К проблеме относительного значения латышского прилагательного с суффиксом «-isk-»

MOKSLO KALBOS KULTŪROS IR TERMINOLOGIJOS PROBLEMOS LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XXIV(1985) CAPMHTE JIAT3JIHHS K MPOBJIEME OTHOCHTEJIbHOTO 3HAUEHHS JIATbILICKOTO NMPHJIATATEJIBHOIO C CY®PUKCOM -/SK- Ilpusararejibubie, 06pasoBaHHbIe OT OCHOBEI CYIIECTBHTEJNBHOrO MPH TO- mous cyddurca -isk- (COOTBETCTBYIOIIEr0 PYCCKOMY -CK- H HEMEIKOMY -isch), H3/aBHA COCTABJSIOT NMPOAYKTHBHENIIHI THI NPHJIATaTEeJbHBIX B Ja- THIIICKOM S3bIKe. OCOGEHHO BO3POCJa HX AKTHBHOCTb B NOCJENHEee BpeMs, H BMECTe C TEM BHOBb aKTyaJIbHOH CTAaHOBHTCS NOJHOCTHIO elle He pelleHHas npoGieMa 3HAYEHHS MPHJIATATENBHOTO C Cy(pdHKCOM -isk-, KOTOpasi JaBHO NPHBJIEKAaeT BHHMAHHe JIATbINICKHX A3BIKOBENOB (B HCTOPHYECKOM INJIAHe HJIH B aCleKTe CeMaHTHUeCKOH ĮAKnOĖepeHuHALHH MEeXKAY NpHJIATATEJIbHLIMH C cyppurcom -isk- H cydOĖOuHKcoM -ig- HJIH TEHHTHBOM CylnlecTBHTeJIbHOTO) |. Ojinako Bonpoc O KauecTBEHHOCTH HJIH OTHOCHTEJIbHOCTH STHX NpHJIATATeJIb- HHIX OGBIYHO OCOGO He BHIJEJAAeTCS, XOTS IpOOJIEMATHUHOR SBJISECTCA HMEH- HO OTHOCHTeJIbHasi PYHKUHSA NPHJIAraTeJbHOrO. Baaropaps csoemy OOmeMy 3HAYeHHIO — 3HAYEHHIO OTHONICHHS — NPHJIA- ratesqbHOe C cydHKcoM -isk- coBmemaer B cefe Kak KauyeCTBEHHBI, TaK H OTHOCHTEJbHBIH acrnekThl. OjįHaKO B XO/le¢ Pa3BHTHSI JIATbINICKOTO SI3HIKA HeKOr/[a CYylueCTBOBABINHe B HEM HEMHOTOYHCJICHHBIE OTHOCHTEJIbHEIe npH- JIaraTeJIbHbIe C 3THM CYyOOHKCOM HCUe3JIH H HX DyHKIKHIO B35JI Ha cebs re- HHTHB CYymMmecTBHTeJIbHOTO?*. B pe3yJibTaTe Ha COBpeMeHHOM 3Tane pa3BHTHSA Sį3bIKAa HCKOHHO JIATHILICKHE NNIpHJIaraTeJIbHbIe Ha -iSk- (T. e. 06pa30BaHHbIe OT OCHOBBI CVINECTBHTEJIbHOTO JIATbINICKOTO MPOHCXOXK/AEHHS) Bcer/la HMEIOT OoJIee HJIH MeHee SIPKO BbIpaxeHHOe KauecTBeHHOe 3HaueHHe. DTO MOXKHO HATrMJIAJIHO IIOKA3aTb C MOMOMLIbI0 CpaBHeHHA AHAJIOTHYHBIX IIpHJIATATEJIbHbIX 'Cm., Hanp.: Blinkena A. Parmainas ekvifunkcionalo atributivo determinantu lie- tojuma latviešu valoda.— Baltistica, II priedas. V., 1977, 20.