A. Jl, Huxrojnberxnū JI. b., 1978, c. 67—76). KoHKpeTHBIM TMpejiMeTOM KHCCJIEeJI1OBAHHSA TOCJIVXHJI OJIKMH M3 KommnoHeHToB JiaKHOHK CKC — JiuTOBCKAS peub HeenenyeMoro KOJIJIEKTHBa. Tak kak Mexmy KOMNoHeHTaMH CKC cyntecTByroT OTHONIEHHSA (DVYKHKIMOKHAJILHONH JOTNOJIHKTEJILHOCTH, KOTOPbIE 3AJIAKOTCA COLIMAJI5- HbIMH CBSI3IMH MEXIJIŲY UJIEHAMH KOJIJIEKTHBA, cepamMu HKCITOJIb30BAHHSA, COLHAJIb- HbIMH (DYyHKIAAMH H COLHMAJIbHbIMH CHTYALMSAMH, B LEJIOM, B TOM HJIH JPYroM ac- nekte H3Y4aJIacb Best CKC peueBoro KOJIJIEKTHBA KOPEHHBIX JIKTOBIEB BHJILHIOCIIEB. C uenvio onpeneieHHs HEKOTOPBIX 3aKOHOMEPHOCTe H TeHJeHumMii cTpaTHduka- UHOKHON HU CHTVATHBHOH BapuaTBHOCTH JIPKJIB peueBoif KOJIJIEKTHB 6611 pa3buT Ha peueBbie OOIIHOCTH Ha OCHOBE COLMANBHBIX H COLMAJIbHO-JIEMOT pa()HuecKHX npH3HaKOB (TaM ke, ¢. 67—68). B nacrosimiem HCCJIeJfOBAHHH ObLIH BbIIEJIEHbI peJeBbIie OOILIHOCTH Ha OCHOBE JBYX NPHM3HAKOB: BO3pacTa H ypoBHA OOpa30Banuz. Ilo pa3pa6GoTaHHOMY miany KCCJIEe/[fOBAHHS HOJIKEH Obl VUKTLIBATLCA TIPH3HAK XapakTepa Tpyjda, Tak Kak HMEHHO JĮAHHBIN NPU3HAK SABISETCS OCHOBONOJIATAIONIHM KPHTEPHEM BHYTpEHHEH MmmOdepeHuHalLHH CONHAJIbHO-KJIACCOBbIX TPYNI B VCJIOBHSX pa3BHTOTO COINHAJIH- cruyeckoro odmectsa (cp. B KH.: Illkaparau O. H., Pykasummukos B. O., 1974,. c. 38). Pa3jinuna mo pojty Tpy]a (įdusznuecknit, YMCTBEHHLIŪ Tpyji CpaBHHTeJIbHO “/ HEBBICOKOW KBAJIMĖ)HKAIIMH H BBICOKOKBAJM(MIMPOBAHHBIH YMCTBEHHBIH Tpyjl), KHMePOLIKe CBOE OCHOBOWM pa3jinunus B xapaktepe Tpyaa (Pyrkesny M. H., 1972, c. 13), nepBoHa“4ajIbHO VUHTELIBAJIHCb H B HACTOSIIEM HCCJIEJIOBAHHH,HO B KOHEYHOM c4eTe BCTAjla aJIbTEpHBaTHBa: HIM OTK23aTbCS OT YueTa NMPH3HAKA XapakTepa TpyjIa, HJIH 3HAYMTENBHO VBejIMYKTb OObeM BbIOOpKH. Bouin u3bpan nepewiii myth (cp.: 3upaBoMbiIcJioOB A. T'., 1969, c. 186—187). B nacrosimem HCCJIEeJIOBAHHH BbI/TE- JIAIOTCA TPM BO3pacTHbIe rpynmbl: |) poamsmmecs mo 1932 r.: 2) pomguBumecs B 1932-1952 rr.; 3) poauBiumecs B 1953 r. u nosxe (cp: CpeJIH BO3PACTHBIX WIKI, pexomenayeMeix MCU AH CCCP, coxepxuTtcs TpexypoBHeBas Ikana: |) go 19 ner, 2) 20-39 ner, 3) 40—79 ner („Drenepr-2“, 1974, c. 3)). B HacrosiieM MCCIEeIOBaHWH PEJIEBAHTHLIMM CYMTAIOTCH Ba YpOBHS OOpa3o- BaHus: 1) HEOKOHYEHHOE Cpe/iHee, CpejiHee H CpejiHee CHELHAIbHOE; 2) HeOKOHYEH- Hoe Bbicilee H Bbicinee (Oojiee JtpoOHas1 kiaaccupuxkauns Take Tpebosana ysesH- yeHus oObema BHIOOPKH). IMpo6aema obbema BbIOOpKH 32BHCHT OT IIpOOJIEMEI eAMHNILI AHAIN3A KH eAHHH- ust cuera (Sxos B. A., 1968, c. 174— 177). B xauecrBe eIMHHI AHAIN3A B JAHHOM HCCJIEe/fOBAHHH BBICTYNAIOT: |) OT/IeJIbHbICE CONMOJHHIBHCTHYECKHE NEepeMeHHBIC, Hanp., COBOKYNHOCTbL BAPHAHTOB HeyjiapHbIX I. &, 4d, i B KOHEYHOW NO3HIMH HJIH COBOKYNHOCTL BapHaHTOB HEYIAPHBIX ie, #0 B HMHTEPKOHCOHAHTHON NO3WIMH H T.It.; 2) MHeHHS H CYXJICeHHS NpejicTaBHTeJIeli H3y4aeMOro DpeueBOro KOJUIEKTHBA 0 cBoeit coGcrBeHHoii peur. B KauecTBe eaMHMIL CYeTa OKA3aJIMCb LIKAJIHpOBAHHBIC 3HA4eHHS COLKMOJIAHTBHCTHYeCKHX MEPEMEHHBIX MIM CYXJIEHHĖ, BLIOOp anbTepHaH- TOB HJIH HAJIHYHE /OTCYTCTBHE M3y4aeMoif eJMHHUBI B LeJIOM. BesIr6opra okasanack JBYCTOPOHHEH — OTOHpaJIMCb S3BIKOBBIE eJIKHKIbI H OGCAeAHOBAJIKCb TMpyNIkI JIIO- Jei, mO5TOMY 4HCIIO KpHTepHeB OO beMa BbIOOpKH ObIJIO YBEJIHYEHO: B NEPBYIO O4e- pe/ib YyYuKHTbIBAJIHCb KpHTepHH JŲJIS 4nceJIa mpejacrasuteneii JIPKJIB, r.e. kpurepun 5. 949 . 65 COLHOJIOTHUECKOH BLIOODKH, 2 3aTEM IpHHHMAJIHCb BO BHHMAHHe KDHTEDHH JIHH- TrBHcTH4ecKON BLIOoprKH. Taroit xox neicTBHit ObUI MPOJMKTOBAH paHee NpOBE- ĮEHHLIMH COLUHOJIKHTBHCTHUECKHMAH. HCCjIejfOBaHHsMH. HanOojiee yjjaukbiM HCCJIe- JIOBaHHEM ropojicKoIlt peuKH, Ha Hall B3IJISAX, CJieftyeT cunTaTb paOoTy V. Jia60Ba (Labov W., 1966). B eit Gonbuoe BHHMAaHHe YjejiseTCS OTOOpy HHOOpMAHTOS, 4TO H TIOCJIYXHJIO TJIABHbIM 3aJIOTOM ycrexa. B HacTosueif paboTe reHepajibHas COBOKYNHOCTb HCC/ICAYeMBIX OTBe42eT CIIEĮMYIOLIHM TpeGOBAHHAM: DpOJKJIKCb H Oe3 3HA4HTEJIbHOTO TMepepbiBa XHJIH B r. Bunburoce, poj/tnTeJIM 06a — JHTOBUBI (CP. C AHAJOTHYHBIMH TpeOO0BaHHAMH, Hanp., B KH.: Pycckuii s35IK IO JaHHBIM Maccosoro OGcjexoBauus, 1974, c. 20). Xo 06pa30oBaHHs H MeHBBI JIHMHTBHCTHUeCKHX CHTyalįHM B r. BHJIbHIOCe 3a IOCJIeJĮ- Hue 100 jier oGycjoBHj HajiHyKHe BeCbMa OrpaHH4UeHHOTO UHCJI2a TIpegicTaBHTeJIeH CTADpINETO TIOKOJIEHHA, OTBEUAIONIHX IpeJIbABJIEHHB5IM Bhillle TpeOoBanusM. Ha6jito- KMaeTCS 3aMETHBIH CKa4YOK B POCTE 4HCJIa TaKHX NIpe/ICTABHTeJICif MJIA/NNNero noko- Jienus. B KOHEYHOM C4CETE TIDHINJIOCb CIHeJIATb HEKOTODbICE OTCTYTIJIEHHA OT Tpebo- BAHHIf BLIOODKH: MPEACTABHTEIM CTADpINeTO NOKOJIEHHS MOTIMIH ObiTh DpOJJOM He U3 r. BHJIibHtOCA, HO elle B JeTCTBE IHOCEJIHTbCS B HEM. IMonyyaemasi COnHOJIHHTBHCTHUeCKAS HMHĖDOpMAuLIHA AOJKHA OTBe4JATb Tpe60- BAHHSM JIOCTOBEPHOCTH, YCTOWYMBOCTH HM peripe3eHTaTHBHOcTH (cp. B KH.: IIlna- nenrox B. 3., 1973, c. 17). das oOecneueHns JfocTOBEepHOCTH HHpoOpMauuy BbLIOOp- Ka ĮHOJIXHa Obkijia OXBATHTb BCE IHOKOJIEHHSA HCCJIEJĮyeMOTO DpeueBOro KOJUIEKTHBA (c uejniLIo OnuCaHHS pe4ueBbIX M3MEHEHHH B peajlbHOM BpeMeHH), Tak kak TpeOO- BAJIHCb JIAHHBIE [UTS WITFOCTPAIMH SI3bIKOBLIX CMEINEHHH H H3MEHeHHHŪ B BHAMMOM BDpeMEHH, T.e. IIO BO3paCTHbIM rpynmaMm Hacejienus (JIa6os, 1975 6,c. 203). Įlocro- BEpHOCTL, KAK H YyCTOHM4HBOCTb, VJIOBJIETBODSETCS HaJIMUHEM MATEpHAJIbHO!N OHK- cally TIEDBHYHLIX CONMOJIMHIBHCTHYECKHX JĮAaHHbIX (3AIIHMCH HHTEDpBbIO HA MATHHUT- HOH JIEHTE, AHKEeTHBIE JINCTHI, CINeKTpOTpaMMEi). Perirpe3eHTAaTHBHOCTb XApaKTEDpH- 3YeTCS TeM ApeajiOM, Ha KOTOPBIH MOTyT OBITh PacHpOCTPaHEHbI IOJIYJCHHEIC pe3yabTaTel HccaenoBaHus. B meinom TpeGoBaHMS XOCTOBEPHOCTH, YCTOWYMBOCTH H PENpe3eHTATHBHOCTH YAOBJIETBOPSIOTCS TOCPEACTBOM OCYIIECTBIICHHSI HE- CMEILEeHHOIT I0CTaTOYHOH BBHIOOPKH H KOPPEKTHBIM IPOBEEHHEM HOJIEBbIX pa- 60T TPH YCJIOBHH IOJyYeHHS HaHHBIX IYTeM NPHMEHEHHS LEJIOr0 psa METO/IOB cbopa Marepnajia. Bo m3bexanue cMenieHus npn orbope WHGOPMAHTOB OCYyIIECT- BJISJIACb CyyaiiHas BLIOOpKa HA OCHOBE IOJIHOTO MEepeyHs: NOTEHUHANbHBIX HHOP- MaHTOB, B DpOJIH KOTOPOIO BbICTYTMHJIKH XpaHsiuguecs B apxuse LICY JiurCCP an- KeTbi Bcecorosnoi mepenucu Hacejienus 1970 r. IlepeueHb Henb3s CYMTATH COBEp- IIEHHO TIOJIHBIM, TIOTOMY 4YTO KOCBEHHbIE JaHHBIE K BOIPOCY O MPOIOJIKATEILHOCTH npoxuBaHus B I. BuibHroce Morin 6b1Th OOHADpYXEeHBbI JIHINB B 259, HMEPONIHXCA asker. [las oGecrieueHus CiyqadHOCTH MpH OTOOpe HHĖOpMAHTOB NPOHYMEPOBaH- Hble TIAIIKH C aHKETAMH OTOHDpAaJIHCb B COOTBETCTBHH C Tabmueil cydaiHbIX UHCEJI. Han60jibinne npobaeMsl CB5A32HbI ¢ OObEeMOM BbIOGOpKH. OH 32BHCHT OT H3MEH- UKBOCTH XapaKTEpPHUCTHK OOBEKTOB IMeCHepaJIbHOK COBOKYNHOCTH H MOXET GbITb MAJIbIM, ECJIK TreHepajibHasi COBOKYNHOCTb OjimM3aKA K OHHOpojHOCTH (PabGouas xHura connojIora, 1976, c. 259). B namem ciryuae [Uist MOJIYSeHHS BbIGODpKH BHICO- 66 KOKH penpe3eHTaTHBHOCTH TpeOyeTCS BbIOOpKA O4eHsb OOJIburoOro 06beMa, TAK KaK H3yuaeMbIH peueBOHM KOJIJIEKTHB XApaKTepH3yeTCA ŠGOJIbInON HEOJIHODOJIHOCTBIO. Or obbema BbIOOpKH 32BHCHT H CTENCHL TO4HOCTH BbIOODpO4HbIX Dpe3YJIbTAaTOB. Vicexojis H3 monoxenuit, Y4TO „TIOHTH BCer/Ia UHCJIEHHOCTb BbIOOpKH JIOCTATO4HO BeJiMKa, eCJIH B HEH comepx utes mo kpaifHeit Mepe 30 snementos* (BaiinGepr JIx., Illyverep Jlx., 1979, c. 126), “ro ,6a30Boe uwucno 25—30 enanan — MHHHMYM NpH MajibixX BbIOOpKax“ (Yesosek u ero pabora, 1967, c. 61), uro „B Bkicineii CTe- [EH peryjiApHbie THIIbi CTHJIHCTH4UeCKOH H CONUHAJIbHOH CTpaTHOHKAIKH YCTAHAB- JmMBaIoOTCSA Jake B TOM Clyvae, KOrja Halila MHAMBHIyajbHAs S4YeiHKa COJIEDXHT BCETO OATH rOBOPALIMX H Mbl HMEeeM He Gosiee vem mo S— 10 npuMepos AaHHOK NEpeMeHHOM Ha Kax/jIoro“ (JlaGos V., 1975 a, c. 115), 4rTo BO3MOXKHA BbIOOpKAa B npenejiax | << 50 (Uecnuoxos C. B., 1977, c. 89), uro „BsIGopKy cllefyeT CYMTaTh Manoif JAIL B ciiyvae ecu npr o6paboTke METOJIaMH, OCHOBAHHBIMH HA rpynmu- poske HaOjIIO/(eHHH, HeJIb38 JOCTHYL 3AHAHHbIX TOYHOCTEH H ItocToBepHocTH“ (Fackapos JĮ. B., lllamosanos B. U., 1977, c. 19), B KOHEYHOM C4ETE MBI orpejIe- Juni OObeM BbIOOpKH ans ucciemosanus JIPKJIB — mo 25 uHpOpMaAHTOB H3 Tpex Bo3pacTHbIX rpymn (N=75). Ilocjie 06paGoTkn nepBHYHON COLHOJIHHTBHCTH- 4eckOH HHDOpMAIIHH B acmiekTe penpe3eHTATHBHOCTH HHODOpMAHTOB OCHOBHOH Mac- CHB HX cOcTaBHJIH 15 npejicrTaBuHTejiei crapiueii, 19 — cpenneit m 26 — Muammeii BO3PACTHBIX TpyrIn, a Takke 9 HHOOpMAHTOB — IHKTOPOB pajiHO H aKTEPOB Te- arpa. Tak kak OObeKTOM MCCJIEJĮOBAHHA B NMEPBYIO OYepedh SBJSUICH JHHTBHCTHYEC- KHE €IHHHLbI — BAapHaHTb! NPOM3HOLIEHHS, CJICIOBAJIO ONPE/IETHTh H MHHHMAJIbHEIN Oo6beM TEKCTOB, HA OCHOBE KOTODbIX JIOJIXHbI OBUIH 3aK/IIOYATHCS BHIBOALL Benb IPHERTHBHOCTD H KOPPEKTHOCTh HCIIOJIb30BAHHS METOJIOB MAaTEMATHUCCKONH CTa- THCTHKH B COLMOJIMHIBHCTHYECKHX HCCJIE/[OBAHHAX 32BHCHT OT CTAOHJILHOCTH U2C- TOT H OJHOPOAHOCTH CpaBHHTeJIbHbIX COBOKYMHOCTEH. ,,CyllecTBeHHBIE H3MeHe- HUA HaCTOT WH MATEMATH4UeCKHX OXHAAHWH TIO3BOJISIOT NMPEANOJAraTh TIEpexojl K TeKCTaM jipyroro tana“ (Siky6aiitic T. A., Cxaspesuu A. H., 1978, c. 60). B cBsa3n C JaHHBIM TMOJIOKCHHEM OTKJIOHACTCA MOCTYJIAT O HE3aBHCHMOCTH IOSBJICHHS S3LIKOBBIX eauHuL (Tam xe, c. 55; cp. B KH.: Ceran JĮ. M., 1972, c. 7). CrarncTrn- YECKHE COBOKYNHOCTH C4HTAIOTCH OIHOPOIHBIMH, €CJH COBHAJAIOT OCHOBHBIE NapaMeTpsl JBYX MPOM3BOJIbHBIX BbIOOpoK H3 reHepajbHOW coBoKynHocTH. Lle- Jieco00pa3HbIM OKa3aJIOCb pa3OHeHHMHe COBOKYIMHOCTH COOHpaeMbIX COIMOJIHHTBHC- TH4eCKHX JIAHHBIX, PACCMaTPUBACMBIX C JIHHIBUCTHYECKON TOUKH 3peHHSZ, HA TPH COBOKYNHOCTH, O0beAMHAEMBIX MO IPH3HAKY CTHJIS (CP. HOJIOXEHHS B KH.: Crpyk- TYPHO-BEPOATHOCTHBIH aHAJIA3 s3bIKAa MO JaHHBIM peun, 1979; Wcciemosanus (poHeTHYECKHX OCOOGEHHOCTelH peueBbIx CTHJei, 1979). B HacTosileM HCCJIe/1OBAaHHH YUHTHIBAKOTCS TPH KOHTEKCTYANBHBIX CTHJIS, pac- CMaTpHBACMBIC KaK CABHI HEKOTOPBIX COUMOJMHTBHCTHYCCKHX IEPEMEHHBIX B DEdH HHPOPMAHTOB TPH H3MEHeHHH CONMAJIBHOIO KOHTEKCTa H TEMBI (cp.: JIa60B V., 1975 6, c. 199—220). Benen 3a V. JIaGoBBIM OCHOBHBIM KPHTEPHEM B Dpa3jiMučHHH „KOHTeKCTYAJIbHbIX CTHJICH aBTOP HACTOsuIeH paGoTbIi CYATAET CTENEHL BHHMAHHA, € KOTOpOH rOBOPSAILMIf OTHOCHTCS K peur. CTereHb BHHMAHHS K COGcCTBeHHOI pewun 5 67 3AaBHCHT He TOJBKO OT CO3HaTeEJILHOTO CAMOKOHTPOJS I'OBOPSLIEro, HO M OT UEJI0ro psa COIMOJOrMYECKHX, TCHXONOTHYECKHX MH IpPYIrHX