Мотивированный и арбитрарный термин в эстонской терминологии

OocoGeHHO B iHAJIEKTaX, OHO Yallle CTOHT'B dOopMe reHHTHBA. B TEpMHHOJIOTHH xe, Hanp., HAHMEHOBAHHA BCEX BH/IOB H NOJABHIOB CBA3H 06pa30BaHHl MO OjĮ- HOM H TOH Xe CJIOBO006pa30BaTeJIbHOH MOJIeJIH: HAHMeHOBAHHe CpejlcTBA CBS- 3H B HMeHHTeJIbHOM Majexe -+-cJIOBO side «cBaA3b»: elekterside, laserside, postside, raadioside, selektorside, telefonside, telegraafside, teletaipside, traatside. MOTHBHPOBaHHOCTh B TEPMHHOJIOTHH GHIBaeT JABOSKON: MopdeMHO# u ce- mantuyeckoi. [lpn MopdemMHO#i MOTHBHPOBAHHOCTH CJIOBO HJIH CJIOBOCOYE- TaHHe, QYHKUHOHHDPYIOLUIEE B POH TEPMHHA, COCTOHT H3 HECKOJBKHX MOD- dem, BbIGOp KOTOPHIX 3aBHCHT OT HX 3HaueHHs. MoppemHas MOTHBHDPOBaH- HOCTb MNPOSIBJIAETCS, BO-NEPBHIX, B CJAOXKHBIX cJoBax: foorvask — mopdembl toor u vask «4epHoBasi Meab», raadiosolm — mopdemnl raadio u solm «pa- Anoysen»; tolmukogur — xopuessie Mmopdemul folmu u kog, cyhdukcanpuas Mopdema ur «nbiJieyJIOBHTEJIb», BO-BTOPHIX, B MPOH3BOAHLIX CJIOBax: salves- tus — xkopHeBasi mopdema salve u cydOĖuKcaJibHbIe Mopdembl St H us «3a- nucb», veetustamine — KopHeBasi Mopdema vee u cyhduKcaabHble MOpheMBl tu, sta, mine, nu, B-TpeTbHX, B cJoBocoyeTanusix: vaba keha «cpob6oanoe Te- Jao», vahi all «nox crpaxeii». MoOTHBHPOBAaHHOCTH CJIOBOCOYETAHHH paccMaTpHBaeTCA O6GBIYHO KAK TpeTHĖŪ THI — KaK CHHTaKcH4YecKass MOTHBHpOBaHHOcTb. Hanp., B. II. Jlannaenko cynTaer HauboJsiee OGbeKTHBHbIM Bhije/eHHe CJIOBOOGpa30BATEJIbHO-MOp(DO- JIOTHYECKOro, CHHTAKCHUECKOTO H CeMaHTHYECKOro THMOB MOTHBHPOBAHHOCTH !. Dro, HaBepHOe, H OGBEKTHBHO C TOYKH 3peHHS PYCCKoro S3bIKa. C TOUKH JKe 3peHHsI SCTOHCKOrO si3blKa HeT HeoOXOAHMOCTH OCOGO BHIIENATH CHHTAK- CHYECKYI0 MOTHBHPOBaHHOCTb. MopdemHast MOTHBHPOBAaHHOCTb NPHMEHHMA TaKXe No OTHONIEHHIO K caoBocoveTanuto. Hanp., naps TEpMHHOB absoluutne korgus wu absoluutkorgus (o6a «aGcosioTHas BHCOTa»), esmane t66tlus wu esmastiotlus (o6a «nepsuuHasi o6paboTka»), iūhes vahetuses 166, ihe va- hetusega t66 nu ithevahetuseline t66 (B pycckom fi3blKe TaKxe «paboTa B OJi- Hy