—25. Ipp.; Endzelins J. DaZadas valodas klūdas.— Riga, 1928, 9.—10. Ipp.; Endzelins J. Jaunu vardu radi- tajiem.— Darbu izlase. Riga, 1980, t. 3, 2. d., 398 Ipp.;Endzelins J, Milenbahs K. Latviešu gramatika.— Riga, 1907, 35.—36. Ipp.; Kikauka P. Piezimes par dažiem latviešu valodas labojumiem.— Riga, 1937, 82.—86. Ipp.; Milenbahs K. Daži' jauta- jumi par latviešu valodu. 2. burtn.— Riga, 1893, 21.—39.; 43.—46.; 62.—67. Ipp.; Mūs- dienu latviešu literaras valodas gramatika.— Riga, 1959, 1. d., 252.—268. Ipp.; Saule- Sleine M. Par sufiksa -isk- formu un ta leksiski gramatiskam funkcijam (it seviški baltu un slavu valodas).— Veltijums akadėmikim Janim Endzelinam 1873—1973.— Ri- ga, 1972, 225.—252. Ipp.; Valodas un rakstibas jautajumi.— Riga, 1940, 9.—10. pp. Cm: Endzelins J. Latvieši un vipu valoda.— Darbu izlase. Riga, 1979, t. 3, 1. d., 509. Ipp. 100 B JIATbIlICKOM HM PYCCKOM S13bIKAX, Hamnp.: NpHJIaraTeJIbHOe dzivniecisks or cymecTBHTeJIibHOTrO dzitnieks «XHBOTHOE» HMeeT KauecTBeHHOe 3HaueHHe «NOJIOOHbIH, CBOKCTBEHHbIĄ XHBOTHOMY>», HO HE HMEET YHCTO OTHOCHTEJIbHOTO 3HaUeHHA «OTHOCSAWIHACSH K XHBOTHOMY»; TNMpHJIaraTejibHOe Rundzisks OT kungs «6apun>» nuMeeT KauecTBeHHOe 3HaueHHe «TAKOKH, Kak y GapuHa, xa- pakTepHnbIė Aas 6GapHHa, BbiCcOKOMeDpHbIH, HAjIMEHHbIH>, HO y HerO HeT YHCTO OTHOCHTEJIbHOTO 3HAUCHHS XOTHOCSHAINIHHOCHA K GapHHYy, NpHHAJIJIeXAIIIHįĄ Ga- puny». OrHocnTejJibHbIie 3HAUCHHS, HMEIOLIHECS B pyCCKOM f3bIKe, B JIATbillI- CKOM BbIpa>xKAIOTCHA C TIOMONbIO TEHHTHBA CVINleCTBHTEJIbHOTO; KHANp., pyc- CKOMY JKUBOTHbLĖĖ MuUp 'COOTBETCTBYeT JaThilicKoe dzivnieku valsts win dzivnieku pasaule, pycckomy bapckuii 0om — naTHUICKOe Rungu maja. H3 ckasanHOro caeayer, 4To B CJIOBOO0G6pa30BaTeJIbHOH CHCTEMe COBpe- MEHHOTO JIATbINICKOTO si3blKa IIpHJIAaraTeJIbHOe ¢ cydhdukcom -isk- sasasercs KaueCTBEHHBIM, He TPEeAnoJaraloniHM YHCTO OTHOCHTeEJIbHOTO 3HAUeHHSA; ac- MEeKT OTHOCHTEJIbHOCTH B HEM COXPaHfETCS TOJIbKO B BHJAe (OHOBOro 3nave- HHS OTHOLUCHHSI. H Bce xe B COBpeMEHHOM JIATHIMICKOM $3bIKE HMEETCs