O3KCTPaJHHIBHCTHYCCKHX dakTOpoB. YCTAHOBJIEHO, 4TO, Hanp., „B COCTOSHHM 3MOLMOHAJILHON HaMpsixeH- HOCTH BO3HHKAIOT CYLIECTBEHHbIE CIBHIH B OCYLIECTBJICHHH TEX PEYEBBIX Omnepa- nif, KoTopble TPeOYIOT CO3HATEJIbHOTO KOHTDOJIS 3a Ka4YeCTBOM HX peaym3auun’ (Hocenxo B. JI., 1979, c. 16), a Beab caMO 3MOIHOHAIBHOE COCTOSHHUE 3aBHCHT W OT comnajibHoH cHTyauwd. [lapaMeTpaMH COLMAJBHONH CHTYallHH B COLHOJIHHI- BHCTHKE CUYMTAIOTCS OTHONICHHS MEXIY KOMMYHHKAHTaMH, 0OCTAHOBKA peYeBoro aKTa, KOMMyHHKAaTHBHas ycrakoska u ap. (cp. B kH.: Illseituep A. JĮ., Huxrojib- ckmit JI. B., 1978, c. 66). B nocjiejituee BpeMs B COUMOJIMHIBUCTHKE MPUHATO CHCTEMY or60pa A3BIKOBBIX CPEACTB B 3aBUCHMOCTH OT COUMAJNbHONH CHTyalH HOABOJHTH OJ TEPMHUH „perncTp“ (Tam xe, c. 75). OOBINHO BbIITeJISIOTCSA TPH PErHCTpa: He- odunnajisHbIė, HeŽiTpaJIbHbIĖ, OOHIMAJILHEIN, HOTA OHM ODO3HAYAIOTCS Kak /ĮBė KpaliHHX TOYKH Ha IIKaje CHTYaTHBHBIX IPH3HAKOB — HEO(HIUHMAIbHBIA H Ofu- NMAJIbHbIN (CM. B KH.: Pycckas pasroBopHas peub, 1973, c. 9—11). Ilpu nnccjiejjoBaHHH KOHTEKCTYAJbHBIX CTHJEH pejieBaHTHbIMH C4HTAIOTCS pOJieBble OTHOLNIECHHSY MEXJIY KOMMYHHKAaHTaMH, HX CTaTyC, OOCTaHOBKA KOMMYHH- KaTHBHOro akKTa. B m3ydenun JIPKJIB Ha ocHOBHOM 3Tame cbopa 3MIHPHYECKHX JaHHBIX POJIEBBIE OTHOWICHHS MEXKIY HHTEPBLIOEPOM H MHTEPBLIOMPYEMBIM MOXKHO paccMaTpuBaTh Kak mojyodHLHalibHble OTHOIICHHS HE3HAKOMBIX JrOjeH, Oece- IyIOIIHX Ha Jerkue ObiToBbie Tembl. OTHOIIGHHS ..HHTEPBBIOED — HHTEpBbPOHDpYe- MBIHŽ“ pacCMaTpUBAIOTCH Kak CTaHAapTHble (OJAMHAKOBBIE CO BCEMH HHTEPBLIOH- pYEeMBIMH JIHHAMH), XOTS Ha CAMOM JIeJIe, €CTeCTBEHHO, OHH OKa3ajiMCh OTHOCH- TeJIbHO pa3HkIMH. OOCTaHOBKa KOMMYHHKAaTHBHOTO aKTa BCEX HHTEpBbIO TaKXe GkiJia CTAaHOAPTH30BAHHOM: Bce Oecelbl MPOBOIMJINCHL OMA VY WHTEPBbLIOHPYEMBIX (3a MCKIIFOYEHHEM AKTEDOB H JIHKTOPOB pajIiHO, MHTEPBBIO C KOTOPLIMH IPOBOIA~ JIHCb Ha HX paboumx MecTax). — C nomompio CTAHAApTH3ALMA WIM, TOYHee, DJIMMHHAIUHH MPH3HAKOB 00CTa- HOBKH, CTaTyca HM poJieli KOMMYHHKAHTOB, pa3jiHfyMsi KOHTEKCTYaJIbHBIX CTHICH obecreynBaIuCh NOCPEACTBOM TIIPUMEHEHHS OTHOCHTEJIbHO JIMHIBHCTHYSCKHX KpHTepHEB — MEHBI TeMbl H XapakTepa Tekcra. B mccrnemosanum JIPKJIB pa3jiu- YaJIiChb TPH KOHTEKCTYaJIbHBIX CTHJIS: |) HeoduHuHajibHbIū HeHaripaBjIieHHbIit (OCY- NNECTBIISIJICH B BH/Ie pacckasa O ceOe H pa3roBopa C HHTepBbIO6poM); 2) oĖdHuHaJIbL- HbIH HeHaINpaBJIEHHbIH (OCYIIeCTBJIISJICH BO BpeMS 4UTEHHS CTAHJAPTHOrO CBS3HOTO TeKCTa, B KOTOPOM IIOJIpOCTOK pacCcKa3LIBaeT O CBOHX TpHKJIKOUCHHSX H IIEDeXH- BaHMAX); 3) OOHIKMAJILHLIK HAIIDABJIEHHEIH (OCYLIECTBJIAJICSH BO BDEMS YTEHHS CITHC- Ka 20 MHHHMAJIbHEIX Tap CJIOB) (cM. mpui. 1). 2. Merosi c60pa CONMONMHTBUCTHYECKOM nHGopmanunu O JIPKJIB. B nccaenosanun JIPKJIB conmuonmursucTHyeckas mHdopmaums cobupanace ps- JIOM METOJOB. DTO IO3BOJIHJIO MPOBEPATH €€ Ka4yecTBO, AJIEKBATHOCTb H pernpe- 3eHTATHBHOCTb elle Ha NepBOM 3Tame OG6pa6oTKH. B xauecTBe OCHOBHOrO MeToZa copa COLMOJMHIBHCTHYECKOH HHĖOpMALIHH o JIPKJIB ObiJI IIpHHAT METOJ NOJYCTAaHAAPTH30BAHHOTO HHTEPpBbLIOHDOBaAHHA (cp. moHsiTHE CcTaH/[apTH30BAaHHOTO HHTepBbIO y Monxnnoš M. JI., 1974, c. 40—83). 68 CraBHjIOCb HecKOJIbKO 3ajįau: 1) ycTaHOBHTb (DaKTbI pe4H H3y4aeMOIMo KOJIJIEKTH- Ba B ONPEJCICHHBIX COUMOIMHTBHCTHIECKHX VCJIOBHAX; TAKHM OOpa3OM, Bech Ma- TepHaji HHTEPBbIOHPOBAHHSA ABUJICA JOKYMEHTOM [UIA JaJTbHEHIIEro AaHaJIH32a; 2) BBI- SCHHTb OTHOLICHHE HCHBITYEMbIX K HOPMaTHBHOCTH COOCTBEHHON ped H K peunK NpejicraBHTejieli HOPMATHUBHOH peuH (IUKTOPOB DpajiHO H TEJICBHCHHS, AKTEPOB ApaMTeaTpoB); 3) YCTAHOBHTH MHeHHe O HAJIHYKHH HJIH OTCYTCTBHH BHJIBHIOCCKOIO peueBoro KOJIJIEKTHBA CO CBOHMH HOpMAMH pedH (CIOjfa OTHOCHJIHCb BONPOCH Turla .Y3HaeTe JH Bbi BHIIBHIOCHA TOJIbKO Ha OCHOBE OcOOeHHocTEH ero peun?“, „Ilpu3HaJi Jin KTO-HHOY/[b B Bac wrens r. Bunsgroca, ccbiJiascb Ha Bamry peus?“ H JIp.); 4) BLISCHHTb HeKOTODbIeč BONpOCbI (yHKIMOHHPOBAHHS COMMATBHO-KOMMY- HHKATHBHbIX CHCTeM, B 44aCTHOCTH, BONpOCbI OHJIKHTBH3MA (IOJIHJIHHTBH3MA) H JIATJIOCCHH, ONpejĮeJIHMTb COepbi HCIOJIb30BAHH;A pyCCKOTO (B HEKOTODPBIX CJIy4axX H TIOJIbCKOTO) S33bIKA H /IHAJIEKTOB JIHATOBCKOTO, YTO4HHTb CTeNeHb BJIIAJIEHHSA /IpYy- THMH S3bIKAMH H Į[MAJIEKTAMH, BbISCHHTb CIIOCOOLI H BpeMs OBIJIA/(EHHS WMH (CM. npaj. 2). B HacTosimeit cTaThe TIDHBOJISTCA HEKOTOPBIE Dpe3yJIbTATbI DpElLIeHHSZ nepBolt H OT4acTH BTOPOH 3ajfau, MOITOMY HAeTCs ONiKCAHHE JIKINbB HEKOTODBbIX MeTOJIOB cOopa MaTepHnajia. HnTepBbIo Ha3BaHO IOJYCTAHIAPTH3OBAHHBIM H3 TeX COOOpaXeHHil, “TO, B CYUIHOCTH, KAX/IJOMY HHTepBbIOHDpyeMOMY 3aJaBajifich Te xe BONpocCkI (CM. NIpHJI. 2), HO BONpOCbI HECKOJIbKO MOJIHOKHUHDOBAJIHCL IIDHMEHHTEJILHO K KaKIOMY H3 HHTEePpBbIOHDYCeMbIX C YJ4eTOM eTO BO3MOXKHOCTEH H CIOCOOHOCTH [ATb OTBET. IlpoJIOJXHTEJIbHOCTb HHTepBbIO — 20—30 Mus. Xo HHTEpBbIO C He3HAYH- TCJIbHBIMH HM3MEHEHHAMH Obl1 crexyrommMm. [loayuus corslacme cobeceanuxa, HHTEPBBIOEP YTOUHSUI FOX ETO POXICHHS, HABOJIHJI CIPABKH O AHAJIEKTHOM IPOHC- XOX JeHHH ero poauTesieir. OTBeTbI Ha JaHHbIC BOIPOCHI OOBIYHO OEIBAJIH KPATKHMH. Ius IpOBOUMPOBAHKS PAacCKa30B MHTEPBLIOMPYEMBIX, 4TOOBI YCJIbINIATb MX CIIOH- TaHHYIO CBA3HYIO pe4b, 3aJaBajMCh BOMPOCH! OO MX NMyTEIIECTBHSX, MOE3AKAaX B pojinbie IepeBHH OTLOB H MaTepeit, OO ormycke | cp. npumenenHsni V. JlaGoBbim (1975a, c. 121-122) Bompoc 0 „cMepTejisHOl OMACHOCTH™, KOTOpPOH mojaBepraics ONpalIMBaeMblii/. 31ech HaOMIONAJCH eCTECTBEHHLIH CABHT KOHTEKCTYAJIbHOTO CTHJIS B CTOPOHY HEO(HUMATLHOCTH, croHTaHHOCTH. [locme 5—10 Mun pacckasa CJIEJIOBAJI TMOMYTHBIH BONMPOC HHTEPBLIOMPYEMOMY: Y3HAJI JH KTO-HHOY/Ib ero BO BpeMS ONMCHIBACMOH MOe3[KH Kak XuTels I. Bunbaroca. Jlajiee BLISCHSJIOCb cOOC- TBCHHOC MHEHHE HWHTEPBBIOHPYEMOTO OTHOCHTEJILHO CHEeUH(HKH BHIBHIOCCKOMN PEeYH, 3a/1aBajliCh BOMPOCH! 00 OTHOLIGHHH ONPAMIHBAEMOrO K HpaBHJILHOCTH COGOC- TBEHHOH pe4H, K peuH AHKTOPOB H AKTEPOB, K OČY4eHHPO TATOBCKOM pe4H B OONIEE- 06pa30BaTeJIbHbIX LUKOJIAX. 3aTeM IIpejUIarajIOCb MPOYATATH BCJIYX CBA3HOH TEKCT o6seMoM B 1800 meu. 3H. — paccka3 mojipocTKA O CBOHX IIpHKJIPOUCHHSAX BO Į(BOpė (cm. npuji. 1, Teker Ne 1) (cp.: Jla60B V., 19754, c. 124), a B 3aKxmmouenne — CIMMCOK, cocTraBJIieHHbIė H3 20 MHHHMAJIbHBIX Nap CJIOB (cM. npr. 1, Teker Ne 2) (cp. Tam xe), Gonbluasi 4acTh KOTOPBIX yke COMAEpKanach B CBAIHOM TeKCTe, HO HHTEPBbIOH- pyeMbIM He Mora Obit OOHapyxeHa. Ilocjie 3TOro BbISCHSJIHCb HEKOTOPbIE IPO- Onembl OHJiHHTBH3MA (TONHIMHTBH3MA) M JMIIOCCHH. B pedyibrare HHTEPBbLIO BBIZICJSUTHCH TPH YKA3aHHLIX KOHTEKCTYAJIbHBIX CTHIIA. 69 WHTepBLIONPOBAHKE JONOJHANOCH METOXOM AHKETHPOBAHMS. Kaxomy onpammnBaeMoMy TIPEUIaraioch 3anoJiHHTb aHKeTy (CM. TIpHJI. 3), BK/IIOHaBUIYIO 55 BonpocoB Ha TeMy NPOM3HOIICHHS H AKHEHTYalWH, MOCTPOCHHBIX MO TIpHHIIM- ny AJIbTEpHATHBEI. Tperni B Hamel paboTe METOX — ayAHOTECTHPOBAHHE. C ero moMolblo H3y- yanace JIKINb ogHa ocobennocts JIPKJIB — npoOjeMa peain3almy OMMNO3UIHHA TONTHX H KPATKHX IJIACHBIX B pa3JIH4nHbIX ĮOHeTH4CCKHX mosuumsix. Mccnemyembri MaTepuan — 58 MHHHMAJIbHEIX nap CJIOB (cM. mpun. 4.1) — 6bu1 pa3OnuT Ha 6 Ta- IIOB OMOHMMOB COIJIACHO CJEVIOLIMM KpHTepHaM: |) MPOHCXOXKICHHE TJIaCHbIX, COCTOSILIIMX B OMMO3MIHH; 2) KHajnune (OTCYTCTBHE) YAApPEHHS Ha M3y4aeMbIX IJiac- HbIx. Tak Kak MpakTHKa ayAMOTeCTHpOBaHus (cM. 0630p JiMTepaTypbi B auc. [apui- Bbr K., 1977) nokasana, 4To BO BpeMsi OJHOTO CeaHca ayJIHOTECTHPOBAHMS ya06- Hee BCETO M3yyaTh peann3almio 4—5 MHHMMAaJbHBIX Nap, BeCb MacCHB HKCCJIe/TYe- MBIX Hap ObL1 pa36HT ewe Ha 13 rpynm, CJIOBA B KOTOPBIX 00beIHHSIHCH HE TOJIBKO COTJIACHO [BYM BBIIIEYKa3aHHBIM KPHTEPHSM, HO M NO MOP(OIOTHYECKAM TPH3- HakaM. XOX H MeTOMHKa ayamMoTecTHpoBanus Obijiu OObruKbIMH (cM. Girdenis A., 1981, p. 33-35). ToT xe JMHTBHCTHYECKMN MaTepHas, T.e. 58 MHHHMAJIbHELIX map CJIOB, Gen HCCJieIOBAH METONOM CHEKTPajJbHOIO aHanu3a 3ByKoB. Ha maHHOM 3Tame pelira- Jack 3aJaYa — YCTAHOBHThL IIDpOJIOJIXHTEJIbHOCTb (f) H HacTOTy OCHOBHBIX (op- ManT (F, u F,) H3yuaeMbIX 3BYKOB C HeJILIO OOHapyxeHWs (DH3HUeCKHX MOKa3aTe- Jef H3MEHKEHHH B IpOKH3HOJNIECHHH. 116 nm3yuaeMbIx 3BYKOB COlepxajincb B 116 npeanoxeHusx, pacIroJIOXCHHbIX B COOTBETCTBHH ¢ TaOJIHIeH CJIyuažBbIX undp. Iojnyuenbi 464 peajimsanun H3y4ae- MBIX 3BYKOB, TaK Kak TeKCT NnpouHTajiu 4 mukrtopa. ĮlakTOpaMnu ObijiH MYyXUKHHbI (C. X., JI. K., P. II. u A. H.) B Bo3pacTe 22—25 net, oTBevaroume obmmm Tpe60- BaHHSM, NMpeabABIseMbIM HHĖOOpMaHTAM B HacTosueMm ucciaenosanuu. liens wc- CJIeJIOBAHHS MM Oblila Heu3BecTHa. OTHOCHTENIBHO perucTpa Hi TeMOpa rosuoca y Tpo- HX M3 HEX ObuT GapuTOH, VY ofHOro — TeHOp. JdedekToB peun He oOHApPYXEHO. 3ariucb Benach B ampene 1974 r. B xabune ayamoBu3yaiibHOIF nabopaTopuu BHJIBHIOCCKOTO TOCYHapCTBEHHOTO YHMBepcHTeTa Ha Marautodone „TeM6p“ co cCKOpocTbRP 19,5 M/Mun ripH moMolM KOHIeHcaTOopHOro MuKpodoHa 19A-3 Ha (peppOMArHATHOM JieHTe Tura 6 (moapoOHee O nmaHHOIT MeToaHMKe CM.: Statke- vičienė J., 1972). VpoBeHb 3amicu JŪS KaAXKJIOTO ARKTOPa VCTAHABJIMBAJICH OTAENBHO H B mpouecce paboThl anmapaTypbl He M3MeHsncs. U3 moaydenHoro martepuana BbIDe32JIHCb H MOHTHPOBAJIHCH CJIOBA C pealM3alnell H3VUaeMbIX 3BYKOB (TEXHH- yecKyro paboTy BbimoiHmaa CT. JabopaHT JlaGopaTopuM 3IKCHEPHMEHTANBHOM dboneruxu BIV B. Jlakene). /lanee ¢onorpammel obpabateiBaiick Ha CHEKTPO- rpade tna KIIM-69 (B Toi xe nabopaTtopnu) co CKOPOCTHIO ABHKEHMS JIEHTHI 63,6 MM/c, OTMETKH BpeMeHH HpOH3BOJIMJIKCb Kaxasie 20 Mc (50 T'u) (TexHHYECKYIO paboTy BBHINOJHHIN HHXeHepkI Toit ke JiaOoparopau II. Mareiikne, A. Jluneika x C. Kyuac). 