Традиция и новаторство в нормализации языка

MOKSLO KALBOS KULTŪROS IR FERMINOLOGIJOS PROBLEMOS LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XXIV(1985) | AMHA BJIMHKEHA TPAAULHUA U HOBATOPCTBO B HOPMAJIU3ALUHU SA3BIKA TIpu paccMoTpeHun mpoGJeMbl HOpMAJIH3aIlIHH S3bIKA OGBIYHO MOAYEPKH- BaeTcsl HEOOXOJIHMOCTb COOJIOAaTh CTPOTYIO CHCTEMY, AOCTHIaTh IOJHOM JIO- THUHOCTH H TOYHOCTH si3bika. Ho, Kak moka3piBaeT mMaTepHaJ si3biKa, He BCE B fI3bIKE NOJYHHSAETCSH CHCTEMHOCTH, HE BCE TYT «JOTHYHO» B IIDAMOM CMBIC- Jie 3TOr0 CJIOBa; HEJLapOM B IpaMMaTHKH BCEX SI3bIKOB BKJIIOUAETCS IEJIbli PSL CIIHCKOB pa3HbIX HCKJIOUEHHI, T. €. CJIOBa, KOTODpbIe He BBOAATCS B CHCTEM- HYIO NapajurMaTHKy H HMEIOT CBOH TpaMMAaTHUecKHe OcoOeHHocTH. Hanp., Jra- Thiickue raaroanl III cnpsixenusi macit, micit, mocit, locit, slodzit, ticit CIpATAIOTCA IIO-pa3HOMY: HET YepeJOBaHHsl COIVIaCHBIX B IJIaroJax macit, micit, tacit (es macu, micu, tūcu, tu maci, mici, tdci, vinš maca, mi- ca, tuca u T. 1.), HO B raaroaax mocit, locil, slodzit ynotpe6asioTcss Kak ¢dopMbl ¢ YepefoBaHHeM COrJIiacHbIx (es moku, loku, slogu; tu moki, loki, slogi; vias moka, loka, sloga...), Tak Hu Gpopmbl 663 uepenoBanus (es mocu, locu, slodzu, tu moci, loci, slodzi; vinš moca, loca, slodza...), xors aute- paTypHOH HOpMOR NpH3HAHbI TOJIbKO (OPMBI C YepeJOBaHHEM COIJIacHOrO. V3BecTHas HeperyJsipHOCTh HabJ0/1aeTCsi HE TOJBKO B MODpOOJIOTHH, HO H B CHHTaKCHCe, B YaCTHOCTH B yIpaBJIeHHH pa3HuX CJIOB. He TOJILKO JIOrHKA rpaMMaTHKH ONpeJessieT TO, YTO MEI TOBOPHM exaT6 Ha Camolrere, Ha TpaM- sae u exars noesdom; npuexaro us Mocksol, us Jlenunepada, HO npuexars ¢ Ypana. CoBepiieHHO He MOAYHHAIOTCS (OPMAJbHOH JOTHYECKOH CHCTeMe Opa3e60JIOTH3MbI, KOTOPHIE HMEIOT «CBOIO JIOTHKY», Hamp., JTuL. saule lec OYKB. COAHYe npbleaer «COJHIIE BOCXOJIHT» H T. JI. O. II. @uaun nucat: «JI3bK-—0co060ro pojta cHcTeMa, B KOTOPO# CHCTEM- HOCTb JHaJEKTHYECKH COYETAETCs C aHTHCHCTEMHOCTBIO, IIpaBHJIA C HCKJIPO- yeHHsAMH. He GBIJIO Obi B 3LIKOBOH cHCTeMe NnpoTHBOpeuHH, OHA Gbljia Obl MEpTBO#l H 3acTbhIBINefN