Ipymnna npHjara- TeJIbHbIX C CypHKCOM -iSk-, ynoTpeGasieMblX B (PYHKIHH OTHOCHTEJIbHOTO NPHJIAraTeJbHOrO H C TOYKH 3peHHSA A3bIKOBONH CHCTeMBI AyGJHPYIOUIHX (PYHK- I[HI0 TEHHTHBA MOTHBHPYIOMEro CyIIECTBHTENbHOr0. ITO CJIOBA HHOS3BIYHOrO NPOHCXOXK/AECHHS C TEPMHHOJIOTHYECKHM XapaKTepoM, TakKHe Kak geomelrisks «reoMeTpHuYecKHii» Han Rlimalisks «kKauMaTHYecKHii» H T. II. BoJablIHHCTBO H3 HHX 3AaHMCTBOBAHbI H3 JPYIHX SI3BIKOB B BHJ/Ie TOTOBBHIX JIEKCHYECKHX €/H- HHIL HJIH JIEKCHKO-CeMaHTHYECKHX BAPHAHTOB HJIH JlaiKe B BH/le KOMIIOHEHTOB KOHKPeTHBIX CJIOBOCO4eTaHHH (uanp., briziska cirkulacija «GpusoBas uHP- Kyasuusi»). XoTs B CHTYallHH BO3pacTalomlero noToka HHGOPMAalHH H pocTa BceoGleii 06pa3soBaHHOCTH MHOTHE H3 CJIOB 3TOf TPyMNIbl CTAJIH AOCTOSHHEM OOmeynOoTpeOHTEJIbHOH JIEKCHKH JIAaTHIIICKOTO $i3blKa, BCE Xe BCE OHH I0- SIBHJIHCb Ha CBeT B c(epe TEPMHHOJOTHH HJIH HMEIOT TePMHHOJOTHYeCKH XapakTep. Takne OoTHOCHTeJbHBIE NpHJAaraTelbHble ¢ cyQHHKCOM -isk- B cOBpeMmeH- HOM JIATHILUCKOM $I3bIKE COCTABJISIOT ĮOBOJIbHO OGLIHPHYIO TPYMNy, KOTOpas NOJ\ BJHSAHHEM KOHTAKTHPYIOIUHX $3HIKOB INOCTOSIHHO TNOMOJIHSETCS HOBBIMH CJIOBAMH, B TO JKe BpeMsi Kak cama MOJIEJIb JepHBAlHH OTHOCHTEJbHBIX MPH- JlaraTeJbHBIX Ha -iSR- no CyllecTBY OCTaJjach YyXKJA0# CJIOBOOOpa30BAaTEJIb- HOH CHCTeMe JIaTHILICKOro si3biKa. JiHurb B OT/eJIbHbIX cay4asix B chepe Tep- MHHOJIOTHH CO3/1al0TCSi HOBbIe NPHJIAraTeJbHble C OTHOCHTEJIbHbIM 3HAYEHHEM Ha OCHOBE CYNIECTBHTEJBHBIX JIATbINICKOTO NPOHCXOXKACHHS, Hanp.: laicisks or laiks «ppemsi» (laiciska kvantéSana «KBaHTOBaHHE BO BPeMeHH»); vil- nisks or vilnis «Bosna» (vilniskais ciklons «uHKNOH BOAHOBOI»). A TepMH- HOCHCTEMBI, KaK H3BECTHO, B 3HAUHTEJIbHOH CTeneHH OGOCOOJIEHHbi H HMEIOT CBOH CcNenHOHUeCcKHe 3aKOHB (Hanp. TpeGOBaHHE OJ HO3HAYHOCTH TEPMHHA Jaxe BHe KOHTEKCTa, TpeGOBaHHe NapajHrMaTHYECKOH CHCTEMHOCTH B Ipe- JAesax TEpMHHOJIOTHH OnpejieJIieHHONH OTPacJH H ONpejJ1eJIeHHOTO si3blKa, TeH- 101 MOJIEJIH NpensTCTBYeT BOCTPHSATHIO TAKHX NpHJIAaTraTeJIbHbIX B KauecTse HODp- MATHBHbIX;į BMECTO HHX PEKOMEHJyeTcsi ynOTpeOJIeHHe reHHTHBA: nemt Vera ainavas kontekstu, ietilpt neliela telpas vieniba, valsts mėroga uzdevumi. 