3. MeTtoabl aHanW3a COLMOJHHTBHCTHYECKOW HHPOpMAUHH O JIPKJIB. B Hacrosuue# pabote is MccilelOBaHMS MaTepHnajia, MONYYEHHOro 70 KaXIbIM M3 YKa3aHHbIX METOJIOB COOpa CONUHMOJIKHTBHCTHYeCKON KHA(DOpMAIIMH, TIDHMERSIJICH DSAJĮ PA3JIHYHBIX METOJIOB AaKHAaJIH32 C LEJILIO KOHTPOJHPOBAHUSA OObE6K- THBHOCTH DEe3YJIbTATOB. | JAns COUMONMHTBHCTHKH THITHYHBIM ABJICHHEM CYKTAROTCSA KODDeEJISIMH, B KO- TOPbIX B Ka4eCTBE HE3aBHCHMBIX MEPEMEHHBbIX BLICTYNAKOT CONHMAJIbHbIC NOKa3a- Teli, a B KayecTBe 3aBHCHMBIX — JIMHIBHCTHYecKue sBieHus. KoppeasumoHHLIH aHaJIH3, MeTOJį MATEMATHYECKOW CTATHCTHKH, B M3YYCHHH A3bIKOBLIX SBJIEHHH MO- XET OLITL NpUMeHeH ¢ OOJIbINOH OCTOpOXHOCTLIO, TAK KaK HEBO3MOXKO, IO Kpa- Hell Mepe Ha HAcTOALIEM 3Tane M3Yy4eHHOCTH COLMOJHHTBHCTHYECKHX mpobiem, yuecTb HeHCTBHS Jake BCEX OCHOBHBIX (DaKTOpOB, a KaXIbli „CKpBbĮTbIN“ dakTop MOXET CYUICCTBEHHO BJIMATH Ha pe3YyJIbTATbI. Martepuas, coGpaHHbrit METOAOM MHTEPBLIOMPOBAHMSA, B OCHOBHOM AHAJIH3H- poBaics NO METOAMKe, mpeioxeHHoi V. Jla6oBbiM B ero MCCIEIOBaHHWH HbIO- wopkckoi peun (Labov W., 1966, p. 41 — 64). Kak nas n3lyvaemas COIMOIUHIBHCTH- yecxas nepeMeHHas Ha (POHeTHYECKOM YPOBHE KOAMPOBAaJach CJIEJIVYKOHIHM obpa- 30M. B TpaHckpuOHPOBAHHOM TEKCTE MHTEPBLIO KAXKJIOMŲY BAPHAHTY IIDOH3HONNIEHHA nepeMehHoOH npucBausasics wubp, vanp.: (ie—1) — sro peanusauus [ie], (ie — 2) — [ie], (ie—3) — fel. 3aTEM MOACHMTBIBATaCh OTHOCHTENbHAas 4Yacrora ymorTpeb- nenus (B 9%). Iloncuerbi BejiuCb OTAEJIbHO AS KAXJIOTO HHOĖDOpMaHTa B KakIOM H3 Tpex KOHTEKCTVAIJIbHLIX CTHJIeit. [lanee TIDOBOJIKJIHCb MOACYETH! (CyMMHpoBaHHe H YC- pelinenne) pe3VjibTaTOB OTBETOB HHĖOpMAHTOB If KaxJIOH H3 TPeX BO3paCTHbIX IPYNI C yYeTOM JIByX YCJIOBHbIX YpoBHeli 00pa3oBadus. DTH JaHHbIC HALUIH OTpa- xEKKE B auarpamMmax (CM. HpHJI. 5), Ha BEpTHKAJIbHONK OCH KOTOPBIX pacčI!0JIOXEHLbI COOTBETCTBYIOIME 3HAYEHMS YCPENHEHHBIX UACTOT ynoTpeOJeHHs BapHaHTOB H3Y- YaeMO¥ COLMOJHHIBHCTHYECKOH NepeMeHHOH, a Ha TOpH3OHTAaJIbHOH 0003Hadve- HEI BO3pacTHbIe TPYIIbI C YYeTOM YpoBHS obpa3oBanusa. Ha ojikoji H Toit xe ama- rpaMMe TIpMBOMIIMCH YHCJIOBBbIE TOKa3aTelH BCEX KOHTEKCTYAJbHBIX CTHIICH. m Ilo dopmyne 21,96: Lt I (Bitinas B., 1974, p. 54), rue m — 4HCJIO Bcex ymorpebienuit u3ydaeMoil COLMOJIMHIBHCTHYECKOH NepeMeHHOIM, m, — 4KCJIO ynoTpebJieHMil ONpejiejJiEHHOTO BapHaHTa NepeMeHHOH isi JOBEepH- TeNbHOW BepoSTHOCTH, paBHoH 0,95, onpenensercs JIOBEpHTEJIbHbIė KHHTEpBAJI pacnpejenesus yacToT. EcjiH 3Ha“4eHHS JaHHBIX MHTEPBAJIOB HE NEpeKpEIINIHBAPOTCS, HeNaeTcs BLIBOJ, TO CPAaBHHBAEMBIE OTHOCHTEJIbHBIC YaCTOTHI CYLIECTBEHHO pa3- JAYAr0TCA. Bonpoc 0 BO3MOKHOM BJIHSHHH HA peub HH(OOPMAHTOB IHANEKTHOIO MPOMC- XOXJIEKHSA peuh MX pognTEJIEKH Obiji M3Yy4eH METOAOM IMCTEPCHOHHOIO AHAJIH3a ¢ omnHocTtoponsei kiaaccuduxanmei (3axc JI., 1976, c. 455-461). H3yuajiocb BO3- MOXHOE BIAMSHHE peuH KaxJA0ro M3 poauTenell B OTACNbHOCTH. MecTa NpoHCXOX- menus poxutenedn HHĖOOpMaHTOB Obi 000OLIEHBI 'B CEMH YCIOBHBIX IpyNmax: 1 — 3anazmsbie aykwuTai Tol (FokEBIH Gaanr), 2 — rOXKHbIE ayKIWITAlTLI, 3 — ypoxeH- unl r. Bunbruroca ur. Kaynaca, 4 — xemaiTbl, 5 — BOCTOYHBIE ayKIITaWTHI M3 71 oKpecTHocTeii VYTeHbl, 6 — ceBepHbIit (DIAHT BOCTO4HbIX H 3ana/ĮHbiX AyKIITaH- ToB, 7 — BOCTOYHBIC ayKINTAŽTEI H3 OKpecTHOcTel BujibHuroca. Tax kak ams auc- IIEPCHOHHOIO aHann3a TpeOYytoTCSA rpymmbl OOLeMOM He MeHee nsTH HHODOpMAH- TOB, TpeICTaBHTeNel OJIH3KHX AHAJIEKTOB CJIe/10BaJIO OObejIHHHTb B Gojiee Kpymn- Hble TPYyNIbi, XapaKTepH3yeMble HAJIHYUHeM/OTCYTCTBHeM TeH/[eHIHH YIUTHHEHHOIO NPOH3HOILCHAS KDATKHX YIAaPHBIX 3BYKOB H CHCTEMbI IJIACHBIX C TPeMS CTEINeHAMH noAroThl. Merona mWcnepcuoHHoro anamusa (cm. 3akc JI, 1976, c. 448-514; Crarncrnueckne Merojtbr..., 1979, c. 178 — 194) BecbMa TpyA0eMOK MO CPABHEHHIO C BBIIICOMHCAHHBIM, OJHAKO HCIIOJIb30OBAJICH OH HE TOJIbKO Ji ODpaOOTKH momy- YEHHOIO MOJEBOTO MaTepHaja, HO H JIA BbISCHeHHS BO3MOKHOCTH IpHMeHCHHA yXe pa3paboTaHHbIX MPOrpaMM MAUNIHHHOH OOpaOOTKH MOAOOHOrO COLHOIHHIBHC- THYECKOro MaTepHasa. B HacTosilieM HCCJIe/[OBAHHH BCE MOJCYETH! BENCH ONHHM UEJIOBEKOM BPYYHYIO, MPH MOMOLIM HACTOAbHOH DBM, HO pe3yjibTaTbI TIOKA32JIH, YTO H JIaHHBII MATEeDpHAJI MOXeT ObITb 3amporpaMMHpoBaH H oOpaboTaH Ha Hosee cnoxapix DBM. KOHCYyIbTaHTOM MO NPHMEHEHHIO AHCIHEPCHOHHOIO aHanu3a B HACTOSIIEM HCCJIeJfOBaHHH ObI/Ia CTADpINHŪ Hay4Hblil coTpyaauk HMucTHTyTa Mate- MaTHKH AH JlurCCP, kann. pus.-mat. Hayk 5. Kamusckere. ĮlucnepcnuoHHeIžū aHaJIH3 OCHOBBIBAJICA HA CpaBHeHHH CDpe/IHHX HaCTOT KakIAOro U3 H3yYaeMbIX BAPHAHTOB DpeajIH3alluHH COLMOJIHMHIBUCTHYECKOH MEPEMEHHOH IPH YCIIOBHHM YAOBICTBOPEHHS TpeOOBaHHS paBeHCTBA JUCHEPCHil HeCKOJIbKHX BbIOO- POK H HAaJIH4HA HOpMAJIbLHOTO pacmpedeneHus. HopMajibHoe pacmpeieneHue H0- CTHTaeTCsi Cay4aiHoi BeiOOpkoi. [IpoBepka JiHCIIepCHH OCYIIECTBIISIACh METOAOM Baptaera (3akc JI., 1976, c. 453—455). Mepoif OUEHKH MOCIYKWI ¥ -KPHTEPHiA. IToncyeTsl, KOTODpbICE H3-32 OTCYTCTBUSA MeCTa He NMPHBOIATCS, IIO3BOJIHJIH YTBEPK- JaThb BO3MOXHOCTb IMPOBEICHHA AUCHEPCHOHHOIO AHajiH3a HMEIOUIerocs Marte- pnaja o JIPKJIB. | ĮlucnepcnoHHbik aHaju3 C OJHOCTOPOHHEH KiiaccHĖbbuKaiineit, pe3yJIbTATbI KOTODpOIM IDHBOJĮATCA HHXE, MOATBEPAMJI HajiMhuKHe HEeKOTODbIX 3HAd4HMbIX pa3- JUHA MeXJIV CpEJHHMH 3HAaJYUSHHAMH YUacTOT YNNOTpeOJIEHHA BapHaHTOB MEPEMEH- HOM, peanu3yeMbiX B pe4H HHDOpMAHTOB, pacIOpejiejIEHHbIX TO TDYrINAM B 32BHCH- MOCTH OT ĮĮHAJIEKTHOTO MPOUCXOXKIACHUS peukH MATEpH H otua. [Toatomy ŠObUI NpH- MeHeH MeTO/I 3aKJIFOMeHHŪ O JiHuHeiHbLIX KOHTpacTaXx mo Illegmėde (3arc JI., 1976, c. 461—464). [lanHblif MeTOjį TIO3BOJISET BbISBHTb HeXapaKTEpHbIC T pyTINbI. O6paboTka pe3yjibTaTOB COHHOJIHHTBHCTH4eCKON AHKETHI OTpaHH4HJIAaCb IOjĮ- CYETOM YKa3aHW¥l BAPHAHTOB H ONDpe/IejiIEHHEM HX OTHOCHTEJIbHOH 4acToThi (B 9) C y4eTOM BO3pacTa H ypOBHs 0Opa3oBaHusi WHGOPMAHTOB. Pe3yasTaThi NMPHBO- AsSTCcA B mipui. 6. Merojiuka 0OpaboTku pe3yasTaTOB TECTOB KOMMYTAIIMH (AyaHOTECTOB) ObLIa az nį. CJIeJIyIOTINeH: mo dopmyne = 100 9%, roe n, — 4KHcJIO OTBETOB, VKAZLIBAIOMIMX Ha HAJIMYHME ONINO3HOHH MCCICAYEMbIX 3BYKOB, a nN — UKCIIO TOTEHIMAJIbHbIX OTBETOB, ONpeneJIAJIaCb 4acTOTa OTBETOB C YyKa3aHMEM ONNO3HUHH LIA Kax aon rpynibl H3y4aeMbIX CJIOB. 3Ha“UHMOCTb Pe3yJIbTaTOB P ouenusanace no cneuuasib- 72 Hoi TaOjuue (Girdenis A., 1981, p. 212), nputueM 3a KPUTHHECKYIO 4YepTy 3HA4YH- MOCTH IIpHHHMAJIaCcb OTMeTKA — 67 %, (cM. Tabu. 4.2). [py cnekTpansHOM aHaJIH3e 3BYKOB IIpecJIe/(OBAJIHCb BE LETH: H3MEPHTH IIpo- JIORKHTENIBHOCTE (t) H 4acToTy ocHOBHBIX dopMaHT (F; u F,) H3y4aeMbIX 3ByKOB. IlpojioJIKHTEJI5HOCTb M3YYaeMbIX 3BYKOB ObUla HM3MepeHa C TO4HOCTbIO 10 0,01 c. HaMepsajiacb abcomoTHas IIpOJIOJDKHTEJIbHOCTb JOJITHX (X,) H KpaTKHX IIO IIpOHCXOXJIEHHIO (y;) TJIACHBIX, MOJCYHTHIBAIACH HX pa3HOCTb B KaXjIOH pealjin- 3alHH H3V42SMbIX ONNO3HTHBHbIX map riacHbiX: A,=x;—0yį. BbijiH mo/itc4uHTAaHbI H CpejiHHe 3HAZC€HHS NpOJIOJIKHTEJIbHOCTH „JIOJITHX“ (X) H „KparKHX“ 3ByKOB (f): ž=1-»x;; y= ! —2y,, roe n — o0beM peann3alud KaxkIOTO H3Y4aeMoro 3ByKa. Jing mposepk# HaJIHYUHS OMIO3MLMH JĮOJITHX H kpatkux riacHeix B JIPKJIB Bbl/(BHTAJIHC5 JIBĖ AJIbTEDpHATHBHbIC THIIOTe3bI: H, — OMmO3MUMS OTCYTCTBYET, H, — onmo3uuus cyiecTByeT. [IpoBepsuiuch AaHHbie runoTe3sl KDHTEpHeM Crbio- nenta (t). C aroii HeNbIO OnpegeJiaJIHCb CpejiuHe pa3HHIbI A; MEKIY Cpej1HHMH HDpOHKHOJIKHTEJILHOCTH KAXJIOTO H3y4aeMoro 3ByKa (A =% — Ji) 4 MOACYUTHLIBATACH JincriepcHHu s* mo dopmyte: _ Tx) = Zo 2 Sx n--1 "7.7 n—1 Onpenensiocs cpegHee (KBapaTH4eckoe) OTKIOHeHHe: s= |/s*. 3HauUHMOCTb pas- JIMYHS Cpe/IHHX NDOJIOJDKHTĖJIDHOCTH OlleHHBAJIaCb t KpHTepHeM mo dopmyiie: - - - J |ž-y1 > t= tas Via gim Ist rae f — aprymenT pacnpenesienuss CrbiofeHTa, sBienue nz+np—2=f, rae f — CTeNeHb YCTOWYMBOCTH, t, — KBAHTHJIb, OTHICKHBaeMbiii B TaOJiHiJaX KBAHTHJICH pacnpenenenus CrbiojteHTa t corsiacHo moacuutanHomy f (CM. B KH.: Tikimybių teorija ir matematinės statistikos taikymas, 1971, c. 274), nz H ny — oGbembl HCCJIE- JIyeMBIX peajim3aluinėū KaxXJIOH CTOpOHEI Orino3HOuHH (cm. taba. 4.3). Ha BropoM 3Tane o06pa6oTKH cneKTporpaMM H3Mepsiach 4acTOTa OOpMAHT F, un F, H3y4uaeMbIX 3ByKOB B CJIEXYIOLIKX TOuKAX: B Hauajie 3ByKa (F,, H F,,), B ce- pemune (F,. u F..) un B Kone (F,, xn F,s,). CornacHo punsTposomy pacTpy Onpe/jte- JISAJIMCb HOMepa OHALTpOB, a TEM CAMbIM H 4acTOTAa 3BYKOB B repuax, KOTODbIC TIEDEBOJIHJIHCb B SIIMHHŪLI BBICOTBI TOHA — MEJIbI (HCITOJIb30BAJIHCb TaO/IHIIA H JIKHEH- KH, COcTaBjIeHHbIe B Jla6oparopHH IKCTIePHMEHTATBHOI doneturn BMY); co- rnacHo ammpokxcuvanuu I. ®anra 1 men=1000 + log, (1+F,/1000), rae men — BbicOTa TOHa, F, — uacrora 3Byka, I'l. B mpouecce H3MepeHHS HCIONOJIb30BAJICA anmapaTt Us 4TeHms MukpopuiabMoB „Murpogor“, ysenuuusaroumii 8B 10 pas. 3aTeM onpeaensikch CpeAHHE apH(PMeTHYECKHE BBICOTHI 3BYKa B TPEX KOHTDOJIL- HBIX TOYKAX UIA XaXAOro JĮHKTOpa M [JIS KaXAOH rpynnbl H3y4aeMbIX CJIOB: vont 1 - 1 — 1 Fiš = į 2 Fy Fe = ZF, Fijy=— ZF HT. re n — o6beM peanmsanmit 73 3BYKOB Kaxmoro AuKTOpa, Fiš, Fie Fix, Fay Fao, Fax — abcomornas Bbrco Ta dopMaHT B peayM3alMsaX Kax/IOTO AMKTOPA. Tpaduueckoe npejtcraBjienue. pe3yJibTaTOB H3MEPEHHH HM IIOJICYETOB H3-3a OTCYTCTBHSI MeCTa B CTaTbe He mpuBOAMTCs. HekoTOphie pe3yjibTaTbIi yKa3biBa- JOTCS HENoCpeACTBeHHO B Tekcre. Just HArJISAHOCTH OPH CpaBHeHHH HaNpsOKeH- HOCTH H HEHANpPSKEHHOCTH IJIACHBIX (HIypupoBaia MOJIEJIb T.H. HEHTPaJIbHOrO raacroro [2] (F;=585 men, F,=1320 men, cM.: ®ant I'. M., Siko6cox P., Xan- ne M., 1962, c. 176). Iloncanrebisajiocb caMoe Gojibmmoe OTKJIOHeHHE A; KaXaoro M3y4aeMOro IJIaCHOTO mepBoif opMAHTLI OT NepBoi (GOopMaHThl HEHTPAILHOro raacioro: Af,=F,;,—F,, cooTBeTCTBylOIIHe JaHHBIC IIs BTOpOH OOpMAHTBbI: Af,=F,,—F,. Cymmapuoe oTkioHerne Af ompefensiock no ¢opmyne: ZAf= =X | Af; |+2Z | Af; |. Yem GonburmM Obuto abCOMOTHOE 3HAYCHHE CYMMAapHOro OTKJIOHEHHS, TeM O0oJjiee HANpSXEHHLIM CYHTAJCS 3BYK. HayuHbIM KOHCYJHTAHTOM IO BONPOCAM NPHMEHEHHS METONOB 3KCIEpHMEH- TaabHOM (oHernku Obin mon. BIV A. I'mpaenmc. 4. HexoTophie pe3yabTaThl HMccienoBanus Bokaausma B JIPKJIB. CyTb npobaemsl Bokanusma JIPKJIB 3akmouaercs B npobieMe JI0OJITUX H KpaTKHX rjIaCHbIX. HaOjitojiatoTCS NMpoHecchl M3MEHeHHS peajiM3alii¥ IJIacHbIX, 00ycios- JIMBAIONIKE HeWTpanu3auuio (MOJHYH HM YacTHYHYIO) ONMO3MIMH JOJTHX H KpaT- KHX IJIaCHBIX, PeAYKUHIO, MOHO(PTOHIH3auWi0 ABYDOHEMHBIX COYECTAHHH ie, uo HIM ĮIMOTOHTH3AIIKHIO JOJIHX [JIACHBIX O. é. 4.1. 