cxeMoii, He CINOCOOHOR K pasBHTHIO H mporpeccy. [To- HATH H OOb;CHHTb YCTPOHCTBO 3TOM NPOTHBOPEUHBOH CHCTEMBI MOXKHO TOJIbKO C IIO3HIHKAĖ AHAJEKTHYECKOrO0 H HCTOPHYECKOro MaTepuaaudma. CHHXpPOHHOE HCCJIeJOBaHHe A3BIKa, BCerja CyllecTBOBaBlIee B SI3bIKO3HAHHH H HeOOXOJIH- MOe JJ MHOTHX HEJIEK, TOJIbKO ONHCbIBaeT ero COCTOsSIHHE, TOTr/la Kak HCTO- pHYECKOe H3yueHHe HMeeT OOBACHHTENbHYIO CHJY, NMOCKOJbKY OHO INOKa3bi- BaeT, UTO NpPeAlIecTBOBAJIO YeMy, NMOYeMy HpOHCXOJIHKJIH HJIH MPOHUCXOAAT Te HJIH HHBIE H3MEHeEHHSA, IIOUCMY $I3BIK CTAJI TEM, KAKHM MBI ero 3Haem» |. i Ounun O. II. O6 akTyaasHHX 3ajįjauax COBeTCKOro s3miko3Hauus.— BS, 1981, Ne 1, c. 5. 22 JlutoBckuii si3biKOBejį Ilsatpac Flonukac eme B 1937 r.2 nonuepruBaJi He- 06XOAHMOCTb COTVIACOBAHHS COLHAJIbHBIX H HHAMBHAYaJbHBIX (DaKTOPOB AJ JIOCTHIKEHHSI TaKOH JIHTepaTypPHOH HOPMBI, KOTOpasi Obljia GB ONTHMAaJbHa AAs onpejieseHHOro KOJIJIeKTHBa. OH npH3HaBaJs CTAaOHJIH3ALHIO HODMEI, HO B TaKOH cTerIeHH, UTOObI 3Ta cTabHIH3aLUA He JAerpajnpoBaJjiach JO CTarHa- IIH, KOTOpasi MOJKET JI0OBeCTH J10 oHeMeHHus a3biKa. [To caoBawm II. Monukaca, B si3blKe He CylIecTByeT MaTeMaTHYeCKas peryJspHOCTb; B ONpe/leJIEHHH HOPMBI JIeHCTBYIOT H JAPYrHe KpHTepHH, Hamp., IĮeJIH H (DYHKIHOHAJIbHOCTH, KOTODpbIe B COBPEMEHHOM JIHTEPATYPHOM si3blKe HMEIOT TEeHJEeHIHIO 3AaHHMATb NIepBOe MecTO B IIponecce HOPMAJIU3alHH, H 3TH KPHTEPHH Y2Ke BHIXOAAT 3a TpaHHIIbI ofHoro sissika. [Toaromy II. Mlonnkac yxe Tora npH3HaJ BO3MOXK- HOCTb BapHATHBHBIX H NapaJlyiesbHBIX (OPM s3bIKa, COryiacysch CO CJIOBAMH npejcraBuTeJis [IpaxcKoro JHHrBHCTHYECKOTO KpyxxKa Buiema Martesuyca: «MOXHO cnopHTb O NPHHILHNAX MOAX0AAa, HO HeJIb351 CO34aTh CHCTEMY KOHT- poJisi Haj SI3BIKOM, KoTopasi Obl (yHKIHOHHpOBaJa TOYHO H GecrnepeboiHO KaK aBTOMaTHYECKHH 3JIEKTPHYECKUI BbIKJIO4UATEJIB» 3, Yemickuit s3biKkOBej; B. Maresnyc, CTODOHHHK TEOPHH CAMOCTOSITEJIbHOCTH JIUTEPaTypHOTO S13bIKa, MHOTO BHHMAHHSI yJeJsieT NMPHHOHIAM HOpMAJIH3A- IHU SI3bIKA, H OH OTBepraeT B HOpMAJIH3AIIHH NPHHUHI NPAMOJHHEHHOH pe- TryJISpHocTH: «IIpHHIMI