2. ITpunaraTeJbHBIM Ha -iSk- B JIATbINICKOM S513bIKe HEBO3MOXKHO BbIpa3HTb KOHKDETHbIe YHCTO NpeAMEeTHbie OTHOLICHHS MPHTSAXKATeNbHOCTH, npejiMeTa H MaTepHaJa, MpeAMeTa H COJepIKaHus, AeHCTBHS HJIH pe3yJibTaTa AeHCTBHA H cyGbeKTa HAH OOBEKTa, MOCKOJIbKY B CBs3H C 00si3aTeJbHOH KauecTBeH- HOCTBIO JIATbILICKOTO NIpHJIAraTeJIbHOTO B HEM MPOHCXOJHT HeH3GOexHblli OT- HIB OT UHCTOI TPeAMETHOCTH, 3HaUeHHe ero Bcerja Gojee HH MeHee aGcT- parHpoBaHO OT npeaMera, 0603HaYaeMOro MOTHBHPYIOHMIHM CYILIECTBHTE]b- HsIM. HeymecTHOCTb aTpHOYTHBHOrO OTHOIIGHHS, BbipaxaeMOro TpH/Iara- TeJbHBIM, OOBIYHO BHISIBJSETCS yXKe B NIpejleJiaX CJ0BOCOYETaHHS, Hamp.: aktieriskais ansamblis «akTepckuii aHcaM6JIb>, T. e. «aKTephl»; kRomunistis- ka celtnieciba «CTPOHTENLCTBO KOMMyHH3Ma»; melaliska pile «merainnue- cKaf Kamas», T. €. «Kamis MeTAJIJIa>; npasuabHo: aktieru ansamblis, ko- munisma celtnieciba, metala pile ¢ reHHTHBOM cymlecTBHTeabHOro. Muoraa BCe Xe OmHOKa pacKpbiBaeTCHS TOJIbKO B GoJiee LIHPOKOM KOHTEKCTE — CJIO- BOCOUYETaHHE caMO No CeGe BO3MOXKHO, OJHAKO ero CMbICJ He COOTBETCTBYET CMBICJIy JIaHHOTO NpeAJIOXKeHHs, Hamp.: [ugas rezisoriskais traktejums «pe- JKHCCepCKasi TpaKTOBKA Mbechl» B TeKCTe, Ile HMeeTCA B BHAY TPaKTOBKa, JaHHas Tbhece KOHKPETHBHIM pexHccepoM (Cp. ¢ KauyeCTBEHHBIM 3HAYCHHEM «TPAKTOBKA, NOJAYHHSIONIAs BCE KOMIOHEHTH MIOCTAHOBKH €JHHOMY 3aMbICJY pexxccepa>). 3. He pekoMenjtyeTc1 ynotpeGjeHHe JIEKCHKO-CEMaHTHYECKHX BapHAHTOB C OTHOCHTEJIBHBIM 3HAUCHHEeM, ECJIH NpHJIAaraTeJIbHOe yXKe HMEeT crabuibHOE KauecTBeHHOe 3HaueHHe C SIPKO BbipaxXKEHHbIM OIEHOYHBIM XapaKTepoM — OLIEHOYHOCTb NMPENSATCTBYET HeHTpAJIbHOMY BOCHPHSTHIO OTHOCHTEJBHOrO ac- neKTa NMPHJIAraTeJbHOro jake B cJayyasix, KOrja KOHTEKCT CHHMaeT NMOHATHMH- HYI0 MHOTO3HA4YHOCTb, Hamp.: logiskie darbi «Tpyas no Jjoruke» (cp. c Ka- yeCTBEHHBIM 3HaUeHHeM npuiarartesnbHoro logisks «aornunblii»); plakatiska