'nacHsie i, e, a. u fonrue u xpatkue. IlpoOjieMa ynoMsEyTHIX ĮĮOJITHX. H KpaTKHX riacHeix B JIPKJIB kpoercs B cnemyiomieM: OaHHLIE TIpYInbl ric- HBIX BKJIKOUAIOT 8 CAMOCTOSTEJIGHBLIX (OHEM, KOTODbIE B JIMTOBCKOM $3bIKe BCErja HaxonaTcsa B ommosuuuy, a B JIPKJIB xe B kakaoM ciyyae NpelicTaBJISIOTCHS Ofl- TIO3HTHBHBIML. Peanuzanus onmo3nuMM JIOJITHX MW KpaTKHX IJIaCHBIX (Hajee V/V) B JIPKJIB BO MHOTOM 3aBHCHT OT HAaJIKuKHS YIapeHHs: B HeVyJiapHOH nosuuum Habaogaercs TEHJEHUHUSI KpaTKOTO JIM 110JYA0ArOoro MpoOM3HOLICHHS JIOJITHX TJI2CH5IX, HO J1OJI- roe WJM MOJIyAOJroe NPOH3HOLICHHE KpaTKHX Mo4TH He Habmiomaercs: B MO3HUMM no yAapeHHeM OTMevaroTcs (hakThl MPOM3HOLIEHMS AOJTHX HW MOJYIONIHX 3BY- KOB BMECTO KPAaTKHX IJIaCHBIX, A (DaKTbI MPOM3HOLIEHUS AOJITHX IJIacHBIX OTHOCH- TeJIbHO pejiku. B JIKTOBCKOM S3bIKE MMEIOTCS [IBA CJIOTOBbIX aKLUEHTa JOJTHMX riac- HBIX — UHpKYMOJIEKC H aKyT, KpaTKHH Xe IJIacHbiif MOXxXET ObITh 1MoA VJApEHHEM, HO TOJIbKO KpatkuMm. B JIPKJIB KaGjitojiaeTcs OTHOCHTEJILHAS HHBEJISOKS BCEX ynapHbLIX 3BYKOB: KpaTKHĖ IJACHBIH MOKET INOJIYUKTb CJIOTOBOH AKUEHT JIOJIrOTO rjacHoro (MM OjiHy H3 TIepeXOJIHbIX ero (DOpM, HaOJIPOJIaeMbIX H B rosopax), a JIOJITHH TJIACHBIH MOXKET OYYTHTHCS IIOJĮ VJApEeHHEM, CXOAHBIM C VIIADEHHeM KpaT- KOTO I'JIaCHOTO. Pesynbratel nccnenosanns JIPKJIB moka3eiBaloT, uTO B peanu3anuu vIV BECbMa pEJICBAHTHBIM OOCTOATENLCTBOM SBJISETCHA TO3MUMS TJIACHBIX B CJIOBE: KOHEYHbIC TJIACHBbIE dYallie TNOIBEPraloTCsd H3MEHEHHSM, Takke OONbIIAM H3Me- HeHHSM NOAJIEXKAT TJacHble B IpeyjiapHbIX H HENMOCPEACTBEHHO B 3aYJAApPHBIX 74 cnorax, JIOJITHI TJIACHbIH B IO3HIHH TTOCJICč JIOJITOTO YOapHOro CJIOTA VaLIe H3Me-- HAETCS, YeM NOCJIE KpaTKOTO YyjiapHorO. 4.1.1. V/V B KoHe4Ho# HeymapHo¥ nosunuu. B JIPKJIB ormeuaercs HAJWYHAEC TPEX BapHAHTOB INPOM3HOIICHHS COUMOJHHTBHCTHYECKOW NEpeMEHHOMH i. €, a, fi B HeyapHOH KOHEYHOM TIO3HIHMH Tepe] Nay30if win -s, Hanee (Hey. Vi): I BapzaHT — INpPOM3HOWIEHHE KPATKOTO HeHampspkenHoro 3myka, resp. [i], [e], [a]. [u], manp.: [i] — [val'tis]* „valtys“ (am. m. mH. w.), [aū.s'i] „aūsį“ (BMH. I. eI. ų.), [skaj.tan’t’is] „skaitantys“ (um. I. Mu. 4.), [I'8k’en’t’i] „Iškiantį“ (Bun. I. eX. 4.) [e]—[eil’z] „eilę“ (Bun. m. ex. 4.), [būv'as] „būvęs“ (am. m. en. u.), [pasuk’z] „pa-- sūkę“ (mm. rr. MH. 4.); [a] —[I¢va] .16va“ (Bun. n.en.u.), [gra ž'2) „gražią“ (BuH. II. en. 4.); [0]— [daij.gu] „daigų“ (Bum. m. ex. uw.) [V'iru] „vyrų“ (poz. nm. MH. 4.), [sū- r'ū] „sūrių“ (pox. m. MH. 4.), [ef.tu] „eitu“ (cocnar. HaKxJI., 3 Ji.); II Bapuantr — NpOH3HONICHHE TNOJIVJIOJITOTO HECKOJIbKO HANpsikeHHOro 3ByKa, resp. [i], [e.], [a.], [u.], mamp.: [i.] — [a k'i.s] „akys“ (am. m. eg. u.), [nė s'i.] „nosį“ (BEE. mn. eg. 4.), [n'ėšan't'i.s) „nėšantys“ (EM. II. MH. u.), [tūr'in't'i.)] „tūrintį“ (BME. TI. eg. 4.); [e.] — [I'8'=.] „Išlę“ (Bu. n. en. u.), [skai.t’z.s] „skaitęs“ (mm. m. en. u.), [iš'Ė ja.) „iščję“ (am. m. MH. €w.); [a.]—[raf.ka.] „raūką“ (Bu. m. ex. 4.), [baj.kš'č'a.] „bai- kščią“ (BHH. m. eg. 4.): [u.]—[karal'ū.] „karalių“ (BEE. m. el. 4. HJIM POA. II. MH. 41.), [malku.] „malkų“ (poz. m. mu. u.), [kail'ū.] „kailių“ (pox. m. Mu. 4.), [s’kr’istu.] „skris-- tų“ (cocmar. HaKJI., 3 JI.); III BapHaHT — NPOM3HOLIEHAE JOJIOr0 HANMPSKEHHOTO 3ByKa, resp. [i‘], [e'], [a]. [u'], mamp.: [i'] — [24v’i's] „Žžūvys“ (WM. m. MH. 1.), [m'č- d’i'] „mėdį“ (pma.m.emu.), [rašan't'i's] „rašantys“ (wM.m.MB.4.), [b'es'ikaj.t'inan't'i"] „besikaitinantį“ (BuH.n.ej1.4.); [e] — [k'ė d'ar] „kėdę“ (Bum. m. en. 4), [ma t'ars] „matęs“ (wM.m.ex.u.), [nun'ė $=] „nunėšę“ (am.menu.): [a] — [galva'] „galvą“ (BHm.T.MH.u.), [kėja:] „kėją“ (Bum.T.ez.u.); [vu] — Įsmaf.ku"] „smafkų“ (BHH.T. enu.), [šaukštu:] „šaukštų“ (po1Lm.MH.u.), Įval.'g'ū"] „valgiu“ (poz.m.MH.ų.), [p'if.- ktu“) „pirktų“ (cocjrar. HaKJI., 3 JI.). Pe3yjisTaTbi M3YYeHHS MAaTepHaJIa MEeTOJJOM OJIHOCTODOHHETO JIKMCOepCHOHHOTO aKajiM3a NOKA23aJIK, YTO HAOJIIO/xaeTCS ONpeleNieHHOE BJKSHMe JMaJIeKTHOTO dar- TOpa, HO 3TO MOATBEPKIAETCS MAJIeKO He Ha BCeX ĮJMAJIEKTHbIX BbIOOprax. Cra- THCTHKA NpEBhIIaNIa KPUTHYECKOe 3Havenwe F-pacnpenejieHHS JIHMINb B JBYX Bbi- fopkax: B JHAJEKTHBIX TPYNNax MO JMHWM OTLUa B OTEOLICHHH YVNOTpeOJIeHHS KpaTKoOro BapHaHTta (Heyn. V#) Bo II KOHTEKCTYyanbHOM CTHJE (F or. 1, I= =2,14>1,93=Fg. 5,1) H B OTHOIIECHHH ynoTpeGeHus JOAroro BapuanTa (Heya. V4) B INT xonrekctyansHoM cTHJIe (Fo, s yiu=2,1>1.93=Fq. 5. 0.1) MeToAOM 3akJitoueHHHĖ O JinHeiHbiX KOHTpacTax no llepde ycranosieHoO, 4TO B YriOTpeOJIeHHH KpaTKOro BapHaHTa (Heyl. V.) Bo II KOHTEKCTYaJbHOM CTH- Jie CTAaTHCTHYECKH 3Ha4YUMO (F= 3.43>F,, = 3,40) orctynaer oT oOmeit cpeaueii YacTOTHI CPEIHSS ¥acToTa BO 2-if NMAJEKTHOW rpymne, T.e. B peud MH(OPMAHTOB, OTHBI KOTOPBIX BeAyT MPOMCXOXKIEHHE C TEPPHTOPHM FOXKHEIX ayKTaiitos. B man- HOM [MAJEKTHOI Tpyrine CpeAHsA 4acToTa ynmoTpedJieHMs KPATKOIO BapHaHTa 1 BapsHpoBaHHe JIDYTHX NEPEMEHHBIX B TPAHCKPHNUMH HE YKa3biBACTCH. 75 (neyn. Vi) sanserca camoil Hu3KoN (X3=38,2; pa3max BapbHPOBAHHS Cpe/ĮHHX 38,2—70). A Anaym3 ynotpe6nerust gonaroro sapuanta (Heya. Vi) B ITI koHTeKCTyanbHOM CTHJIE BbISBHJI, 9TO CPeIHSA HacTOTa B 4-if IHANEKTHOMN rpynme (KeMaHTbl) 3HAYH- "TeJIbHO HHXEe OOLIe# CpeHeH 4acTOThI (F =4,93> Fy,,.=3,4; X,=30, pa3Max Bapb- HpoBaHHSZ cpenaux 30-82). OOBsICHEHHe TPUBEICHHBIX NaHHBIX CJIOxHOe. OTHOCHTENbHO 2-H JMANEKTHOH Tpynmbi MOKHO CKa3aTs ClAeAyIoliee: PeJHKTHI ĮĮMAJIEKTA FOXKHLIX AyKLITAHTOB, TOXpaHsIONHIHX TOJrOTY [JIACHOTO B H3y4aeMONHM IO3HIUMH, HAOJIIOJIaIOTCA B TOM, 4TO HH(DOpMAHTLI JfaHHONH TDYNnINbI OTHOCHTEJIbHO YacTO IIDpOM3HOCHIJIM ĮOJIrMii BapHaHT BO BCEX CTHJIAX: NOKA3aTĖJIb X, B I cTHJIe (rio JiuHHH OTIa) paBeH 34, T.e. BTOPOMH IIO BeJWYMHE IIOCJIE NOKA3ATEJIS X, = 36, npuHajUJIexalnlerO JiHajieKTHOH Tpyrine 3a- TIaJIHELIX ayKIITAHTOB, TAKKE COXPAHAIOUIMX JOJATOTY IJIACHOTO B ĮĮaHHOM IMO3HIIHH: TIoKa3aTenb X, Bo II cruise (mo jiAHHH OTHA) SBISETCS caMbIM BbiCOKHM (48,6) H JIKINb B III cTHjie HE BHIIENAETCH, XOTS OTHOCHTENbHO Besuk (58). AHasoruyHas KapTHHA HAOJIOJJaCTCA NPA CpaBHeHHH JMAJICKTHBIX TPYNN NO JIMHWM MaTepH, XOTS MaTeMaTH4YecKas OOpaGoTKA JaHHLIX Dpe3YyJIbTATOB H HE BbISBHJIA 3HAYHTE/Ib- HBIX KOHTPACTOB: TOKa3aTelw YNOTpeOJIEHHA JOJITOTO BapHaHTa HH(pOpMaHTaM# 2-i rpynIBl COOTBETCTBEHHO BO BCX CTHJISX PABHBL Xa, į = 53 (CAMbIH BbICOKHHĖ CpEeaH BCX IpyMI), Xs, ;=63,8 (Takxe camblil BBICOKHi), Xa, ;;p=70 (MHTEpBan moxa3a- ‘Tejel Apyrux rpynn — 47-78). VmoTpebieHHe KparKoro BApHAHTA B peuH JaHHOH TPYNIBLI H MPH YCJIOBHH y4eTa NOJIV/JIOJITOTO BAPHAHTA MOKA3biBaeT MPOTHBOMOJIOK- HYIO KapTHHY: HO JHHWK OTHA Xs, ;=34 (uHTepBan 53-80), X,, ;;=38,2 (caMtrit HH3KHŪ TMOKa3aTeNb), X,, ;;=230 (WHTepBan 16—61); mo auHHH MaTepH X,, ;=40 (caMblif HH3KHŪ), X,, ;;=36 (caMblit HH3KHŪ), Xs, 111 =24 (uaTepBan 18 —37). C pe- 3YJIbTaTAMH 2-if Ipymmnbl BECbMa CXOOHBI Pe3yJbTaThl |-H JAHANEKTHOW TIpymImsi, 4YTO HOATBEPXIaeT MPEANOJOKECHHE O BIHSHHM AMAJeKTa POJMTENeH Ha pedb MX JIETEH: MMEHHO 3TH TEePPUTOPHAIbHBIC AUAJICKTHI HAHOOJIEE XODpOLIO COXPAHSIOT -JIOJITOTY TJIaCHbIX B KOHEYHQH mo3uuuyu B cose. CjiejtyeT OroBOpATLCS, YTO POIH- TeJIH MOTYT ObiTh yXke NpeJCTABHTEJIAMH „TNOJIYJMAJIEKTA“, Tak KaK 4acTo ObIBAIOT TOJIbKO POAOM H3 MECTHOCTH, HAXOMAUICHCS B NpelesiaXx TEPPUTODHH /ĮHAJICK- "TOB, HO YX€ MHOIO JIT NIpoxHBatoT B r. BHIbHIOCE H HE NOJIb3VIOTCA /IMAJIEK- TOM. He crojib 4eTKOC, HO OLIYTHMOE COOTBETCTBHE B YNOTDpeOJIeHHH /JOJITHX H KpaT- KHX BapHaHTOB (Heya. V3) HabGaromaeTcs IIpH aHajiu3e pe3yjisTaTOB 4-it JinajIeKT- HO Ipynnsi, OTIHYAMOLUCHCH HAHOObINCH CKJIOHHOCTLIO K YKOpaYdBaHHIO (Heya. V 3). Ilokasatenn X, B ynoTpeOJieHHH KpaTKHX BapHAHTOB BO BCEX CTHJISX IIDHOJIH- "KAIOTCHA K HAHOOJIbINHM 3HAYSHHAM: NO JIAHHH OTIA Xi, 1=71 (uurepBaj 53—80), Xs, 11= 70 (uxurepsar 38,2—70), Xi, 111=61 (uutepBan 16—61); mo Jiuiuu MaTepH Xi, 1=55 (uurepsBan 40—77), žų y=56 (nuurepBan 36—64), raus Xi, 111=20 (uu- TepBal A 8—37). U HaoGopoT, noka3aTejib Xi B YnOTpeOJIEHHH JIOJITHX BapHAHTOB (Heyji. V Ik) BO Bcex CTHJISX NpHOJIMXKACTCA K HAHMEHbINHM 3HAYCHHSAM: MO JIKHHH oTHa X, ;=23 (HHTepBax 11-36), X; ;=16 (uurepan 10—48,6), X, 111=30 76 (untepBan 30—82); no jnuHHH MaTepu X, 1=24 (wuTrepsan 11—53), Xų y= 22,6 (unrepsan 20,57—63,8), X4, r11= 75 (unTeppan 47—78). Įlaunbie noka3aTejih. MOXHO OOb85CHHTb HAJIHUHEM PEeJIMKTOB KEMAHTCKONH PpeyKiŪKK KOHEYHBIX JIOJIMX TJIACHbIX B HeyJIApHOH TIO3HIIHH, HMEIONIEH, OJIHAKO, ONpejiejieHHVKO COHenuOHKY (CM. B KH.: Zinkevičius Z., 1966, p. 115—118). B 6-if mnajekTHO# rpynne. pe3yjibTaTbI KOTOPOH He OKA3AJIHCb CTATHCTHYECKH peJieBaHTHLIMH, TAKXe MOXHKO HpOCJIEeJIHTb HeKOTODpbIe PEJIUKTBl yKOpauHBAHHSA OKOHUAHHĖ, XapaKTepHble [IIs NaHEBEXKCKOIo JįuajieKTA (Zinkevičius Z., 1966, p. 119-120). PesyabraTer 3, 5 u 7-# rpynn vale BCero oka- 35IBAIOTCS B CEpejiKHe MHTEpBalia CPeAHHX YacTOT, XOTs Mokas3aTend 3-it m 7-i JIMAJIEKTHbIX TPYNMI NpHOJIUXAIOTCA K MOKa3aTesNsM TpYIN, KOTOPBIM CBOMCTBEH- Hbl KpaTKHe BapHaHThl W3y4aeMoif mepeMeHHO# (3-2 rpynma — JeTH BHJIbHIOCIEB H KayHacues, 7-si — JIETH YPOXEHIEB TEPPUTOPHH BHJIbHPOCCKOTO IHAJIEKTa). HUHTEepecHO OTMETHTb, YTO XOTS TPH CTYNEHW J[OJITOTbI H TIDHCYLIHM HEKOTOPBIM OMANEKTaM, B HACTOALIEM HCCIEAOBAHHM OLIYTHMBIX DPEIMKTOB OOHApyxXHTb HE VIIaJIOCb. Pesromupys aHanu3 BO3MOXHOIO BJIMAHHS JIMaJIEKTHOTO NPOHCXOXKIACHHS pOOUTENIeH, MOXHO OTMETHThb, 4TO OINpele/ieHHOE BIHSHHE OOHAPYKEHO; Tak, B vyacTHocTH: |) Hambosiee 4eTKO BBIACHSETCS peub WHOOPMAHTOB, DpOJMTEJIH KO- TODbIX ABJSIOTCS YPOXKEHIAMH TEPPHTOPHH JIMAJIEKTOB HOKHBIX H 3aWaJHbIX ayKil- TaNTOB, — JUIS Hee B MEHbIUEH CTEeNeHM XapaKTepHO VYKOpauHBaHHe IOJITHX KO- HEYHBIX HEYAApHBIX TIJIACHBIX; 2) HalMyHe B DpONHTEJIbCKHX JiMaJIieKTAX (Hamp., KEMaHTCKHX, MaHEBEKCKOM H Ip.) HEKOTOpbLIX 3aKOHOMEPHOCTEH YKOpauHBAHHA HeyJapHbIX OKOHYaHMI CIIOCOOCTBYET VYCHJIEHHIO TeHICHILMH YKOpaYHBaHHs JĮOJITHX TJIaCHbIX B HEYAapHOM KOHIE CJIOBa, mMmeroniei MecTO B JIPKIJIB. Jo Kacrosmero BpeMeHH B HAllleM HCCJIEIOBAHHM H3Y4aJIOCb BapbHpoBaHHe COLMOJIHHTBHCTHUECKON MepeMeHHoil (Heyj. Vdr), paccMaTpHBAJIHCb ETO HCTO4HH- KH H HeCKOJIbKO MEHbINe BHHMAHHS OTBOJIKJIOCb MECTY JIaHHON BapHalHH B JIHHT- BHCTHYecKOH cucreme JIPKJIB B nesiom. Ilo3ToMy HHxXe NpHBOJISTCA MATeEpHAJIbI ayIHOTECTHPOBAHMA HM CIIeKTpaJIbHOTO aHAJIH32 3BYKOB, IPOBEJEHHBIX B paMKax METOJIOB Tpa/IKiKMOHHONH JKCIEepHMEKHTAJIbHOH (oHeTHKH. Ilockojibky €IMHCTBEH- HbIM BKCIEDHMEHTAJIbHLIM METOAOM (DOHOJIOTHH SBJISETCS AVIMOTECTHpOBaHHe (Girdenis A., 1981, p. 14), To pe3yJIbTATbI, JIOOLITLIE METOJIOM CIIeKTDAJIbHOTO aHa- JiM382 3BYKOB, 3/IeChb paccCMaTpHBAHOTCS KaK BCIOMOTATEJIbHLIC NPH OOb5CHeHHH pe3YyjJibTaTOB AayjiKMOTECTHpOBAHHS. MeToaoM ayaMOTEeCTHPOBAHMS KHCCJIej[OBAaJICA MATEDpHAaJI, IIpHBeJIeHHbIH B T.H. TIOJIHOM CTHJIE, T.e. Oe3 ygeTa KOHTEKCTYAJIbHLIX CTHJIeH. IlpoBejieHo 8 3KCIIepHMeH- TOB, B KOTODbIX H3Y4AaJIAaCb VV B HeyIapHOM IIO3HINHH B AOCOJIFOTHOM KOHIIE CJIOBA. Matepuan sKcnepHhMeHTOB aynnHOoTecTHpoBaHH4 Ne 5—9, 11, 12 u oraacrn 13 COCTaBHJIH KBA3HOMOHHMEBI, pa3JIHMUuarOLuKHeCS HaJIHUHeM BbIlIeyKa3aHHOHW ONTO- 3HHHH. B akcmepumentax Ne 5—8 paccMaTpHBaJiMCh KBA3HOMOHHMbI C ONMO3HIHEH ili: 5) miftį — mirti; opti — vyti, skiltį — skilti, kartį — karti, skystį — skysti; 6) kdrtys — kartis, dntys — antis, mėntys — mėntis, paltys — paltis, kandys — kandis; T) pasibaigusį — pasibaigusi, pylusi — pylusi, dainūvusį — daindvusi, 77 „svarsčiusį — svaFsciusi, sukaitusį — sukaitusi, 8) aséty — qsétil, Salty — šalti!, mėdy — médi!, ūosy — uosi!). Tlpu o6pa6orke HaHHBIX ayJMOTECTHpOBaHHAZ nojiryueHa BeposTHOCTb, pasHas 0,953—0,999, uro onmosuuus V/V cymecrByer. (CnekrpajibHbiit aHaJIH3 3BYKOB IIOKA3aJI, YTO KOJHYECTBEHHBIX pa3JIKuKHM B pea- M3aUMA JaHHOl ONnIO3HUKHH He KHAaOJIIO/KaeTCS, A0COJIPOTHAA MPONOJIKHTEN b= HOCTb H3y4aeMbIX 3BYKOB pa3jiuuaeTCS He3HauHTeJIbHO: X;=40 Mc; jy =38 Mc; -Sx=13; sy=21, Tax kak t=0,67>1,98 (P=95 9%). Ilposeaenublii auajiu3 . Kaue- CTBEHHBIX pa3JIHYKŪ JAHHOMH ONIIO3HUHH TMOJITBEp/IHJI HAJIMYHE ONpejeJIeHHbIX pa3- JIKYKHŪĖ B HANpaXeHHOCTH 3BYyKOB. IlojicueT cyMMapHoro OTKJIOHeHHSA Af dgopmant F, u F, or dopMaHT HellTpaJbHOro rjacHoro [2] man cCJiegytoniHe: pe3yJIbTATBI: (SAF; =260)) — (EAf;=210) = 50]. B skcnepuMenTe Ne 9 mz3ydgajiacb ONNO3MLMS €/€, ocyllecTBieHHas B (opmax Ė-OCHOBHbIX MEH CYLIECTBHUTCIBHBIX €/. 