CMeHy, OJlHOCMeHHas pabota»). TarHe rmapbi CJOBOCOYETAHHS H CJOXK- HOro cJIOBa SIBJISIIOTCSI HACTOJBKO CBOOGOAHO yepeayIOIIHMHCSH (DOpMAJIbHLIMH BapHAHTAaMH, YTO He TpeGyjOT pa3/IHYeHHs MO THIY MOTHBHPOBaHHOCTH. Mop- (eMHass MOTHBHPOBAHHOCTb B 3CTOHCKOR TEDMHHOJIOTHH OCHOBHAS, MO CBOEMY CONEPIKAHHIO OHA HABJAETCS CJAOBOOOGPA30BATENBHON MOTHBHPOBAHHOCTHIO, K TOMY Je 3CTOHCKOoe cJioBooGpas3oBaHHe OYeHb Goraro. OcranoBHMCSI BKpaTIle H Ha CEMAHTHYECKOH MOTHBHPOBAHHOCTH TEDMHHOB B 3CTOHCKOM S13bIKe. CJIOB, CTABINHX TepMHHAMH B pe3yJbTaTe CeMaHTHYe- CKOro mnepeHoca, Cpe 3CTOHCKHX TepMHHOB ĮĮOBOJIbHO MHOro?, [lpm stom HCTOYHHKAMH CJYXHJIH Kak OOIeJHTepaTypPHBIH SI3bIK H TePMHHOJEKCHKA JIPYrHX CrleuHanbHOCTeH, Tak H AHajJeKkThl. Hanp., o6meantepatypHoe CJIOBO ergastama ynorpe6JaseTcs B TEPMHHOJOTHH aTOMHOIT OH3HKH «BO36YXKAaTh i Naunaenko B. Il. Pycckas TepMHHOMOrHA/ONKBT JHHIBHCTHYECKOrO OMHCAHHS.— M, 1977, c. 63. ? Cm. 06 stom: Erelt T. Eesti oskuskeel.— Tallinn, 1982, lk. 34—35, 75, 98. 157 TepMHHbI H CBOEsi3bIYHBIE NMOJIYMOTHBHPOBaHHBIE HOBbIE OCHOBbI. H, HaKOHelL, Ha JIeBOH CTOPOHE WIKaJIbl CTOAT AapOHTpapHbIe TePMHHBI — HHOA3BIYHBIE Tep- MHHbI, Ga3HpylOLIHeCA HA A3BIKAX, KOTODbIMH He BJIA/IEIOT, H CBOEA3bIYHbIE HOBBIe OCHOBBI. Takum 06pa3oM, MOTHBHPOBAHHOCTL Ha TOM ILIKajge, Kak BOOGllle Bce BeJHYHHBI Ha LUKAJIAX, pacTeT cjeBa Hanpaso. Kakomy repMHHy 0T/aBath NMpeAnodTeHHe, MOTHBHPOBAHHOMY HJIH apOHT- PapHOMY — y3/10BOi BONDOC TepMHHOJOrHH. [JlaBHOE NpPEeHMyIIeCTBO MOTH- BHPOBAHHOTO TEPMHHA — NPO3PAYHOCTb MOHATHS. OJHAKO ake MOTHBHPO- BaHHbliį TEPMHH He MOXKET 3aMeHHTb ĮĮEOHHHIIHIO, TAK KaK JIIJOGON TepMHH HMEET CBOH TpaHHiIlbi B BLIDAXKEHHH TNOHATHA. MOTHBHPOBAHHBIE TEDMHHbI Anuunee, ueM apGurpapueie. Muorna cucrematnueckas nepejaya BH/IOBBIX NOHATHH MOXKeT IIOBJIe4b 3a co6oii 06pa30BaHHe HENPAKTHUHBIX, TDOMO3/IKHX TepMHHOB. EcJių Takoii TepMHH 4acToTeH, TO BO3HHKaeT NOTPeGHOCTb B 3a- Mene ero Gosiee KpaTkuM. Bosmoxunl caeayiomue nyrn. Bo-nepBhix, MOXKHO ONYCTHTb BHIO0BOe OTJIHYHe. B Takom ciyuae TepMHH coxpanser OOpMAJIL- HYIO