maksla «uCKyccTBO mjakata» (Cp. ¢ KauecTBeHHbIM 3HaueHHeM TpHJjara- trenbHoro plakatisks «noBepxHOCTHEI, OGe3blaeiinblii»). Bojee npaBHJIb- Ho: darbi logika, plakata maksla wan npocto plakats. TlporuBopeune Mex/ly OGOHMH 3HaYeHHAMH OCOGEHHO SIPKO YYBCTBYETCSl B IpHJaraTesbHbIX JIATbILICKOTO NMPOHCXOXKAEHHS, Hanp.: dzejiskas formas meistars «mactep NMO3THYECKOH GOOpMbI> (Cp. ¢ KauecTBEeHHbIM 3HaueHHeM TpHJIATATeJIbHOTO dzejisks «nO3THYHBINY). 4. Bce xe Hallo npH3HATb, UTO B GOJIBIIHHCTBE CJIy426B JIATbINICKHE OT- HOCHTeJIbHbIe TNpHJaraTejibHble, B3siThle Ka)KJ0€ B OT/AEJbHOCTH, HE BbI3biI- BAalOT KOHKDETHbIX BO3paxxeHHH. ĮIpHeMJIEMbIM OOGBIYHO SIBASIETCH TaKkKe ynorpebJieHHe HX B JIaHHOM CJIOBOCOYETAHHH H B JIAHHOM IPEAJIOKEHHH, 10- CKOJIbKY MHOTHE OTHOIUEHHS OObEKTHBHONH JEHCTBHTEJLHOCTH MOXKHO Npej- CTaBHThb B S51i3bIKe B BHJe aTPHOYTHBHOro oTHOuweHHst. OnaceHHs BHI3BIBAeT Apyroe siBjieHHe — GYpHbIf POCT UacTOTbI THX IIpHJIATATEJIbHbIX B PeuH, 0CO- 104 6eHHo B ra3eTHbIX TeKCTaX H HAayUHO-IIONYJIApHORH JIHTEpPAType Mo BOMpocam o6lIecTBEHHBIX H TyMAHHTADHbIX HayK. C TeopeTHYEeCKOH TOUKH 3PEHHS OT- HOCHTeJIbHbIe NpHJaraTeJibHble, QYHKIUHOHHPYIOUIHE NapajJiesbHO C JIpyTHMH SI3bIKOBBIMH Cpe/JĮCTBAMH, Kak OyATO ĮOJIXXHbI OGOraTHTb S513bIK, PACUIHPHTH BO3MOJKHOCTH BbIpa)KeHHSl H CIIOCOOCTBOBATb NMOHATHHHONH TOYHOCTH TEKCTA. Oanako B NpakTHKe UacTO HMeeT MeCTO HeKPHTHYeCKOe OTHONIEeHHe K OTHO- CHTEJIbHbIM IIpHJIATATEJIbHbIM Ha -isk-. Jlannble npujaraTtejbHble SIBJSAIOTCS Kak Obl «3aHMCTBOBAHHLIMH» OČINeyNOTpeOHTEJIbHbIM A3BIKOM H3 COepbi Tep- MHHOJIOTHH, Te OHH (YHKUHOHHPYIOT OOLIYHO B COCTaBe KOHKPETHHIX Tep- MHHOJIQrHYECKHX CJOBOCOYETaHHH. A TEPMHHOJIOTHYECKOe CJOBOCOYETaHHE HMEeT CTPOro onpejeeHHblii pedepeHT BO BHEA3HIKOBOiH JleKHCTBHTEJIbHOCTH, H NpHJaraTeJibHOe B HEM BHINOJHSAET TJIABHbIM 00pasoM (YHKIHIO CPeACTBa HNEHTHOKHKAIHH, KJacCH(pHKAIHH, OrpaHHUeHHA o6beMa NOHATHS, 0603Ha- YaeMOro onpejeasieMbiM CYIIeCTBHTEJbHBIM, a He CPe/ICTBA XapaKTepH3allHH, Kak B CBOOOJAHOM CJIOBOCOYETAHHH; TEPMHHOJIOTHYECKOE