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Пары своеязычных и инородных терминов (многоаспектный анализ)

Хенн Саари

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MOKSLO KALBOS KULTŪROS IR TERMINOLOGIJOS PROBLEMOS LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XXIV(1985) XEHH CAAPH NAPbI CBOESA3BIYHBIX H HHOPOJIHbIX TEPMHHOB (MHOTOACINEKTHbIH AHAJIU3)! CnoBa, KOTOphle 0GBIYHO HA3bIBAIOTCH «HHOCTPAHHBIMHY», «HHOS3BIYHBIMHY, «MEeXK/AYHAPOAHBIMH» (COOTBETCTBYIOUIHe MNOHATHA He COBNAAalOT MOJHO- CTbIO), Cc TOYKH 3peHHs COBPEMEHHOro 3CTOHCKOro si3blka yaoOHee xapakre- pH30BaTh He MO NpH3HAKY NMPOHCXOXK/EHHS, a, Npex/le BCero, mo CTPYKTyp- HBIM NpH3HaKaMm. MOXKHO nojJiaraTb, YTO Ta UacCTb 3aHMCTBOBAHHOrO CJIOBeC- Horo MaTepHaja, KOTopas OTJHYAeTCs ONpejeJIeHHbIMH CTPYKTYPHBIMH OCO- OeHHOCTAMH, HECBOHCTBEHHBIMH HCKOHHOH 3CTOHCKOH JIEKCHKE, B CO3HAHHH H KOMIETeHI HH HOCHTeJeil 3bikKa OO6pa3yeT 4eTKO OrpaHHYeHHYIO Tpynmy, B TO BpeMsi Kak 3aMMCTBOBaHHA 0e3 TaKHX NPH3HAKOB HEYeTKO OTJIHYAIOTCH HJIH BOBCE He OTJIHYAIOTCS OT HCKOHHOFO MarepuaJa. 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Eesti oskuskeel.— Tallinn: Valgus, 1982, Ik. 75. "Keurko M. C. Tepmun B mayunom aoxkymente.— JibBoB: Bana wKoaa, 1976, c. 69; lanuaenko B. II. ¥Ykas. cou, c. 210. ; 125