4. TB. H BHH. IL (vefte — veit'e), silkę — silk‘), 18le — 181'9), dukle — aukle, bjaurybe — bjaurybe). Iloxcuers: apudmie- THYECKHX CpeNHHX aOCOJOTHOH MPONOJUKHTENBHOCTH peajin3auKHH JaHHOH on- MO3MIAH IIOKA3AJIH, UTO T.H. KPAaTKUH IJIacHblil oTiiHyaeTca ČGOJILUOIEN INDOJOJMKH- TEJIbHOCTBIO, eM T.H. XOJTHI: X5—59 Mc, a Js=604 Mc, s5=27; sy=24; t=0,59< <2,04 (P=95 9,). AHanu3 Ka4eCTBEHHOH CTOPOHBI H3yYaeMbIX 3BYKOB (M3MepeHHE popmant F, u Fs) Boigu hax, 4TO pa3jiHuHH B HAMPAKEHHOCTH Č MH € He CyLIeCT- BYET: X Af5=|280|=Z A fz=|280]. B skcriepumente Ne 11 m3ywanace onmo3uuus d/d B hopMax @-OCHOBHBIX HMEH IipHJIATATEJIbHbIX H 0-OCHOBHBIX HMEH CYLUCCTBHTEIbHBIX B HM., BUH. H TB. II. eI. 4. {képa — képa, lipq — lūpa, dionq — dūona, kidurq — kidura, 16vq — lova). Ips ayanOTeCTHPOBAHHM MOJIYYEHA BEPOSTHOCTbL CYILIECTBOBAHMS ONIMO3UIIAH, paras 0,99. CrexTpalbHblif aHAJW3 NOKa3ajJl MHHHMajbHOE pa3jiHunke abco- JIFOTHOM NpONOJIKHTEJIbHOCTH A H d (CTATHCTHYECKHM HepesieBaHTHOE): X; =60 Me; Ya= 58 Mc; sz=35; sy=25; Tak kak t=0,29<1,99 (P=95 9%). KauecrBennbie pa3mi- UKSI CYIIECTBYIOT, HO OHH OTHOCHTEJIbHO HeBesukn: (RAS; = (290) — (ZAf;= 270) = = [20]. B aKcnepuMenKTe Ne 13 H3yuajiueb 2 mapbl YCJIOBHBIX KBA3HOMOHHMOB (ciioBa ¢ JIByMA ONMO3AIHAMH). B HHUX OCYIIECTBASAIUCH ONMMO3UUUH d/d WM @/ii: hopmbl TJIarOJIOB M3bSBHT. HAKJI. HACT. BP. 3 Ji. H 0-OCHOBHBIX HMEH CVINECTBHTEIBbHBIX B BUH. II. el. 4. (sąla — salą, bgla — bala, rūstu — rastų, prakdstu — prakasty). [Tosmyuensl pe3yjbTaThl, AaHAJIOTHYHBIC pe3yJIibTaTaM DKCIIepuMeHTa Ne 11. B skcnepaMenTe Ne 12 u3yyanach onmmo3uims #[i, peanmsosaHHas B hopmax a- Ki ia-OCHOBHBIX HMEH CYUIECTBUTEIbHBIX POJI. II. MH. VU. H TB. II. €/. 4. [jacHbie ū ¥ Ū ayjiuTOpaMH Dpa3jiu4aJiuCb C BEPOATHOCTHIO, paBHoH 0,999. CnexTpansHblit AaHaJIH3 3BYKOB BbISBHJI, YTO CTATHCTHYECKM 3HAYMMOE Dpa3jinuKe abcomoTHOMN IIpOJIOJDKXHTEJIbHOCTH JAHHBIX TJIACHBIX OTCYTCTBYET: Xz =70 Mc; Vz=56 Mc; sz=38; sy=28; Tak Kak t=1,48<2,01 (P=95 9). Aajin3 kauecTBeHHOH CTOPOHBLI OMIIO- 3MINNA i [# IIOKA3AJI, 4TO HAUPSDKEHHEe NMPOU3HOCHTCH T.H. if: (X Afa=[240]) — (= A fz =[290]) =|50]. ; 78 MerojiaMu 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHOH (POHETHKH Y/IaJIOCb YCTAHOBHTH CjIegytoluee: CYnLIECTBYKOT JIMLIb MHHHMAJIbHbIC KA4YECTBEHHbIC H KOJIHYUECTBEHHbICč pa3JIHuK; Tpex BapuanToB (Heya. Vit), Ho BapHaHTbI XOPOLIO pa3inyaroTcs ayUTOpaMH, Mo-suanmomy, Gonbuuiyio poab HrpaeT KOHTEKCT, JIMHIBHCTHYECKHE npecynmno- SULA: B CBA3HOM TEKCTEe OCYILECTBIeHHe V N MEHee pejieBaHTHO, HeM B CIIy4asix NPOU3HOWICHHA OT/EJIbHbIX CJIOB. TOT dakT, 4uTO ayaMTOPHI pa3jiH4aJIK CJIOBA He co 100 9%,-HO# BEepoOSTHOCTbIO, MONET CNYKXKTb HOKA3AaTEJIbCTBOM CYLIECTBOBAHAA oGimero npouecca HuBejMpoBanHna V/V. ConnojiuHrBHcTHueckoe H3yuenne JIPKJIB umeno ase CTOPOHBI — OObEKTHB- HYI0 H CyObeKTHBHYIO. JIO HacTosiniero BpeMeHH pacCMATpHBAJIaCb OGbEKTHBHAS CTOPOHA BapbHpOBaHHA (Hey. Vi). B VII paszene cOUMONMHTBHCTHYECKOI aH- KETbI (CM. npr. 3) HHĖOopMaHTAM mpejiJIaraJiOCb ykasaTbh COOCTBEHHOE HpOH3HO- mene riepeMeHHOH (Heyjl. Vi): 1) dvi valtis wn dvi valtys, 2) dvi antis win doi antys, 3) dvi ausis una dvi ausys (yKa3siBaaochk, 4uTO JTO dopmbl UM. II. MH. 4). Hacrosume jiaknbie XapakTepusyloT LEHHOCTHYIO OPHEHTALMIO, KOTOpO# nmpuaep- XMBAIOTCA “WICHBI BHJIbHIOCCKOTO pEYeBOr0 KOJJIEKTHBA B OTHOLUEHHH BbIGODA (ueyn. Vi), HHBIMH CJIOBaMH — CYOBEKTHUBHYIO CTOPOHY $3BIKA. Marepuansl ankeTuposanus (cm. puc. 6.1) cBumeTenbcTBYIOT, uro 13 pecCIoH- Aentos, T.e. 18,57 9%, ykasanu Ha mnpousHOLIEHHE KDpaTKHX BAPHAHTOB (Tpex, ABYX HJK oftHoro), 8 (11,43 95) — Ha kpaTKOe IPOM3HOLIEHNE BCeX Tpex MPHMEPOB. Cpejinu HpOPMaAHTOB, YKA3aBINHX HA KPATKMIl BADHAHT, HET TAKMX, y KOro pojm- TEI BEAYT MPOMCXOXKICHHE C TEPPHUTOPHH 3aNMajHOAYKIITANTCKOTO IWAJIeKTa, JLB Yy OAHOrO MH(OPMaHTA OTell Obl C TEPPATOPHH IOKHOAYKIITANTCKOrO THA- Jiexra. PojturejiH /faHHbIX 13 pecioHIEHTOB B OCHOBHOM MPOMCXOMHIH € TeppHTO- PUM BOCTOYHOAYKIITAHTCKOrO jiHajiekKTa, ropoxos BunsHuroca m. Kaykaca. Kar niOKa3aJi JHCTICPCHOHHBIH AaHAaJIM3, pe4b HHOOpMAHTOB, DpOJIHTEJIK KOTODBbIX BellyT CBOE NPOMCXOK/ICHHE C TEPPHTOPHH TAHHBIX JIKMAJIEKTOB, HE BbIIEJISETCS HA done peun Bceit coBokynHocTH unpopmanTos JIPKJIB, no ¢ apyroif CTOPOHBI, MO-BH/IH- MOMY, 9Ta peub H Hajgenena cpoicTsoMm JIPKJIB — Tenmenumeii ykopaunBaHus KOHEYHBIX JIOJTHX HEyJAapHBIX TJIACHBIX. CornocTraBHTejIbHbIlt aHaJiH3 MATHHUTHBIX 3amuceil peuH ykasauHwix 13 undop- MaHTOB H HX CYOBEKTHMBHBIX CYXICHHH, CONEPKALIMXCH B OTBETAX Ha BOTIPOCHI AHKeTbI, MOKa3aJl, UTO B LEJOM pe4H BCEX MX CBOWHCTBEHHO YKOpaH"HBAHHe OJITHX HEYJIApHbIX TJIACHbIX B KOHEYHOH MO3MIMHK, HO B MeHbuHNel CTENeHH, 4eM YKa3aHo MMH CAMHMH: 4eJIOBEK VIIOTpeOJISeT kpaTkue BapuaHTEiI (Heya. V dt), Ho cam JAyMaerT, TO ynoTpeGasieT MX uaiie, YeM ITO OKA3bIBAGTCH Ha Melle. CounonuureucTiyeckas Hopma (Heya. V3), xors H HaXOMUTCH ellie Ha ITane CTAHOBJICHU, YXKE HAYHHACT OCO3HABATBLCS NPEACTABUTENSIMH BHILHIOCCKOTO peve- Boro KOJUICKTHBA. B mOATBepX/IeHHE MOXHO NMPHBECTH OTBETbI HA COLHOJIHHTBH- CTHYECKYIO aHKeTY, a Takke TOT (dakT, 4ro mpencrasurenn JIPKJIB NPH3HAIOT: B 1€JIOM OHH CKJIOHHBI K YKOPAYHBAHMWIO JOJITHX IIACHBIX. 4.1.2. Heynapusie i, é, a, ū B HEKOHEWHOI HO3HIHH B ciaose. B JINTOBCKOM JIHTEPATYPHOM SI3bIKE [OJITHE TJIACHBIE NMPOM3HOCKTCS JOJITO H Ha- TIPAKCHHO HECMOTPSA HA MO3MLMIO B CJIOBE H HAJMYHE YIAPEHWS. 79 B JHTOBCKHX jMAjieKTAX HaOJIPOJJaROTCA dbarTbLI npon3HonIeKHS I, Č, d, Ū B He- KOHeuHON NIO3HIIHH B CJIOBE He NOJ yAapeHHeM BMeCTO I, é, a. i (mpuMepHO Ha YeT- BepTH TeppHTOpHH, cM.: Zinkevičius Z., 1966, p. 109—110). B KexoTopkIx roBopax ayKIITAifTOB CyLIeCTBYeT YeTKas CHCTeMA JIOJITOTBI TJIACHbIX TPeX CTyneHe#, TIO- TOMY JOJITHe Hey[apHbie rlaCHbIe TAM MEPEeXOAAT B MOJIYAOJIHE. Yacrte Kemaii- TOB TaKxe YKOPAUMBAIOT JOJITHE IrJIaCHbIe B IAHHOM MO3NLMH, HO 13-32 CJIOXKHOCTEH aKneHTVYaLIKH TaKas 3aKOHOMEPHOCTb NPHOOpETaeT ONepeliejieHHyko cremuduxy (cM. Tam ke, c. 111). B uejjoM npuMepHo Ha MNOJIOBHHE TEPPHTOPHH JluTBbI Aei- CTBYeT 3aKOH YKOPAUMBAHHMs JIOJITHX HEYJApHBIX [VIACHBIX, B pa3j1M4KHbIX TOBOpax XapaKTePH3YIOLIUICS PAIOM HMCKIFOUCHHH M ocobeHHoOCTEi. COLMOIMHTBUCTHYECKAS NnepeMeHHas HeYJapHBIX i, ė, d, i B HeKOHEYHOIl IIO3H- MH B cJoBe (Heyl. VC) siBnsieTcst omHoif H3 campix sipkux B JIPKJIB: nabmrona- eTcs nouTH BceoOlee yrnoTpeOjieHHe KpaTKoro ee BapuanTa. [I'pamaums (Heym. VC) ynpomena rio CPaBHEHHIO C Tpajalmei (meyn. V3), Tak Kak pasnuyeHHe IIO- JYIOJTOTO BapHaHTa OKa3aloCh 3aTPYAHHTENBHBIM: MO CYLIECTBY VIIOTpeOJIS- ĮOTCA KpaTKHE H TIOJIYJIOJITHe BapHaHTbI, HO B 3MOa3e nojryjiojirHue TJIaCHbIeė MOTYT 6bITh NNpoH3HECEHk! Kak JIOJITHE. HacunThiBaeTcss Leb PSA MO3WLMIA, B KOTOpbIX BCTpeYaeTCs (Heya. VC) : 1) B abcomoTnoM Havane cosa, Hanp.: [i] wm [i.] ([i"]) — [ipat'ingas] wma [i.pa- t’ingas] „ypatingas“, [is'in'eš'ę*] mmm [i.s'in'eš'ę*] „įsinešė“ (mpocT. npout. Bp., 31); [a] mam [a.] ([a']) — [aZuol'inas] mmm [a.Zuol’inas] „ąžuolynas“; [u] wm [u.] ([u'])) — [ukv'ed’is] wm [u.kv'ed'is] „ūkvedys“; 2) Bo Il xm manee mpeayAapHbIX ciorax, Hanp.: [i] wma [i.] ([i*]) — [r'iš't'ingūmas] wm [r"i.Š't'ingūmas] „ryžtingūmas“, [n'eis'ibraus'i] mam [n’ei.s’ibraus’i] .nejsibrausi* (6ya. Bp. ea. 4., II 11.): [e] mm [e.] ([e']) — [tes’in’is] wm [t'e.s’in’is] „tęsinys“; [a] mma [a.] ([a']) — Įsaž'in'ingas] win [sa.Ž'in'ingas] „sąžiningas“: [u] wim [u.] ([u'"])) — [kud'ik'ėl'is] wm [ku.d'ik'ė- is] „kūdikėlis“: 3) I npenynapgHoM cjore: a) ecjiu TrjiaCHbil B CJIOTe TIIOJĮ yAa- pemmneM JgIojIrHū, KHanp.: [i] wim [i.] ([i:])) — [¢'iv’@na] wma [g'i.v'žna] „gyvčėna“ (mact.Bp., 3 31.): [a] wm [a.] ([a"]) — [raž'it'is] mum [ra.Ž'it'is] „rąžytis“; [u] xm [u.] ([u]) — [ruk’it’i] mam [ruk’it’i] „rūkyti“ u 6) ecJm riaceeli B CNore noi yaape- HHeM KpaTkuii, Hanp.: [i] wim [i.] ([i']) — [sugriZ’imas] wan [sugr’i.Z’imas] „sugrį- žimas“; [e] wm [e.] ([e']) — [prat'es’imas] wm [prat’e.s’imas] „pratęsimas“; [a] wm [a.] ([a]) — [graza] wm [gra.7a) „grąža“; [u] wm [u.] ([u]) — [n'asurūs) unu [n’@su.ris] „nesūrūs“: 4) B 3ayaapusix ciorax, Hamp. : [ijumm [i.] ([i']) — [pus’- rij] wa [pūs'r'i.Č'ej] „pūsryčiai“; [e] nm [e.] ([e']) — [iZ’gr'eze'] mau [iž'gr'e.