CJOBOCOYETaHHEe BOCNIPHHHMAETCS B I€JOM, KaK HejleJHMas JIeKCHYeCKasi ejįHHHIIa, B KOTO- poit cemanTHuecKasi (YHKIHs OTJIEJIbHOTO KOMIOHEHTa (NnpHJIaraTeJIbHOTO) ABJsgeTcs OCJIaOJIeHHONH. Įlepexojis B chepy oGuteynoTpeOHTEJIbHOTO f13bIKA, OTHOCHTEJIbHbIe TIpHJIA- TraTeJibHbIie YaCcTO HAYHHAIOT BOCHPHHHMATBHCA KaK CAMOCTOSTEJIbHbIe JIEKCH- UeCcKHe eJHHHIbI, CIIOCOOHbIe ¢BOGOAHO COUeTATbCH C JIOOBIM MOAXOASIIHM (HJIH Kak GYATO NOJIXOJISIIHM) CYNIEeCTBHTEJIbHbIM H BbIDaXKATb JI060€ aTpH- GyTHBHOe OTHONIeHHe. OjiHAKO y CBOGOJIHbIX CJIOBOCOUeTaHHH B CO3HAHHH HOCHTeJIeH s3blKa He OHKCHpOBAaHa NOCTOSHHAS CBA3b C ONpejlejIeHHbIM pe- (epeHTOM B OObeKTHBHONH JeHCTBHTEJIbHOCTH, a C CEMaHTHYECKOii TOYKH 3pe- HHS aTpHOYTHBHOE OTHOIIEHHE, BhIpaKaeMoe OTHOCHTEJbHBIM MpHJararesb- HBEIM, SIBJISIETCH OYeHb O0OOIIeHHLIM, HEKOHKpeTH3HpOBAHHbIM. B pe3yjibTA- Te JTOTO IpH BKJIOUCHHH OTHOCHTeJIbHbIX TIDpHJIATATEJIbHbIX B obuieynorpe- OMTEJbHBIH S135IK BMECTO TOYHOCTH YacTO TMOJy4Yaercs HeuTO TMpsMO NPOTHBOMOJIOXKHOE — NOHATHIHAA pPacnJBIBYaTOCTh, MNYCTOCJOBHE, Hamp., NCEeBAOTEPMHHOJIOTHYECKHE CJIOBOCOYeTaHHsI Ge3 KOHKpPeTHOro cmbicaa: alko- holisks bojdjums «ankoroJibuoe NOBpexAeHHe», demografiska riciba «ne- Morpaguyeckoe NOBejieHHet; «IyCThie» onpeaeseHns, AyOaupyiomue HHOOD- MAIIHIO, OJHO3HAYHO BBITEKAIOWYI0O H3 KOHTeKcTa: aufores pogtiskais stils «MO3THYECKHH CTHJIb aBTOpPa» B pPeleH3HH O COOPHHKEe CTHXOB, augsti spor- tiskie rezultali «BHICOKHE CIOPTHBHbIE Pe3yJbTaThl» B HHOOPMAUHH O CHOP- THBHBIX COCTSI3aHHSX; 00Jiee «Bbipa3HTeJIbHOe», HO H GoJiee HeKOHKpeTHOC CJIOBOCOYETAHHE BMECTO OJIHOCJIOBHOrO o0O6GO3HaueHHS: eksfrémistiskie ele- menti «3KCTPEMHCTCKHE 3JIeMeHTbi> BMECTO eRstrémisti «IKCTPeMHCTHI», tautas poeétiska daijrade «HapoaHOe NMO3THYECKOE TBOPUECTBO» BMecTO fau- tasdziesmas «<napojinble necHH>; MHOTO3HAYHLIE ONpejJleJIieHHSA, KaueCTBeHHOC HJIH OTHOCHTEJIbHOE 3HAYeHHe KOTODpLIX He YTOYHSIETCS KOHTEKCTOM: akva- relisks gleznojums «XWBONMHCH, HanoMHHAPINAS AaKBADpeJIb»?, «aKBADpeJIb>?, HT. A 105