HCTOpHUeCKOH UHCTOTbI H TpeOGOBaHHE IIpAMOJIHHeH- HOH PeryJsipHOCTH He MOTYT ObiTh, CJIeJĮOBATEJIbHO, HH KA2K/IbIĖ B OT/IEJIbHO- CTH, HH 06a BMecTe HallexHOH GOa30OH JIS yCTaHOBJEHHS CTAOHJIbHOCTH B JUTEPaTypHOM UelnICKOM sidbiKe. Econ uepecuyp noJsaratbCs Ha HHX, TO B KOHIle KOHIOB HapylIaeTcs VyXe JOCTHTHYTAA CTAOHJIbHOCTb, a TEM CAMbIM nOJpbIBa6TCA OHO H3 TJIABHbIX YCJIOBHHO S13bIKOBON OINNIJIHOOBAHHOCTH» *, Her Heo6X0AHMOCTH NOABEPraTh CTpOorofį CHCTEME BCE SI3LIKOBBIE SBJIEHHS, eCJIH B fI3LIKOBOH NpaKTHKe OHH yXXe YKOpPeHHJHuCh. Tak, Hamp., B JaThILI- CKOM #A3bIKe OTIJIaroJbHbie NpHJaraTe/bHble Ha -igs OObLIYHO OOpa30BAHbI Ha OCHOBe rJiaroJia npoulejiero BpeMeHH (dot, dodu, devu — devigs; smiet smeju, smeju — (iz)sméjigs; nemt, nemu, emu — pienémigs), HO B S3H- Ke BCTpeYaloTCsl H CJydYaH, Korja TpaJHllHed YKpemJeHhl Nojo0Hbe JAepHBa- Th, O6pa30BaHHbIe Ha OCHOBE HacTosillero Bpemenu (mirt, mirstu, miru — mirstigs; Skirt, Skiru, Skiru — atSkirigs), NOITOMY H NOTEPHEJH IOPa- JKE€HHEe MONBITKH $3HIKOBEJOB NpH3HATb HEJHTEPATYPHBIMH INIpHJIaraTeJIbHbIe jatigs, lidzjutigs, xoropble 06pa3oBaHBl Ha OCHOBE HACTOSIEr0 BpeMeHH raarosia. IlojoOHbiM 06pa3oM He yAaJOCh HCKOPEHHTh H3 SI3bIKA TIJIAroJibl pipot nu slėpot, KoTOpbie yKpenHJIHCb TPajAHIHeil BMeCTO Gojiee «IIpaBHJIL- HBX» opm pipét, slépét u non. HecmoTpst Ha TO uro yxe JieT 50 A3BIKOBE/IH BejtyT 60p56Y co cJioBoM patreiz (BMeCTO MPaBHJBHOrO pasreiz), aTa 6opnba *Jonikas P. Mūsų bendrinės rašomosios kalbos kultiiros problema. Kalbos nor- malizacija, funkcinė struktūra ir kalbininkai.— Židinys, 1937, Nr. 12, p. 529—544. * Maresunyc B. O nHeo6XoauMOCTH CTaGHJBHOCTH JiKTepaTypHOTO f3bKa.— B KH.: Ilpaxcknū JinurBHeTH4ecKHĖ kpyxok. M., 1967, c. 392. 4 Tam xe, c. 385. 23 ocraercsi GecnJiojiHoh. OueBHjiHo, UTO 513bIKOBAsI CHCTEMa JOMYCKaeT BapHaH- Thl pat- H pas- Aaxe B TaKHX 06pa30BaHHAX, B KOTOPBIX TPYAHO YCTaHOBHTH CEMaHTHYECKHEe HJIH CJIOBOO6pa30BaTeJIbHbIe pa3JIHUKS. B JIATbINICKOM SI3bIKE HMEeEIOTCHS CJIOBAa C KOMIIOHEHTOM paš- (<paša, pašu): pašlaik, pašlabums, pašsavaldiba, pašlepnums, pašdarbiba, pašgūjėjs