- Ze] „išgręžė“ [mpoct. mpom. Bp., 3 1); [a] mur [a.] ([a']) — [maZajee] mim [ma- ža.ja"] „mūžąją“ (sum mex 4); [u] wm [u.] (fu]) — [pésuk’is] wma [pésu.K’is] „posūkis“. Anajinms Marepuajia UIs ncejiejfoBaHus (Heyl. VC), IfOJIYHeHHOTO NYTEM HH- TEeDpBbIO, NNpOBOJIKJICH Oe3 ydyeTa MO3WIMHA, B KOTODpbIX BCTpEYaeTCs AaHHAsA IIepe- MEHHAS B CJIOBE, TaK KaK ero OKA3aJIOCb HEeJOCTATOYHO [UI TAKOM neJiu. VunTbI- BaJIHCb Bo3pacTHbie (A,, A, As) H o6pa3oBarejisHbIe (C,, Cs) rpymmsi, a TAKXC JiBa KOHTEKCTYAJILHELIX cTis (B, u B,) (B crnJIe Bs, T.e. pH uTEeHHH KBA3HOMOHH- MOB, JIaHHas NepeMeHHas BCTPeYasdch COMIIKOM peako). Besa nojicunTaHa wac- 80 TOTa JIOJITrOTO H KPaTKOro BapuaHTA (Hey. VC) (B %) x cocTaBJIeH rpadux Cc yue- TOM (akTopoB Bo3pacta (A), ypoBHs obpasosanus (C) u cruasg (B). Vuursrsajiacb H pedb Ipynibi aKTepoB H JIMKTOpOB paano (Cy) (cm. puc. 5.1). Bapbuposanue (sey. VC) B nejioM Ges yyeTa peu Ipynmbl aKTEDOB H JMKTO- pos Heboabwmoe. Bojiburoro casara He Habmopaercs, B opHULUMATEHOM HEHANpPaB- JIEHHOM CTHJIe (B,) JAM HE3HAYHTETBHO GOJILINE YnOTpeOJISeTCS JOJITHX BapHaH- TOB, ĮĮOBepHTeJIbHLIC HHTEpBAJIbI NEPEKPEIIMBAIOTCA. VrioTpeOjieHHe JOJITHX Ba- PHAHTOB CTATHCTHYCCKH 3HA4UKHMO Dpa3JIM4UaeTCS JIMINL B pe4uxH MIAALIEH IPyNmsl C Gojiee HH3KHM H BBICOKHM YpOBHeM OOpa30BaHMS: JIJOBEDHTEJIEHhICE HHTEpBAJILI He neperxpenmBaroTOS — 11-17 94 x 0-89, B TpyHIe akTepoB H JKKTODOB IIO- Ka3aTeJib 42CTOTBI ĮĮOJITOTO BapHaHTa, XOTS H 3HAUKTĖEJILHO BILE, YeM B OCTAJILHbIX rpynnax (B Apyrux rpymmax oH KOJIeGjIeTCA B HHTepBajie 4—24 9,), Bce Ke OTHO- CHTeJIbHO HeBBICOK: 66 9, B B, u 70 B B,. PesynsraTel amaimmsa pacnpeienenus (Heyl. VC) B JIPKJIB nossonsior JIE- JIATb BbIBOJI, 4TO JAHHAS TepeMEeHHAS npHuoOpejia JIAKTBHCTHYUeCKHHŪ CTATYC: OHA TIOYTH He NOJŲĮaeTCSA HH CTpaTHOHKAIMOHHOMY, HH CHTY2THBHOMY BapbHDpoOBA- HHIO H Bce ke (Heya. VC) OCTaeTCS CONKMOJIHHITBHCTHYECKONH IIEDEMEHHON, Tak Kak BapbupoBaHHe CYLIECTBYeT: He BCer/la I, é, G, # B HeKOHeuHOH Ge3yjiapHOH mo- 3HIIHH NPOHM3HOCATCA Kak I, é, d, į — numb NIpHOJIM3HTEJIbHO B 4/5 cCiryuaeB,. Ananus pen MHOPMAHTOB, [UI KOTOPHIX HE XAapaKTEDHO YKa3aHHOE yrnorpet- nenue (Heya. VC), N0oKa3aJi, 4TO TJIABHbIM (JaKTODpOM, OObSCHSIONIHM „Hexapak- TepHOCTb“ HX peur is JIPKJIB, spjisercs JMaJIekTHOC NPOMCXOXICHHE HX pOJIK- Tene. O6a ponurens (KJK Ojinun) KHOOpMAHTOB H3 TDpYIKNINbI „HeXapaKTepHEIxX“ B JIAHHOM OTHOIICHWM OBLIM C TEppHTOpHH TeX JHMTOBCKHX JMAJIEKTOB, KOTODBIM HECBOHCTBEHHO YyKOpauHBAHHe NOJTMX IJIACHBIX B HEKOHEYHOMN IO3HOHH. Wccnenosanne cyObeKTHBHOM CTOPOHBI JAHHOTO BONpoca, T.e. AHAJIH3 OTBe- TOB Ha aHKETY, MO3BOJIMJI YTOYHHTH COLMOJIMETBHCTHYECKYIO HOPMY KpaTKOTO nponsHomenus (Heya. VC) (B aHKeTe HMeJIHCb npHMepkI (Heya. VC) Bo Bcex BBI- mieyKa3aHHbIX MO3HIHAX B CJIOBE). Vnorpe6nenne (meyn. VC), peanu3yemoii B abComoTHOM Hauajie CJIOBA, Onpe- ACJANIOCH MO OTBETAM O NPOU3HOLICHHH CJIOB gsotélis, qséle, ąžuolynas, ūsiūotas. B mejioM vacToTa ykasaHuii Ha YyroTpeOJieHHe NOATOrO BAPHAHTA B HepBEIX Tpex CJIOBaX OTHOCHTENbHO HeBbICoKas (HHTepsan 0—40 %) (cM. pmc. 6.2), 4ro B onpe- JeNICHHOH Mepe IOYTH COOTBETCTBYET PEAJBHOMY YrioTpeOJIEHHIO (weyn. VO), 1306paXxeHHOMY B MPOAHAJIM3HPOBAHHOM Bbilue rpaduke. He Bo Beex TPeX CJIOBAX YyKa3biBaeTCS OZMHAKOBOE NPOU3HOLLUCHAE (I: B ClIOBe ąžuolynas ynoTpeOjJieHHe JIOJI- roro' BapuaHTa vame (22—40 965), B cjroBe ąsėlė — pexe (0—40 95). VMunrepecHo OTMeTHTb, 4TO HAOJIOJIAIOTCA HEKOTODpbICE PACXOXKIEHHS YKA3aHHIl PECIOHICHTOB OTHOCHTEJILHO YPOBHS 06pa3oBanus, 0COGEHHO B IEpBbIX ABYX CJIOBAX: PECIOHICH- Tbi C BBICOKHM YpOBHeM 00pa3oBakusi, OcoGeHHO B crapuieii H cpemHeii Bo3pact- HBIX TPYIIaxX, pexe yKa3biBAlOT Ha YnOTpeOJIeHHe WMH JOJIIrOro BapuanTa (Hey. VC) B JIAHHBIX CJIOBAX, 4eM DECTOH/ICHTHI C DoJiee HH3KHM YpOBHEM OOpa30BaHHz. 6. 949 81 CrhiegtyeT MOTYEPKHYTH, YTO MOKa3aTe/lb 4acTOTBI J0JIrOro BapHaHTA B peuH TpyrMbi AKTEDOB H JUKTOPOB BECbMa HEBLICOK — 33%. Criosa gsotélis u ąžuolynas GbUM BKIIOYCHBI B CBA3HOM TEKCT, KOTOPbIH IPH HHTEpBLIOHDOBAHHH NPOYHTAIH BCE uHpopManTel. CpaBHEHHE peajibHoro Yymo- TpeGJieHHst Jojroro BapHaHTa B JAaHHBIX CJIOBAX C CyOBEKTHBHBIMH CYXICHHAMH PECIIOHEHTOB TIOKA3AJIO, YTO 3aBBICHIH CBOM NOKA3ATENH B aHKeTax MMEHHO Te PECIIOH/ICHTSI, B Pe¥H KOTOPHIX HHKOTIMIA HJIH IIOHTH HHKOIAA HE BCTpedaercs JIOJI- ruif BapHaHT, HANp.: B peuH CTapiueH rpymnmsl C Gojiee HH3KHM YypoBHeM 00pa30- Bang (A,C;), TO TaHHBIM HHTepBbIO, B CJIOBAX ąsotėlis wu ąžuolynas 3acroTa OJI- roro BapHaHTa COCTA2BJISeT JIHIHb 4 9, a B' aukeTrax yKa3ano 40. Taroe nojioxenne 3aduKCcHpoBAHO BO BCEX TpyTrINaX, oco6eHHo ¢ Gojiee HH3KHM ypoBHeM 06pa30Ba- HHS, 32 MCKIIOYEHHEM TDYNINsI aKTEPOB H IHKTOPOB: OHH 3aHH3HJIH CBOIt mMoKa3a- Tens B anketax (33 94) MO CPaBHEHHMIO C JCHCTBHTEILHOCTBIO (90 9, ynmorpebnenus JOJITOTO BAPHAHTA B TEKCTE). : Anajms3 ynorTpeOjieKxs tojiroro BapHaHTa B CJIOBE ūsūotas (XoTs OHO H OTHO- CHTCS K JAHHOI TpyrINė CJIOB) COMCPKHTCS HHxe, I/ie HCCIEAyeTCs rpynma CJIOB C (Heyj1. VC) B IIO3HHHH Tepe JOJITHM yAapHBIM CJIOTOM, TaK KaK HOXTHHACTCA 3aKOHaM 3TOH TpPYNIbL. . CpaBHeHHe peanu3aliii JOJTOro BapHaHTA (weyn. VC) B oduIAaILHOM HEHa- TIpaBJIEHHOM CTHJIE C CyObeKTHBHbLIMH CYXXICHHAMH TOBOPSAIIAX MO3BOJIACT CACIATE BRIBOJ, YTO IIOKa3aTelnu YMOTpeGJieHHs /ĮOJITOTO BapHaHTAa B pe44H 3ABbILICHbI: [O-BHIMMOMY, HMeJIO MECTO BJIHSHHe rpaduueckoro n300paxeHus Cosa. Įlonrai BapuanT (HEYA. VC) BgabconmoTroM Hagane cosa B JIPKJIB Berpe- yaeTcs BECbMa PEAKO, YeMy NPUYHHOIM, MO-BHIMMOMY, CJIYXHT TOT dakr, 4TO H0JI- roTa TJIACHBIX B JAHHOM TIOJOXKEHHH HacTO SBJISETCS MCTOPHYECKHM PEIHKTOM H HHKAKON JUCTHHKTHBHOW (DYHKIIHM HE BBHITIOJIHSET. Pacnpenejenne uacroT Įgojiroro Bapuanta (Heya. VC), peamusyemoe Bo II u nmanee TpedyJapHBIX ciorax (B aHkeTe HIUIFOCTPHPYETCs CJIOBaMH tęsinys, greZi- njs), HOCHT HeCKOJIbKO MHOM XapakTep, YeM B IIO3HIIHH aGcojiroTHOTO Havasia CJIOBA (cM. puc. 6.3). B 0Goux cJI0BaXx YyKa3bIBaeTCS OTHOCHTeJIbHO paBHOMepHAas H HE CJIHINI- KOM BbICOKAS 4acTOTa YNIOTpeOJIeHHA JIOJIroTO BapHaHTA é, B cpejiHeM 30 — 409%. TlokasaTens B cJ10Be gręžinys B cpejineit Bo3pacTHOH rpymie c Oojiee HH3KHM YpOB- ‘Hem 0O0pa30BaHHS, NPaBIA, pe3Ko ToBBIAETCS — MIO 56 %, HO B MUA rpymme Cc BLICOKHM ypOBHeM oOpasoBaHus InajraeT no 14 9%. 3aeck, Kak H TIpH aHajIu3e OT- BETOB AHKETHI O pacupe/IesieHHH BapHaHTOB (HEY. VC) B a6COMIOTHOM Havase CJIOBA, HaGmojiaeTCS CHHXeHHe ToKasaTeleif 4acTOT J0JIroro BapuanTa B rpymme c Gojiee BBLICOKAM ypOBHeM O6pa30BaHus. B rpymme akTepoB H JAMKTOPOB MOKa3aTeslb Hac- TOTHI BHICOK: 68 9, mst cosa gręžinys u 78 %, JIS ciosa tęsinys. CpaBHeHME 4acTOTHI yHOTpeOJICHHS OJIrOro BapHaHTa (Hey. VC) B peas- HOM pe4uH HHĖDOpMAHTOB C MX CYObeKTHBHLIMH CYXJIEHHAMH puCyeT AHAJOTHYHYIO KapTHHY, Kak H IIpH pa3Oope (Hey. VC) B NIO3HIIKH AOCOJIIOTHOTO Hayaja CJIOBA: B AHKETAX IIOKA3ATĖJIH HECKOJIBKO 3ABbINIEHLI, OCOGeHHO B Ipymmax ¢ OOJICe HH3KHM ypoBHEM OOpa3OBAHHS, H 3aHHXeHbI B IPYIIE aKTEpOB H ĮĮHKTODpOB. 82 , B ynotpebaenun jJojiroro sapuanta (Hey. VC), peammsyemoit Bo 1 H panee TpeAyAapHBIX CJIOTaX, HAOJIIOJIaeTCS TEH/IEHIKA Nepexoaa K VIIOTDEeOJIEHHIO KpaT- KOro BapHaHTa, OCOOeHHO B CJIOBaX C MCTOPHYECKH JIOJITHMH TJIACHbLIMH — HOCO- BbIHMH q M ¢. JlauHplif BBIBOJA MOATBEPKIaeT AHAINA3 OTBETOB HA aHKeTy, HAIIpaBJIEHHbIH Ha H3YYeHHe pacnpejieienus Jonroro Bapuanta (seym. VC), peanuszyemoit B I npen- YAApHOM cJIore Nepejį JIOJITHM yAapHbiM. Įlaunas nosumus (Heya. VC) B ankeTe HJI- JIXOCTPUPYETCA CICAYIONIMMHU npuMepamu: plytéle, gyvénti, vyridusias, drasudlis, žąsėlė, rūkyti, grūdai. B rpaduke (cM. puc. 6.4) 4eTKo pa3meNsIOTCS ABE rpynisl COB: JinHHKH 4acTOT drqsudlis w rūkyti pucyroT aHAJOTHYHYIO KADTHHY, KaK H B TpuMepax K NO3HIKHH abcomoTHoro Hawana cJIOBa (gsotélis, ąsėlė, ąžuolynas, CM. puc. 6.2), JmMHUK cjIOB plytėlė, gyvėnti, vyridusias, rūkyti, grūdai — kak nuEAS cosa Ūsilotas, T.e. B IO3HIKHK aOcoJIroOTHOTO HaH4ajIa CJIOBa. B HacTosmmx 6 CJIOBAX PECIOHJICHTHI YKA3bIBAIOT Ha YrIOTpeOJIieHHe HMH Hoaroro BapuanTa (Heya. VC) TOpa3JIO are (HHTepBajJI 33— 100 94, OCHOBHbIE YaCTOTHI pacImpejiejieHbI B HHTED- Bane 60—90 95). 3itecb mabmiomaercss OGpaTHAS KapTHHA, UeM B IIDHBeJICHHEIX BEINIe IIpHMeDpaXx: ec B aOcCOJIOTHOM KHauajie CJIOBA Ha YNnOTpeOJIeHHe IOJroro BapHaHTa 4allĮe YyKA3bIBAJIH NpPEJICTAaBHTENM TDpYyIII C MEHbINHM YpOBHEM OGpa30- BaHHs, TO B HO3HIHH B I ripe/tyjjapHOM CJIOTE IIEpėjį Į(OJITHM YAApHBIM CJIOTOM Ha yrnorpeOjeHne JOAroro BapHaHTa VAINIIe YKA3EIBAJIH IpėjiCTAaBHTeJIH TPYINI C BHICO- KUM YpOoBHeM OOpa3OBAHHA. Canosa plytėlė mu gyvėnti Gbijiu BKITIOYEHE! B CBA3HOM TEKCT, KOTODBbIH IIpOYKHTAJIH BCE KHHTEpBbIOHpYyeMEIe Jina. PeanbHoe YyrioTpeOjieHHe joJiroro BapuaHTa (Heyl. VC) B JannsiX CJIOBAX He COOTBETCTBYET CYOBEKTHBHBIM CYXNEHHAM PECIOHJEH- TOB O CBoelt coOcTBeHHON peur: 3a HCKIIOYCHHEM DEYH JUKTOPOB H AKTEDOB, JIOJI- THii BapHaHT BO BCeX Ipymmax He YrIOTpeOJISUJICH yame 4eM B 20 9%, cnyuaes. [Toka- 3AaTeJIK 4acTOTbi JIOJITOTO BapHaHTa B H3Yy4aeMOH INO3HIIHH B OTHOIICHHH BO3- pacTHbiX TPYNI HeCKOJIbKO BBIACJISIOTCS JIMINb B CTApuNNeH BO3pacTHONH rpyime C MEHbINHM YpOBHeM OOpa3OBaHHS — OHH DAaCHOJIOKEHBI HHXE, B HHTepBAJIC 20—60 9. Ilpnu urexnn TekcTa ĮtojirHe BAPHAHTHI YINOTDeOJISJI JIKIN6 OHH npejicTa- BHTėJIb TAHHOM IPYIMbI, DOJIKTEJIH KOTOPOTO DOJIOM H3 MECTHOCTH HA TEDpHTODHH IOXHLIX AYKINTAŽTOB, — OHM, KAK H3BECTHO, COXPAHSIOT JOJTOTY TJIACHOTO B JaH- HOW TIO3HIIHMH. M3yuenne pacnpejiejieKus tojirorO: sapuanTta (Heyjl. VC), peanusyemor B I TIipelylapHOM CJIOTe IIepejį KpaTKHM yAapHBIM CJIOTOM, BeJIOCh Ha IIpHMepaxX su- grįžimas, Kęstūtis, trešimas, sugrąžino, siųstūvas, BKIIOYEHHBIX B a"kery. B JtaHHbIX CJIOBAX H3YYaeMYIO TEPEeMEHHYIO MPEICTaBJSIOT į, ¢, Ąą, ų. Jiuunu pacnpejtejieHHs HacToT JAoJroro BapuaHTa B cJIOBax Kestutis, trešimas, sugrąžino (cM. puc. 6.5) CXOXKH C JIAHHSMH JPYTHX IIpOAHAJIH3HDOBAHHbIX MPHMEPOB C HOCOBbIMH TJIACHBI- MH: Ha Gojiee 4acTOe ynoTpeOJieHHe JONTOro BapHaHTA 37IeCh TAKXKE YKA3LIBAIH TpymIbI C MEHBIIMM YpOBHeM 00pa3oBaHHs, YacTOTA YKa3aHHiė Ha YrioTpeOJIeHHe JOJITOTO BapHaHTa B HeJIOM CpaBHHTeJIbHO Hu3Kas (25— 57 9%). Jlunuu cJioB sugrį- žimas u siųstūvas xax Oki upHHajŲIexXaT APYTOMY THITY: OHH PAaCIIOJIOKEHEI 3HAaUH- 6* 83 TeJIbHO BbInIe (JjocTHTaIOT OTMeTKH 90 9) H He CHMMeTpH9HbI B OTHOIICHHH YpOB- Hs OG6pa30BaHHS, HANp.: BbICIIHe IIAKH MpHHAUIEKAT crapuieii BO3pacTHOHM Tpyrne C BHICOKHM YpOBHeM OOpa3oBaHHS H maanmei ¢ Gojiee HH3KHM. [lo-BHauMOMY, 37eCh HTpaeT poJIb TOT (GaKT, 4TO B PEUH YacTO VIOTpeOJISIOTCA POACTBEHHBIE 0JIO- Ba C HaJIHYAEM YAapeHHs Ha M3y4YacMBbIX HOJIHX TJIaCHbIX: sugrįžo, siūsti A T.I. Cosa sugrįžimas, Kęstūtis, sugrąžino GbUIM BKJIIOYCHBI B CBSI3HOM TEKCT, KOTO- DpbIilt IpouHTAJIH HHTEPBhIOMpYyeMble. Bo BCeX CJIOBaX