CBfI3b C HCXOJHBIM BbIipa:xxeHHeM, HO CTAHOBHTCH 3aBHCHMBIM OT KOHTEK- cra. Bo-BTOpHIX, JUJIHHHbIf SICHO MOTHBHPOBAHHEI TEDMHH MOXKHO 32MeHHTb GoJiee KpaTKHM, ciiabee MOTHBHPOBAHHBIM TEDMHHOM, T. €. CJIOBOCOYETAHHE HJIH CJIOJKHOE CJIOBO — IIPOHM3BOJHBIM CJIOBOM, Hamp., BMecto sulavelement — su- lar «nnaBKkasi BcTaBKa, IUJIaBKHĖ 3J€MEHT», BMecTo sdOteseade — sé0tur «nu- Tarelb», BMecto nihkmooteriist — nihik «mranrenunupkyJib>. H, B-TpeTbHX, JUIKHHHbIĖ TEDMHH MOXHO 3aMeHHTb KpPaTKHM apOHTpapHkbiM. B mnocaennem ciyuae Tepaercs CBA3b C HCXOJAHOI (OPMOMH, HO COXpaHSEeTCH HE3aBHCHMOCTH TepMHHa OT KOHTeKcTa: elekironarvuti=raall «3BM>», pdlevkivituhkbe- toon=kukeroon «caaHue30JbHBII GETOH», ristvilja-masinvéimendi=ampli- didn <aMnauauns. B TakuX CHHOHHMHYHBIX Napax JAOMYCTHME 06a TEpMHHA. Ilojo6Has cHHOHMMHS B PAKTHKE He NMPHYHHSAET HHKAKOrO Bpejla, a, Hao6o- POT, 4acTo cMArdyaer IpOTHBOpe4He MEXK/IY CIIOCOGHOCTbIO BHIPAKEHHS H CIO- COGHOCTBIO KOMMYHHKATHBHOCTH TepMHHA. JIJs MOCTPOEHHS TeKCTa HeoGXo- AuMbl 06a BapHauTta: molekulaarkvanigeneraator w maser, moaexyaspuoLs KBAHTOBGLI 2exneparop Hu masep. Bonpoc 0 cooTHOUIEHHH MOTHBHPOBAHHBIX H apOHTpapHbIX TEPMHHOB S;B- JIETCs B 3HAUKTEJIbHONK CTENeHH BONpOCOM O TOM, KOTOPYIO H3 JIBYX MaMsTeil 3arpyxaTb — ONepaTHBHYIO HJM nocTosiHHylo. Hanp., MOTHBHpOBAHHbIf Tep- MHH frikitiibi jalas tdhepildist iiles—uvoi allapoole ulatuv osa «3anneunku JIHTEPBI» 3arpyxaeT ONepaTHBHYIO NaMsTh, apOHTPAPHBIl Simik — NOCTOSH- Hylo. lis o6JerdeHust 3arpy3kH ONepaTHBHON MaMsATH SI3bIK BBOAHT B Jeii- CTBHE HOBBIE CJIOBA, KOTOPble HEOGXOJIHMO 3a(HKCHPOBAThH B NMOCTOSIHHON Na- MSTH. BBejenne HOBOro cJiOBa ONPAaBAaHO B TOM CJyuae, eCJH OHO CHOCOG- CTBYeT SKOHOMHH B MbilleHHH. Hanp., onpasaaso BBe/leHHe HOBON OCHOBHI Kak CBOSI3bIYHOM, TaK H HHOA3BIYHOMN, eCJIH MPH MOMOILH 3TOfl OCHOBH MOX- HO TNOJYYHTb HECKOJbKO HYXKHBIX TEPMHHOB — MPOH3BOAHBIX H CJOXKHBIX CJIOB, CJIOBOCOYETAHHH, B KOTOPHIX B KauecTBe OJHOrO KOMIOHEHTa BHICTY- naer aTa ocHosa. HoBoii OcCHOBORN HeOOXOAHMO TMOJIb30BATbCH ONTHMAJIbHO. 159