wu ap., B cocTaB KOTOPHIX TOT KOMIIOHEHT BXOJIHT B «3aKOHHOH» (opme. Ho Hapsiny ¢ TEM cyllecTBYIOT H CJIOBa C NEepPBHIM KOMIOHEHTOM pat- (OT OCHOBLI HMEHHTEJIbHOTO Majiexa pats): patlaban, patmiliba, patvaldiba, patvarigs, patvaligs, patsautene H NOJA., B TOM YHCJe H JIMHTBHCTHYECKHH TepMHH patskanis «riacHblii», ymno- TpebJsieMblii BCeMH sI3bIKOBelaMu 6e3 Bo3dpaxkeHus. [loatomy caenoBaso Obl NpH3HATb JIHTEpaTYypHbIMH 00a BapHaHTa: pasreiz u patreiz. MoXHO npuBe- CTH H JIpyTHE NOJ00HbIE IPHMEPHI. Boaplioe 3HaueHne B sI3bIKe HMeeT TPaJHUHUS aJanTallHd HHOSSBIYHBIX CJIOB, B YaCTHOCTH HMEH COOCTBEHHBIX. B JaTHIIICKOM fI3BIKE [10 CHX MOP B NpHHIHIIe CYIIECTBYIOT Te MpaBHJa H IIpHeMbI Nepefayd HHOSI3LIYHBIX HMEH cOOGCTBEHHBIX, KOTODpbIe OblIH co3faHbl IOpucom Aaynancom Jer 120 Ha- 3ajl,— aJanTHPOBATh HX B TaKoii (GopMe, KOTOpas NO BO3MOMKHOCTH COOT- BETCTBOBaJa Obl NMPOU3HOILIECHHIO Ha $3bIKe-opHruHaje’. Ho B HEKOTOPHIX ciydasiX TPajMIHs YKpenusja HeTOuYHble BapHaAHThl NepejayH, TaKHe Kak Maskava, Parize, Pérnava, Florence, Brails, Meterlinks, Lagerlefa wu np. JlymaeTtcsi, uro c1negjoBajio Obl COXPaHUTh 3TH CJIOBa B TaKOH (opMe, B KaKOH OHM OEIJIH YKPENJIEeHBl JOJITOJIEeTHER Tpajulueil, H HeT HeOOXOAUMOCTH Nnpeo6- pa30BbIBAaTb HX B COOTBETCTBHH C COBpeMEHHBIMH NpuHnHnamu B Moskva, Pari, Pernu, Firenze, Braijs, Materlinks, Lagerléva. Vilnaue MOXKHO yTPaTHTh HCTOPHYECKYIO TPEEeMCTBEHHOCTb — BMeCTE CO CJOBOM IOTEPSieTCs CBSI3b C KOHKPETHBIM OGbeKTOM. Cka3aHHOe He 3HaUuHT, UTO He Halo H3yuaTb npobJjeMy TIepejiauH HHOA3BIY- HBIX HMEH COGCTBEHHBIX — TO axe HeoOXO0JHMO, HO NPH KOJIHKOKKAIUIHKH npa- BHJI rIepejtauKH HeJb3si 3a6biBaTh O 3HaueHHH TpajHuHH. BrioJiHe onpabiaH cyry60 HH/IKHBH/LYAJIbHbIĖ IOJIXOJĮ K YKODpEeHHBINHMCS cJIOBaM. HmeHna xe, 1o- CTYMHBIIHE B 53bIK B HOBOE BDEMS, JOJIKHbI IIO BO3MO2XKHOCTH TOABEPraThCs BO3JIEKHCTBHIO CHCTEMI. Tpannuns ynoTrpe6JieHHsi oueHb BažkHa B HODMAJIH3AIIHH JIEKCHKH, B UacT- HOCTH B HOpMAaJIH3alHH TEPMHHOJOTHH. B 3TOM OTHOLIEHHH MOXKHO NPHBECTH NpUMepHl ABYX