JOJTHE [JIACHBIC TIpOH3HECJIH JIANNIb ĮKKTODpbI pa/IKO H Ba NIpejįcTaBHTeJIS CpejįHero IIOKOJICEHHA BHJIbHPOCIJEB, POZIMTENH KOTOPHIX GBUIM pOJIOM H3 MECTHOCTEH Ha TEppHTOpHH 3ala/IHbIX H IOX- HBIX aykmTaiitoB. XOTS B roBOpax NIHpoKO pacnpocTpaHeHO JOJITOC6 IIpOH3HOINIC- HHe HOCOBEIX IJIACHEIX, B JIPKJIB pejiukTOB JAHHOIO SIBJIEHHA HOYTH He HAOJIPO/IAa- erca. Jlaxe B pe4unH aKTepoB JONTOe IIpOH3HOJIICHHe NaHHBIX IJIACHBIX B TEKCTE HMCe- 70 MecTO mmm B 40 9% Bcex 3adHKCHpOBaHHBIX CJIry4aeB. Enummunbhie (akTsl IIDOH3HECEHHSA ĮOJITOTO TJIACHOTO B OJHOM HJIH JIBYX yKa3aHHBIX CJIOBAX 32CBH/Ie- TeJ)IbCTBOBAHBI B 9 9, Beex CJIyuaeB (Ge3 yueTa rpynmbl IHKTOPOB H aKTEpOB), Hauie B cJIOBe sugrįžimas. Hu oguoro ciyyas NpoH3HeCeHH4 JOJITOTO BapuaHTA (Heya. VC) B m3yuaeMož NO3HIIKH He BCTDETHJIOCb B PEYH NpejicTaBHTeJielt CTApINeTO mo- KOJICHHS. : Pacnpejnejienne JOJTOro BapuanTa (Heya. VC), peajiu3yeMoii B MOCJIeyAapPHOM core, H3yuaJIOCb Ha npuMmepax Shiostyti, krdustyti, dZidustyti, BKIFOYEHHbIX B aH- xery (cM. puc. 6.6). PeclOHIEHTH! YyKa3aJIH Ha OTHOCHTEJBHO HacToe ymoTpedie- HHe MMH Jojroro BapuaHTa (OOJIbINHHCTBO YacTOT PAcHOJIOKEHO B HHTEpBaje 60 —80 9). Yerkoii cTpaTudukanuu He HabaroHaeTcs HA MO JIAHHH BO3pacCTHOIMo, HH IIO JIAHHH OOpa30BaTEeJILHOTO darxTOpoB. Heckonbko BhIIeNseTCS CpeliHAS BO3- pacTHas TpyrinNa C BLICOKHM YpOBHEM o0pa3oBaHus: OHM 060Jiee CKEerITHYeCKH pac- LEH UBAIOT CBOIO COOCTBEHHYIO pedb, OMHAKO yKa3aHHAs MMM 4acToTa BCE Ke 3a- peimieHa — 33-56 9, ynorpeOjieKuū ojiroro BapuWaHTa, Kora Ha CaMOM Jefe aTa mappa JIOJIXHa OBITH NPHMEPHO HAMOJOBHHY MEHBIIIE. CnoBo krdustytis GbUIO BKJIFOYEHO B CBS3HOM TEKCT JANIS MHTEPBbIO. VrioTpe6- JIEHHE [10JIroro sapuanTa 3apukcupoBaHo B 239%, cayuae (Oe3 yyera rpynnsi aKTe- POB H AMKTOPOB), B OCHOBHOM B pe4H HH()OPMAHTOB CpejiHero INOKOJICHHS, POIH- Te KOTOPHIX IPOHCXOMAAT C TEPPHTOPHH IOXKHO- HJM 3anaJHOayKIITaHTCKHX JMAJIEKTOB. Vizyuenune cyObeKTHBHOŽ CTOPOHBI YnOoTpeOjieHHZA TOro HJIK HHOTO BapuaHTA IIpOH3HONICHHSA IO3BOJISeT [eJlaTh BBIBOA O CVINCCTBOBAHHH [BYX COHHMOJIHHT- BHCTH4eCKHX HOpM. IlepBasi pacIipocTpaHsHeTCS Ha CJIOBA C HOCOBBIMH IJIACHBIMIL, Hanp.: Kęstūtis, ąžuolynas, sugrąžino Hu Jip., HA MoxeT OkbITL cOdopMyJIHpoBAaHa Clie- JUYIONIIAM 06pa3oM: IPOU3HECEHHE Į(OJITHX HOCOBBIX TJIACHbIX B HEKOHEYHOI HEY/IAp- HOMH IIO3HIHMH B CJIOBE HeOOs32TEJILHO, XOTS H BO3MOXxHO. Hepe/iko BeiGop BapHaHTA (neyzį. VC) 3aBucuT oT OopMaJIb5HOCTH CHTVYAIIHH (pH YTEHHH TeKCTA JIOJITHI Ba- puaHT ynorpebisercs Yale, YeM B HeINpHHYXJIEHHOH peunx), OT CYOBEKTHBHOIO OTHOIUEHHS K CBOEH peun (B OdOHIKMAJIbHLIX CHTYAIIKSIX HEKOTOPBIE CTPEMSTCS IIpa- BHJIbHEC npousHocuTh (HeyjJį. VC)) H, HakoHel, OT JKHAJIEKTHOTO IfDOHCXOX/(EHHSA poxuTenel (eCJIH U4eJIOBEK CpOJXY He CJIbIXAJI ĮOJITOTO BapHaHTa NaHHOM TIepeMeH- 4 84 HOI, B ero COOCTBeHHOH peuK JaXe MPH CDE/IHHX YCHIHAX COOJIIOJ[AaT5 IIpAaBHJI5HOCTb peux AoJrue BapHaHTbI OyayT BechbMa peikd). ĮlaHHbIrit THI BapHAIIHH COIHOJIHHI- BUCTHYECKOM NepeMeHHOH MOXHO CYHTATh THUIIOM BHYTPHWJIHYHOCTHBIX BapHalmi (cm. Benn P., 1980, c. 58): BapsupoBaHHe OGYCJIOBJIEHO He JIAHTBHCTHYUCECKHMH H He CTATHCTHYECKHMH KaTeropusMu JeMOrpadHH, a NAHAMHYECKHMH AcCIeKTAMH CHTYATHBHOTO MCHOJIb30BaHUA s3blka. M Bce Xe NEpEeMEHHYIO HejIb38 CYHTATH CHATYaTHBHOM, TAK KaK OHA He IIOJŲĮaeTCA CTIWIMCTHYeCKOM cTpaTudmukanuu. Bapua- ous JaHHOM NEpeMEHHOM MOXeT OLITb XapakTepH3OBaHA Kak BCTPEYaeMOCTHAS (Tam xe, c. 61): OHa HAKOr/a He MOKeT ObITH MpeacKa3aHa. Bropas CONMOMMHIBHCTHYECKAas HOpMa yrmoTpebnenns (Hey. VC) pacmpoctpa- HSETCS Ha CJIOBA C JOJTHMH, HO HE C HOCOBBIMH IJIACHBIMH, Hanp.: gyvéna, Sypsotis, plytélé nu np.: cymiecTByeT HOpMa BBIGOPA JOJrOro BapHAHTA IEPEMEHHOM, IIO3BO- nsomas, oaHako, 0e3 ompeJeNleHHOTO CTPATHOHKAUMOHHOIO HJM CHTYATHBHOIO OrpaHMYeHns VNOTpeOJISTL KpaTKHĖ BapuanT. Ha 3710 yKa3bIBaeT TOT (dakT, “TO CJIOH HaCejJIeHHSA C OOJIEC HH3KHM ypoBHEM 00pa3oBaHud IPH CyOBEKTHBHBIX CYXIe- HHSX O CBOEH pevH BLIOHDAIOT KPATKHil BADHAHT HepeMeHHONH 4Yallie, USM CJIOH C BBICOKAM YPOBHEM OOpa3OBAHHS, YTO CBH/IETEJIbCTBVET, OO OTCYTCTBHH CTHJIHCTH- 9€CKOT0 BaDbLHDOBAHHS H 3aKPEIUIEHHS 3a JIOJITHM BapuaHTOM (Heym. VC) cratyca TIPECTHKHOH pen. i Ilpuuarnue Oojlee CTPOroW HOPMBI, KAaKOBOH ABJIsAETCA IepBas, OO03HauNaJjIO Oki SBHLIŽ MOBOPOT K yTpaTe ONINO3HIKH AOJTHX H KPATKHX IJIACHBIX B IIEJIOM H 3aMeHe ee ONMO3HIUeH VIapHBIX H HeyJapHbiX riacHblX. CyObeKTHBHEBIE CYXICHAS PECHOHIEHTOB TaK CHJIbHO PACXOAATCA C PeajbHBIM MOJIOKEHHEM INOTOMY, 4TO B JIPKJIB Ha HacTOsIIel CTaguu ee Pa3BHTHS IepBas ONMO3HIHS HE MOXeT OBITH TIOJIHOCTbIO 3aMeHEeHa BTOPOI: CO3HATEJILHOC Npu3HaHue dakTa, “TO B 4/5 cnyyaes JOJTHI HeyJiapHbIĖ TJACHBIH NPOM3HOCHTCH XpaTko, 00O03HaYano Obl: HOpMONH NIpOH3HONICHHS ABJIACTCH KDaTKHŪ BapHaHT, T.e. yTpara VN . Takum o6pa30M, KpaTKHĖ BapHaHT upomsHoweHus (Heya. VC) cymecTsyeT Kak HOpMa, KOTOpas, B HPOTHBOMOJIOKHOCTE HOpPME TNPOH3HOLICHNS HCTOPHYECKHX HOCOBBIX IJIACHBIX B HEKOHCYHON HEYJapHOM MO3MIHH, HBJISETCH HEOCO3IHAHHOM. 4.2.1. Yoapusie i, ė, d, į B KOHEYHOH NO3HHHH B CJIOBE. B JIRTOBCKOM JIATEPATYPHOM S3BIKE, KaK H B JAHAJICKTaX, yaapHsie i, ė, d, if B abCOMOTHOM KOHIE CJIOBA HJIH TIepeX -5 BCeraa NMPOU3HOCATCH KpaTko. B HEKOTOPHIX MOrpaHMYHBIX CO CJIaBSHAMH TOBOpaX H B pevd HEeKOTODbIX OHJIHHTBOB Habiromaercs momyxoiroe WH JOJITOe IIpOH3HOINICHHe AaHHBIX TJIaCHBIX (cM. Zinkevičius Z., 1966, p. 104, 107). B peur BHJILHIOCIJEB BCTpe4aIOTCSA (akKTEI KPATKOro, KOJIVJOJITOTO H JIOJITOTO (B 5M(ase) IIpOH3HOIINECHHA H3Yy4AeMBEIX TJIaCHBIX B CISIYIOIAX TIO3HIKMSX: 1) rIOCJIe cJIOra ¢ ĮIOJITHM TJIaCHELIM WIM JĮBYTJIACH5IM, Hamp.: [i] wma [i.] ([i'])) — [su'r’i] wm [suri] „sūri“, [e] wan [e.] ([e]) — (k'alPūdsė] anu [k'al'ūds'ė.] „keliuosė“ (npejųr. m. MH. 4.), [a] unm [a] ([a’]) — [ruosa] amu [ruošė.] „ruoša“, [u] mom [u.] ([u']) — [rus’t] wma [rus'ū.] „rūsiū“ (TB. m. ex. 4.); 2) moce CJIOTAa C KpaTKHM TIJIaCHBIM, Harip.: [i] mm [i] (i) — [n'eš'i] mur [n'eš'i.] „meši“ (2 m. eg. 4. HacT. Bp.), [e] unu [e.] ([e'])) — [kat'®] wma [kat'ė.] „katė“ (TB. m. ex. w.), [a] mma [a.] ((a:]) "— 85 [bala] wim [bald.] „bala“ (HM. wim TB. II. eI. 4), [u] wma [u.] (fu])— Tg a2rū) wim [g'erū.] „gerū“ (TB. m. ex. v.). Ikana COHHOJIHKTBHCTH4ECKOJ nepeMeHHON KpaTKHX YJIAapHbLIX TJIACHbIX B KOHEuHON TIO3HIKMHK (JjaJIee yi. V įk) cogtepxxuT Ba 3Ha4eHHS: KpaTKOTO H HOJIrorO BapHaHTOoB. IlojrygojirHit TJIiaCHbIit B 9M(pa3e MOXeT JĮ[OCTHYb JIOJITOThI HaCTOSINIC- ro gojroro riacHoro. ĮlaHHas nmepeMenHas He XaparKTepHa jis JIPKJIB, Ho Tak KAK CHCTEMa JIATOBCKOTO f13bIKA MPOTHBOPEYHT TNOSBJIEHHIO JIOJIrOTO BapHaHTA (yn. Vt), GaKThl ero NOSBJICEHHSA B PYM CTAHOBATCS OYEHb 32aMeTHLIMH H pacie- HUBAIOTCS KAK KAPrOHHEIE WH HHTEpĖepeHTHEIC. B mHacToOsIeM HCCJIeJ1OBaHHn JaHHAs NMEepeMeHHas H3y4asjach TOJBKO Ha Mate- pHaje CONHOJIAHTBHCTHYeCKOTO HHTEPBbIO B CTHJISX B, x B,. V3-3a rniepeMeH4uHBOcTH aKNeHTYALHH, KOTOpas 3[ech He paccMATpHBaeTCSA, HAJIKUKĖ CJIOB ¢ (YI. Vit) BapbHupyeT OT uHpopMaHTa K uHGopmanTy. EcJIH CJIOBA, Harip., balti (am. II. MH. 4.), namé (penn. Tr. ex. 4.), kalba (um. HIM TB. II. eX. X.),. kitūs (Bux. Tt. MH. 4.), Bce KHOOpMAHTEI NPOU3HOCAT € (YI. V4), To Tarne cosa, Kak Hamp., aštuoni, musė (TB. m. ed. 4.), dienas (BUH. m. MH. 4.), maloniūs (BuH- m. MH. 4.), B JIPKJIB uacro TepstoT (ya. Vb): yHapeHHe OTTATHBACTCS HA TIpejl- Tocnennuit cor. B peaxux ciayyasx Habmrogaetcs mosisienue (ya. V+) 6naromaps rHIepKOPPEKIHH, T.e. TepeHOCY VAApeHHs Ha MOCJeIHMH cor, Hanp., Širdis (BUH. I. MH. 4., = §irdis), nendrės (BUH. Il. MH. 4., = néndres), galvas (BUH. II. MH. 4., = galvas), rūsčiūs (BMH. m. MH. 4., = rūsčius). Hanp., pu YTeHHH CBA3HOIO TeKCTa BO BpeMS HHTepBbIOHDOBAHHS BCTPEUAIOTCS CJIeJTyIONIMe CIy4aH THIepPKOPPEKIHH, CIfOCOOCTBYIONIHE NOSBJIEHHIO (Ya. Vit): devynis (un. 11., = devynis), vienū (TB. m., = vienu), auklė (TB. m. ex. «., = dukle), mergaitės (BUH. 1. MH. 4., = mergdites), bjaurybė (TB. 1. ex. 4., = bjaurybe). Vizyuenne TeKCTOB HHTepB5LIOHDOBAHHA NOKAa3ajio, YTO JOJTHIf BapuaHT (YI. Vi) B JIPKJIB BcTpevaercst peako (cM. puc. 5.2): HHTepBas YacTOT KpaTKOTO BapuaHTAa nepeMeHHO# BbICOK — 76 — 1009,. Heckonbko Goble JioJITHX BAPHAHTOB 320)HKCH- POBaHO B pE4H MOJIOJIEXH, XOTS CTATHCTHYECKH 3HAYMMO Dpa3JIHUAIOTCS JIKINb BE 9acTOTHI B cTHJIe B,: cTapiuueii rpynibl ¢ BLICOKHM ypoBHEM oOpa3oBaHus H Mian- mei ¢ 6onee Hu3kuM (86-96%, um 70+ 8294). 3meck cieayeT BHECTH HEKOTOpPbIC KODDpEKTHBbI: B pe4H TpeJCTaBHTENIeH CTapluero TOKOJIEHHSA JIOJITMMH BapHaHT BCTpeYaeTcs Jaxe Valle, eM B peur MOJIOJiexx. Ho Boodme (ya. Vit) B BX peun HabyrofaeTcs OYeHb DpelIKO, — NPEACTABHTENIM CTAPIIEro TNOKOJICEHHSA valle OTTArH~ BaIOT yJapeHWe Ha NpeNBIAyWMi cior. B peun MOJIOJIEXH Halle BCTpe4atOTCS THIIEPKOPPEKTHBIE (GOpMbI, 4TO B OOIIel CJIJOXHOCTH CIOCOOCTBYET CHHKCHHIO HOKA3ATEJIS YaCTOThI KPaTKOrO BapHAHTA. B CBA3HOM TeKCTe MHTEPBLIOHPOBAHHS COJIepxXaJIOCb 36 mpumepoB € (yA. V4) B MHOTOCJIOXHBIX CJIOBaX H 21 — B OJHOCIOXHBIX. Bce OJHOCIOXHBIE CjIOBA B TIOTOKE PEYH, 3a HCKJIIOYEHHEM CJIOBA dvi, CTAHOBWJIHCH NMPOKJINTHKAMH HJIH SHKIIH- THKAMM, JIHINb B HEKOTOPLIX CJIV4ASIX B CJIOBAX nét, bét, nės, Čia HaOJIIOJIaJIOCb ymo- TpeOJeHHe Hojiroro BapHAHTA (va. Vit). Jims 1/3 u3 36 MHOTOCJIOXHBIX CJIOB C HaJIMYKEM (yr. Vi) Bcerga coxpanusiJia yaapeHue Ha TIoOCJIeJiHeM CJIOTe: manė (BUH, m. eA. 4.), tada, kuris, tikrū (TB. m. en. 4. ), niekada, namé (npean. m. ex. 4.), aplinka. 86 lietūs, piltė ( „Gymaunc“, orruarojibHoe Hapeune). Hexoropbie cosa (n3 JaHHBIX 36) JIB B PYM HECKOJBKHX HH(YOPMAHTOB BCTpeda uch ¢ HajrnuneM (yA. Vi), Hamp. sklypū (TB. m. ex. 4.), ieva (TB. m. ex. 4.), vertė (TB. m. ex. 4.), Džekū (TB. I. ep. 4.), Džimiū (TB. m. ep. 4.). ConnojiuHrBHecTHueckas nepeMenHas (yi. Vit) HaXOJIKTCA Ha JTane CTAHOBJIC- HWS, JTO XapaKTepHbIif IpuMep unrepenTHol papuamun (ben P., 1980, c. 58-59): OHa COBEPIIEHHO HeNpeacKa3yema Jake B pe4uH OJHOTO H TOTO Ae JiuIla B OMHOH H TOM Xe CHTYallHH. Bonpoc cOuMOTHAIBUCTHYECKOH HODpMEI (va. V 4) B JIPKJIB CIOKHBII: HH OXHH HpeICTABATEIb JAHHOTO PEYeBOTO KOJIJIEKTHBA CO3HATEJIbHO HE IPH3HAET, 4TO ojnrni BapHaHT (va. Vi) SBJIISETCA HOPMATHBHBIM Jake B BHJIbHIOCCKOM peun, Takoe VIIOTDpeOJIEHHe NMepeMeHHOI BO BCEX CJIyuasXx cumraeTcs Ojiuo3HbIM. Ha ca- mom gene B JIPKJIB noarmit BapuasT (ya. Vi) gaserca CHCTEMHLIM. UI cHcTeM- HOCTb 3aBMCHT OT TOTO, HACKOJbKO TJIyGOKO B peur HHĖOOpMAHTA YKOPEHHJIAach TEHJEHIHS NOJITOTO IIDpOH3HOLICHHA BCeX YAapHBIX IJIACHBIX, KaK JIOJITHX, Tak H KDATKHX TO MPOMCXOXKICHHIO. 