THIOB. IlepBbiū H3 HHX — CJIOBA-TEeEpMHHbI, KOTOPble YKPENHJIHCh B SI3BIKE C Onpe- JejiekHolž ceMaHTHKOH H COXPaHSIOTCS Jaxe TOrjia, Korja Cc pasBHUTHEM Ha- YKH OTKDpbIBAIOTCS HOBbIe IIpH3HAKH NOHATHA. Tak, TEpMHH arom, ATUL. atoms OT TpeuecKoro atomos «HejleJIHMbIK> IIDpOJIOJIXa6eT OyHKUKHOHHpOBATb BO BCEX sI3bIKAaX H IOCJIE TOTO, KaK CTAJIO H3BECTHO, UTO ATOM ĮIEJIHTCS. Ilojjo6Hbie H3MeHeHHA B COJĮep>xAHHH NPOH3OULLIH C MOHSTHEM, KOTOpOe JioJITOe BpeMsi O003Ha4UaJIOCb TepMHHOM gec (JITINI. Svars, JIKT. svoris, 3CT. 5 A1 unans J. Kads vards par latviešu valodu.— In: Izlase. Riga, 1956, 45.—52. Ipp. 24 kaal, anrn. weight, nem. Gewicht). Korjia yuenbie ycTaHOBHJIH, UTO VNOMA- HyTbIe TEDpMHHbI He BNOJIHE OTPAXKalOT BbipaxkaeMOe NOHSTHE, B KOTOPOM HaJl0 yYecThb He TOJIbKO MacCy, HO H YyCKOpeHHe, 3aBUCHMOE OT INpHTHXKATEJIb- HOH CHJIBI 3eMHOro mapa, B 1961 r. Mex yHapoaHblit KOMHTET 110 HOMEHKJIa- Type H CHMBOJIAM DpeluHJI OTKa3aThCH OT TePMHHA 8eC (H COOTBETCTBYIOMIMX BKBHBAJIEHTOB B PasHbIX f3BIKAaX) H BMECTO Hero ynorpebasTb TEPMHH Mac- ca. COOTBETCTBEHHO 3TOMY NOCTaHOBJIEHHIO BO BCEX CTpaHaX NMPOHCXOMHT Tie- pexojį Ha TePMHH Macca — He TOJbKO B HaykKe, HO H B o0mux cdepax ymno- TpeOJIeHHA sidpika (Hamnp., B CCCP Ha kopo6kax KoH(eT HanucaHo: macca 500 e). B cBs3H c 3TUM CO3/aIOTCA TPYAHOCTH B S3bIKOBOKH mpakTuke. Tak, CJIOBO HHJI0EBPONEHCKOro NMPOHUCXOXKAEHHUS svars O4YeHb YKOPEHHJOCh B Jia: THIILICKOM $i3bIKE, SABJSETCS OCHOBOH MHOTHX CJIOBOO6Gpa30BaHHH H CJOBOCO- yeTaHHil, TaKHX Kak svarigs, piesvars, tirsvars, lidzsvars, svarcelSana, svara kategorijas, svara vienibas, nepilns svars Hu Jp., B KOTOPHIX TPYAHO ynoTpe6JiSTb TEPMHH masa, flaxke HeBO3MOXKHO (bezsvara stavoklis). Ha To, YTO pellleHHe 3aMEHHTb TOT TEPMHH BbI3biBaeT COMHEHHS Jake CpPelu cre- IHAJIHCTOB, IOKa3bIBAET CTaThs npeacenaTens Mex aAyHapoaHOH KOMHCCHH TIO aTOMHBIM BecaM H OTHOCHTeJIbHON pacnpOcTpaHeHHOCTH uzoronos H. H. Xoz- JeHa ®, B KOTOpPOH OH OTMeYaeT, UTO JaHHasg KOMHCCHS B 3TOM BOrNnpoce 3aHH- MaeT KOHCEPBATHBHYIO MO3HUIIMIO — OHA BCerja crapaercs H3OeraTb nepemMeH 6e3 ABHOH HeOOXOJLHMOCTH H CTPEMHTCS K TOMY, UTOObI J1I060e HOBOBBEJEHHE 3HAYHTEJbHO YJYUIIHJIO HEIHELIHEee TI0JI8KeHHe; I0Ka 3TH IBA YCJIOBHA HE OCY- mecTrBJIeHbI. Bmecte ¢ H. H. XosnjgeHoM MOXKHO COMHeBATbCS B ycrnexe JIOMKH TPaJHIHH. | C apyro#i CTOpOHbI, HOpMAaJIH3aTODp SI3BIKA JOJIKeH He 3a0bIBaTh, UTO HOP- Ma — KaTeropus HCTOpHYecKasi, 4TO OHA Pa3BHBAETCSI H MEHSETCS B CBS3H Cc pasBHTHeM S;3kIKA. To, uro cerojHsi MpH3HaeTCs HEJHTEPATYPHBIM, 3aBTpa MOKeT NPHOOGPECTH CTAaTyC JHUTePaTypHOro. VYxke B TPyAaX NPaxKCKHX JIHHT- BHCTOB OTMEHSIETCSI KOHCepPBATH3M -KaK NPH3HAK JHTEPAaTYPHOro S513bIKA H HCTOpHYecKasi 000CHOBAHHOCTH ()OPMBI HE CUHTAETCS HCUEPNbIBAIOLIUM HCTOY- HHKOM HOpMBL. P. A. Bynaros, paccmartpuBasi TOHSTHE <«JIHTEpPaTypHBIi SI3bIK>, oOpallaeT BHHMAHHe Ha HCTOPHYECKYIO H3MeHUHBOCTb NOHATHA «00- paboraHHasi ¢opma s3bIKa» H Ha M3BECTHYIO AMHAMHYHOCTb NpeJCTaBJICHHS O 3aKpelJIeHHOCTH HOPM JiuTepaTypHoro sidbika. OH nmojuepKuBaeT, UTO IPH BCeH BaXKHOCTH HOPMbI OHA HCTOPHYECKH MOJBHIKHA ". Econ cpaBHuM, Hanp., yKka3aHHSA O NPaBHJIbHOCTH JHTEPaTYPHOH peuH, KO- Topbie faBaau B. Pyke u SI. Ouasenun B 1940 r.8, To yBHAHM, uTO MHOTHE H3 3THX YKa3aHHH ye He COOTBETCTBYIOT peaJibHOMY IIPOIECCY pa3BHTHS 8 Xoanen H. H. Atomupiii Bec: ObiTb HJH He OHTH? — XuMHS H XH3Hb, 1982, No 6, c. 30-31. | "Bynaros P. A, K sonpocy o Mecre coBerckKoro S35IKO3HAHHS B COBpeMeHHOR JIHHT- BHCTHKe.— BS, 1981, Ne 3, c. 16. 8 Valodas un rakstibas jautajumi / Redigéjis J. Endzelins, sakartojusi V. Rūke.— Riga, 1940, 64. Ipp. JIaTHILICKOTO JiKTepaTypHOro si3bIKa. B JtaHHOR Gpounope Kak HenpaBHJIbHbIe o6pa3oBaHHsl KDHTHKyIOTCA cJoBa celinis, édnica, izdevnieciba, izlietne, lozungs, rékins, rivmaize Hu Ap., KOTODpEBIe B HALIM AHH HECOMHEHHO YKOPEHH- JIHCb B JINTEPATYPHOM S13bIKe. Ilo muennio B. I'aspameka, «CaHKIUHIO Ha CyIIEeCTBOBAHHE CIOelIHAJIbHbIM CJIOBaM, OCOGEHHO B NPAKTHYECKOM sI3blKe, JaeT NMPHBBLIYHOE VINIOTpeOJIeHHe. BxxuBiinecs cj0Ba, HE3aBHCHMO OT crnoco6a HX 06pasoBanus (HeNpaBHJALHO oOpasoBaHHbIE HJIH Xe HCNOpYeHHble, Kak