422. Vnapusiei, ė, d, i B HEKOHEYHOM MO3HIHA B CJIOBe. B JIATOBCKOM JIKATEDAaTYDpHOM SI3BIKE I, &, di, if IOJI yAapeHueM IIpoH3HOCSTCA KpaTKO. CjIoB ¢ yaap- HELIMM | Hi i B JIATOBCKOM JIHTEPATYPHOM A3biKe HaCUHTLIBaCTCA MHOTO, & C YĮ[apHbiI- MH € H d — OrpaHHUeHHO€ 4UKCJIO, Tak Kak JIAHHBIEC T JIACHbIC IOABEPraliCh BTOPHY- HOMY yanunennio (Zinkevičius Z., 1981, d. 1, p. 57). Vaapasie é H d BO BCexX CIJIYy- uasX He NOIexXAT VIUMHEHHIO JIHINb B THAJICKTe 3anadHbIX XeMaHKTOB, B OCTAJIb- HBIX JIKMAJIEKTAX HAJIHUHE KDATKHX T JIACHBIX B Dpa3JIH4KbLIX TDaMMAaTHUeCKHX opMax BapLUPYET: OJIHH YIUIMHSIOT JIAHHbIC TJIaCHbIe B OjIBHX (opMmax, JipyrHe — B ApY- rux (Zinkevičius Z., 1966, p. 103—107). I'nacHbie i u ū MOA yjiapeHHeM B Į[HaJiek- Tax VJUIMHASIOTCS pexe, YeM € H d: OOJIbuIrasi 4acTh XEMAHTOB, 3ariajiHbIe H IOXHBIC ayKIITAWTHI, T.e. HaCeJieHHe NOYTH IIOJIOBHHLI TeppHTOpHH JIuTBLI, YAQpHBIX I H ii He VIUMHAIOT, TOJBKO B HEKOTODEIX CJIy4asX pacinnpsroT (Tam xe, p. 107—108). I'nacHsle i, č, d, ū BXOOAT B COCTaB TAaBTOCHIaOM4YeCKHX COueTraHHi I, ė, d, ū-+r, |, m, n, HO JIMINb B COUeTAHHSX C / H # IPH YVYCJIOBHH HAaJW4YHs yJAapeHHs Ha 1-M xoMmmionenTe ŪpoH3HocATCHA I Hi i. D JiacHbIit # BXOJIKT B COCTaB IBYIJIACHOTO ui, TJIE TIPU VCJIOBHH HAaJIKHYKSA yIapeHHs Ha 1-M KOMIIOHEHTE TakXe MPOH3HOCHTCH KpaTko. B mmanexrax w,i + r,/, m, nn wi 1-if KOMNOHEHT NPOH3HOCAT KPaTKO HJIH He- SHAYMTENHHO VUTMHAIOT JIHUIb YacTh 3anafHbIX ayKWTaWTOB, HEKOTOpHIE IIO- TpaHHUHELIe XEMAHTbI H HOCHTEJIK roBopa 3eTĖeJIbI, T.e. TAKAS 0coOeHHOCTh HAaOJIPO- maercs B KeOojibuIOH acti MmnajIieKTOB (cM. Zinkevičius Z., 1966, p. 108— 109). kana conHOJNIMHTBHCTHUeCKOH riepeMeHHOH KDpaTKHX VIapHBIX IJIaCHBIX B He- KOHEeUKON mosuuuu (Iajiee (ya. VC) COCTOMT M3 Tpex Fpajauuii: KpaTkoro, mojay- JOJNroro Hi JOAroro BapMaHTOB. B KOHEYHOM CyeTe TIOJIŲJIOJIMHĖ H JOJTHE BaPHAHTHI paccMaTPHBAIOTCH BMECTE KaK MHAMKATOPHI VIJIMHEHUS riacHoro. M3yuaemas me- pemMenHas O4UeHb xapakrtepna ais JIPKJIB. Ilo-BujnMoMy, Gojibinyto poib Hrpaet TOT (akT, To ynorpebiaenue JIOJITHX (NOJIVYJIOJITHX) BAPHAHTOB HMEET MHOIO CO- OTBEeTCTBHHĖ B rosopax. 87 B peun sunbHIOCHEB (YI. VC) HOSBIIAETCS B CleAyIOmMX mosmmusx: 1) B abco- JIOTHOM Hauane cosa, Hanp.: [i], [i.), [i] — [ima], [i.ma], [ima] „kma“ (uacr. Bp., 30), [iti], [Loti], [ict] „irti“, [e], [e.], [e'] — (TonbKkO B cCJIOBaxX WHOA3BLIYHOIO npoKcxOoxXeHna) [estas], [é.stas], [Estas] „ėstas“, [émka], [¢.mka], [émka] „ėmka“, morommkn Mapkr MK, [a], [a], [a] — [at'n'aša], Į[a.t'n'eša], [4t'n’zsa] — „atneša“ (macr. Bp., 3 1), [amt’el’e't’i], [a.mt’el’et’i], [Amt’el’et’i] „Amtelėti“, fu], [u.], [u]—- [ūš'k'iša], [4.š'k'iša], [ūš'k'iša] „Ūžkiša“ (wact. Bp., 3 m.), [ūijt'1], [0.it’i], [ūjt'i] „ūiti“, [Grmu], [d.rmu], [Grmu] „ūrmu“; 2) nepeA CJIOTOM € JIOJITHM TJIACHbIM (HJIH codeTanHeM), Hanp., [i], [i.], [i] — [k'ita"], [k'i.ta"], [k'ita"] „kitą“ (BuH. I. ea. 4.), [p'ilna"], [p'i.Ina:], [p’ilna‘] „pilną“ (BH. r. ex. 4.), [e], [e.], (e']J— [bal't'ės'n'i"], [bal't’é.s’ n'i:], [bal't'ės'n'i"] „baltėsnį“ (Bau. m. ex. 4.), [a], [a.], [a*]— [mano], [ma.no'], [mano], „mano“ (nparax. mecromMm.), [u], [u.], [u"]— [būvo], [bū.vo:], (būvo:] „būvo“ (mpoct. mpour. Bp., 3 x.), [zūjk'i"J, [zū.iįk'i"]J, [zūjik'i'] „zūikį“ (BH. II. ex. 4.), [mur’ gd'irt'i], (mū.r'gd'i"t"i], [mūr'gd'i"t"'i] „mūrkdyti“ ; 3) me- pel CJIOTOM C KpaTKHM TIacHbIM, Hamp.: [i], [i.], [i"] — [v'isas], [v'i.sas], [v'isas] „visas“, [pil'ti], [p'i.''t'i], [pit] „pilti“, [e], [e.], [e'] — [žal'ės'n'is], [žal'ė.s'- n'is], [zal’ds’n’is] „Žalėsnis“, [a], [a.], [a:] — [jeunas’is], [jeund.s’is], [jaunas'is] „jaunasis“, [u], [u.], [u'], — [suka], [sū.ka], [siika] „sūka“ (mact. Bp., 31.) [zūjk'is], Įzū.ik'is], [zūik'is] „zūikis“, [pūl't"i]; [pū.l't'i], [pūl't'i] „pūlti“, 4) nocje cmora | C JOJTHM TJIACHLIM (Wim CO4eTaHHeM), Hamp.: [i], [i.], [i*] — [r' i*t’in’is], [r'it'i.n'is], [Pit’in’is] „rytinis“, :[irp'it'i], [ip’LU't'i], [i*p’iI't’i] „įpilti“, [e], [e.], [e']— [apku'n’és’n’is], [apkun'ė.s'n'is], [apkun'ės'n'is] „apkūnėsnis“, [a], [a.], [a']— Įg'i'vas'is], [g'iva.s'is], [g'ivas'is] „gyvasis“, [u], [u.], [0"]— [n'ūrrūs'is], [n'ūrū.s"is], Įn'ūrūs'is] „mniūrūsis“, [(i:pūl't"'i], [ipū.l't'i], [(ipūl't'i] „įpūlti“, 5) mocne cmora € KDpaTKHM TIjIaCHbiM, Hamp.: [i], [i.], [I']—[uZ’m’ikt’i], [už'm'i.kt'i], [uZ’m’ikt’i] „užmigti“, [nut’il’t’i], [nut'i.l't'i], [nut’il’t’i] „nutilti“, [e],, [e.], [e']—[suv’és’t’i], [suv’és’t’i], Įsuv'ės't'i] „suvėsti“, [a], [a.], [a']— [n'akas'ū], [n'aka.s'ū], [#'=- kas'ū] „nekasiu“, [u], [u.], [u:]—[fuš'č'ūpt'i], [uš' €'ū.pt'i], [uš'č'ū.pt'i] „užčiūpti“, [ižgūjt'i], [izgh.it’i], [(ižgūjt'i] „išgūiti“, [pr'ikūl't'i], Įpr'ikū.l't'i] [prlikdal’t’i], „prikūlti“. a B KacTO31i16M uccegosanuy (yA. VC) H3Yyg4ajiacb Ha MaTepHaie TEKCTOB HHTEp- BbIOHpOBaHHA B cTWIAX B,, B, u B, H Ha MaTeprasie OTBETOB Ha aHKETY, KPOME TOTO, IIpOBOJĮHJIHCb AYAHOTECTHPOBAHME H CHEKTPAJIbHBIN AaHAJIH3 3BYKOB. AHnaJiti3 TEKCTOB HHTEpBbIOHDOBAHHS, IPH KOTOPOM He YYHTHIBANACH IO3HUKA (ya. VC) B CJIOBE, HO YUKTbIBAJIHCb (akTOpbl BO3pacra (A), KOHTEKCTYAJILHOTO cransg (B) u ypoBHs 0o6pa30oBamas (C), mokasan, 4TO yroTpeOJieHHe BapHaHTOB (yz. VC) 3HAH4HTEJIbHO Pa3JIM4aeTcs B BO3PACTHBIX Tpyrinax (cM.-puc. 5.3). Omnpe- NejieHHe JOBEDHTEJIbHbLIX HHTEeDpBAJIOB BELISBHJIO, UTO, 3a HCKJIPOUeHHeM CTApIneXH WH MJafe rpymnn HHOOpMAHTOB C BLICOKHM YpOBHeM OOpa30BAHHSA, TMepeMeHHaSZ HOCHT XapakTep CHTYaTHBHBIH, NOTOMY 4TO CYIIECTBYeT HAIJISAHOS BAPbHPOBAHHE B Pa3IMYHBIX KOHTEKCTVAJIbHbLIX CTHJISX, B peun rpymmsl akTepoB H AHKTOPOB (darTBI ynoTpebienus ĮfOJITOTO BapuaHTa (yi. 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PasjimuBoe ynorpeOjieHHe: BapHaHTOB OJIHHX nepeMeHHbiX OOYycJIOBJIHBaeT yrorpeOjieHHe ĮpyrHX IlepeMeHHbIX, O/ĮHakO Ba- PHAHTH! B3aHMO3aMEHHMBI B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT COUMAJBHOH CHTyauuH, TO HOPOXIAeT HMITYJIbC HII HOBOTO BapbHPOBAHMA, 4. Uccnenoparne JIPKJIB moka- 3aJIO, 9TO BCe ee doHerH4ecKHe OCOOEHHOCTH HMEIOT COOTBETCTBHA B JIHTOBCKHX ropopax HJIH HaOmIOJArOTCA B peuK NnpejicTaBHTeJIeii IIOTpaHH9HBIX TOBODpOB, ak- THBHLIX KOHTAKTHBEIX OHJIHHTBOB. Š. Hambonee XapakTepHbIMH 4epTaMH BOKa- jšmaMa JIPKJIB cnenyer cYATaTh TeHACHUHIO YKOPAYMBAHHS JIOJITHX HAIpAXCEKH- HBX TIJIACHbIX B HeyJapHOW TO3HIKHH H YJUIHMHeHHSA KDaTKHX HeHANpSXCHHBIX TJIACHBIX IfOJI YIapeHHUEM. r CITMMCOK JIHTEPATYPBbI Aunpees D. IL, Ocunos I. B. IlociecnoBue. — B xg.: MaTeMaTHIECKHE MeTOJbI B COLHAJISHBIX uaykax | Ilep. c asrn. M., 1973. Amkera „Drcuepr-2“ | MCH AH CCCP. Oxcnepraas cayx6a. — M., 1974, Bean P. Connojnaaraucraxa. Ilemna, Mėerojibi, npoOjeMs1. — M., 1980. Bynaros P. A. 5opsGa nueit m Hanpanp/ieHHė B g35IKO3HAHHH HAWIETO BPEMCHH. — M., 1978, Baiinčepr /Ix., Mymexep x. Craracraxa | Ilep. c aura. — M., 1979. Tapmsa K. Cnorossie akueHTsl B OOHOJIOTH4ecKOHM CHCTEME (Ha MaTepHase JIATOBCKOTO AB35IKA): Kang. mac. — M., 1977. Tackapos /Į. B., [llanosanos B. H. Manas ssibopka. — M., 1977. Tpayjnama JI. K. Bompocs! HopMajiazauHH DYCCKOro s3bika. I paMMATHKA ¥ RADHAHTH. — M., 1980. T pocce P., HoiiGepr A. Te3ncs! K MAPKCHCTCKOM coumonmarsacTake. — B KH.: Teopus H HCTOpHA s35IKO3HAHHA. [Ipobremst 3apyBexnoit commommaraucTuky: Ped. cb. / Ors. pen. A. JĮ. Illseit- uep. — M., 1976. Jlemepnes IO, JĮ. 3axouoMepHocTH| pa3saTaa |) B3auvoOjelicTBHA AILIKOB B COBETCKOM 06- mecrBe. — M., 1966. Jemepues 10. J. Conuansnas jmxkraucragxa. — M., 1977. 3akc JI. Craracrugeckoe oucamsaune | Tlep. c Hem. — M., 1976. 3Berunnes B. A. JTMHrBECTHKA B CHCTEMe HAYK H HCCIENOBATEILCKHX MeTonoB. — B xu.: Haywso« TEXHHUCCKAS DEBOJNIONHS H OYRKUKOHHDOBAHHE s3uikoB Mupa / Ors. pen. H. K. 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VC), rze V = a, e, peamuiyemoit nepex c/10- TOM C KPaTKMM T[JIaCHBIM, TO OT- HOINEHHIO K BO3paCTHbIM (A, As, As) x 06pa3oBaremasiM (C,, Cs, Cs) rpymmaM B cnoBax Zalesnis ,, ¥ RE š (1), mesti, vesti, lesti (2), neka- | AC AL, AL, Al, AL AL, Cs sa (3), baltasis (4) m paima (5), % Ofpazabamenswo-bo3pacmmbie 2pynns: L. GRUMADIENE SOCIOLINGVISTINIS VILNIECIU LIETUVIŲ KALBOS TYRIMAS Reziumė Straipsnyje analizuojamos kelios sociolingvistiniais metodais tirtos vilniečių lietuvių kalbos vokalizmo ypatybės, ieškoma jų įvairavimo priežasčių. Nustatyta, kad vilniečių kalbai yra būdingą tendencija trumpinti nekirčiuotus ilguosius bal- sius ir ilginti kirčiuotus trumpuosius balsius. Tik viena ypatybė (kirčiuotų galūninių trumpųjų ilginimas) tėra būdinga kai kurių dvikalbių pa- niai, tiek socialiniai faktoriai. Pvz., vieni balsių variantai žodyje sąlygoja kitų balsių variantų var- tojimą, bet kitoje sociolingvistinėje situacijoje ištartas tas pats žodis jau gali iš esmės skirtis. Ieškant vilniečių lietuvių kalbos dėsningumų, buvo pasinaudota statistiniais metodais ir įrodyta, kad kal- bos įvairavimui didelę įtaką turi tėvų tarmės ir sąmoninga vertybinė kalbos orientacija, taip pat amžius ir išsilavinimas. L. GRUMADIENĖ A SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY OF LITHUANIAN SPOKEN IN VILNIUS Summary The sociolinguistic variances of Lithuanian spoken in Vilnius were studied. Special attention was paid to the vocalism. Over 70 informants were examined and their speech was thoroughly in- vestigated using a complex of methods and technique. The average value of sound frequencies was calculated and estimated in order to evaluate the role of some social and linguistic factors. 13 graphs and 2 tables are introduced to simplify the discussion. The existence of some systematically appearing sociolinguistic variances and their close connection with sociolinguistic norms have been established. It might be concluded from the data obtained that the great variance of the urban language is due to the influence of the social factors, and that the main linguistic characteristics of Lithuanian spoken in Vilnius are similar to those known in the Lithuanian dialects.