bavlna, cp. Baumwolle), ume npaBa Ha CyIeCTBOBAHHE B SI3bIKE» 9, To xe camoe MOXHO CKa3aTh O HEKOTOPHIX CJIOBAX H BbIPaXKEHHSX, IIPOTHB KoTophiX B 40-e rr. Bo3paxaJiH B. Pyke u SI. ua3enun u3-3a ux ceMaHTHUe- CKOTO HEeCOOTBETCTBHS, Hanp.: aizdomigs «NOJO3pHTEJIbHbIė> OTHOCHTEJbHO o6bekTa JeicTBHSA, izpildit <«ucnonHuTh» (pienakumu, solijumu, priekšne- sumu); aBTOPbl OTPHLAIOT Rrisi acis H COBeTYIOT durties acis, HO B SI3bIKe npaBa HMEIOT Kak OHO, TAK H Jpyroe BhipaxeHue — 06a ppa3eosoruyecKkoro Xapakrepa. B JIiaTbINICKOM $I3bIKO3HAHHH HHOT/la MOXHO 3aMETHTh H3BECTHYIO TeH/IeH- IHIO CJAHIIKOM CTOpOroro0 OTHOLIEHHSI K HEKOTOPHIM (popMaM H BbIipažkeHHSAM, KOTODbIe B CBO€ BpeMs ObiJIH INpH3HaHbI HEJOMNYCTHMBIMH, HO B COBPEMEHHOM SĮ3bIKE VIIOTDpEOJISIIOTCS! YacTO B peuH HOCHTeJell JIHTepaTypHOro si3bika. dra TaK Ha3. THIIepHOpMAJIH3AIIHA BpejįHa TeM, YTO HepeaJIbHbIe peKOMeHJLalLIHH VMEHbIHNAIOT npecTHk H 3()GEeKTHBHOCTh TeX PeKOMeH/JallH#, KOTophie HAeH- CTBHTEJBHO CINOCOGCTBYIOT IOBBINICHHIO KyJbTyphl peud. M3 moJOGHHIX TH- NepHOpMAJIbHbIX OTpaHHUeHHĖ MOXKHO Has3BaTh 3anper YynoTpeOJIeHHSA CTe- TeHell CpaBHeHHS HEKOTOPHIX NMPHYACTHH, Kak ievérojamaks, apdavinataks, vispieredz€jusakais Hu nojį., PEKOMEH/IallHI0 B KOHCTPYKUHSAX CPaBHEHHS YIIO- TpeOJIATb TOJIbKO HMEHHTENbHBIH Najfex, Hanp.: tadu rapuju ka kobra un pitons audzéSana, a we: tadu rapulu ka kobru un pitonu audzeésana. Kak mokaseiBaer M. M. MakoBCKHH, «B npouecce ynorpe6JeHusi H pa3BH- THS SI3BIKA OOIIesA3LIKOBbIE, KOJIJIEKTHBHbIE MOJIEJIH HenpephiBHO npeolpasy- IOTCH H BHJIOH3MEHSIIOTCSA B paMKaX HHAHBHYaJbHOIO HCINOJIb30BAHHS, B 4ACT- HOCTH, GblJIbie 3aMPeThl OOMMEHAIHOHAJIbHON HOPMBI C TEUCeHHeM BpeMeHH MO- ryT npeBpaTHTbCS; B HOPMY, a HOpMATHBHbIe SIBJIEHHS HepejikKO yTpauHBAIOT CBOIO OOINIE13bIKOBYIO 3HA4UHMOCTBb 10, B n3BecrTHofi Mepe HHOrAa HaOJIIOJjaeTCHA OTpHHLATEJIbHOe OTHONIeHHe K 3a- HMCTBOBAHHIO CJIOB, OCOGEeHHO OTHOCHTeJIbHO peaJIHA, He CYIIEeCTBOBABIIHX V HAC H He3HAKOMbIX HAM DpaHblIIe, HANp., TAKHX KaK HA3BAHHA MOJIHbIX TO- BapoB bluzons, šorti, Takux OGbeKTOB H sBJIeHHĖ, Kak kruizs, voljers, stress H Ap. Ilo muenuio B. Martesuyca, «c TOYKH 3peHHS $I3bIKOBOii KYJbTYDHI, ®Taspanex B. 3anaun JHTepaTypHOro s3HKa H ero KyJibTypa.— B ku.: ITpaxckuil JHHTBHCTHUYECKHH Kpyxok. M., 1967, c. 370. 10 Makoscxknii M. M. CucremHOCTh H aHTHCHCTEMHOCTh B sisbike.— M., 1980, c. 149. 26 ycBOeHHOe HHOA3LIYHOE CJIOBO, YBeJIHUKBAIOIIJEC6 CBOEH BbLIDA3HTEJIbHOCTbIO 6oraTCTBO OTTEHKOB JIHTEpaTypHOTO YELICKOTO Si3bIKA, SABJSAETCS, 10 cpaBHe- HHIO C HEOJIOTH3MaMH MYyPHCTOB, IOCTPOEHHBIM Ha (ase POJHOTO f3BIKA, MEHBbIIHM 3JI0M, €CJIH OHO TaKHM BOOČINIe siBaseTcsy 11, B npouecce HOpMAaJIH3aIIHH JIATbILICKOTO S13bIKA, KAK H BCEX JPYTHX 13bIKOB, caeflyer Gosbllie BHHMAHHA VJIeJIKTb BapHaHTAM S3bIKA, JIONYCTHTH GoJiee CBO- 60J1KbIė BbIGOp peueBbIX CPEACTB. B JIATbINICKOM 5I3bIKO3HAHHH B 3TOM Ha- NMPpaBJCHHH C/ĮeJIaHO MAJIO, XOTA B JAPYrUX S13bIKAX B MOCJEAHEe NeCSATHJIETHE npoGjieMa BapHaHTHOCTH CTaja OAHOW H3 neHTDpaJIbHbIX. OCOGEHHO MHOTO BHHMaHHS BapHaHTaM pyCCKOro JIHTEPATYPHOTO SI3bIKAa YAEJAIOT S13bIKOBEJIbI JI. K. I'paynuna, K. C. Top6aueBnu u ap. B MeTof0/10rHH MapKCHCTCKOrO S53bIKO3HAHHS BaKHEMIIylo poJib Hrpaer JMMAJIEKTHYECKHĖ NPHHIHI NOCTOSHHOTO JIBHXEHHS, H3MEHeHHS H Pa3BHTHS; B fA3blKe JeHCTBYeT 3aKOH e/ĮHHCTBA H TPOTHBONOJIOKHOCTEH KaK BHYyTDpeH- HHH HCTOYHHK pa3BuTHs. Co6JiojleHHe 3TOro 3aKOHa H NPHMEHEHHe 3TOro IIPHHIIHINA COCTABJISIIOT BaXKHYIO H CJAOXKHYIO 3a/layy HOpMAJIH3AaTODpOB sI3bIKA. «Hajinune GeCKOHEYHO Pa3HOOOPa3HOil BapHAHTHOCTH — GOraTCTBO pa3BH- TOTO 513bIKA, NMO3BOJISIONIEee BbIDaxKATb MacCy CEMAHTHYECKHX H CTHJIHCTHYe- CKHX OTTEHKOB H HIQaHCOB, BaXKHBIX B mporecce obmenus» 2, Jlonyckas Ba- puanTHbIe OOpMbI, MBI MOXKEeM CIOCOGCTBOBATh PA3BHTHIO si3bIKa JO ONTH- MaJbHOTO YpOBHS, COXPAHHTh TPAAHMIHH H OTKPHITH IIyTb HOBHIM IOJIOKH- TeJAbHBIM TeHAeHIHAM. OrnTHMAJIbHOC6 COUeTaHHEe TPAAHIIHH H HOBATOPCTBA — HEeJIb, K KOTOPOH JIOJIXKHbI CTDEMHTbCH HAIIH SI3BIKOBE/IHI. 11 Maresnyc B. Ykas. cou, c. 387. 12 Onunnn O. Il. Ilporusopeuns H passuTHe s3bika.— BS, 1980, Ne 2, c. 18.