Būdingesni J. Balčikonio verstų H. K. Anderseno „Pasakų“ vientisinio sakinio struktūriniai modeliai

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE STANDARD STUDIES QUESTIONS OF LITHUANIAN LINGUISTICS, XXVI (1987) REGINA DILIENĖ STRUCTURAL MODELLS OF THE UNIVERSAL SENtence IN THE LITHUANIAN TRANSLATIONS OF H.K. ANDERSENS’ “FABLES” BY J. Balčikonis In J. Balčikonis’ translations of the fairy tales, as a treasure of beautiful, living folk language, the researcher finds a lot of interesting not only in the lexicon, but also in the syntax. In this article we try to review J. Balčikonis’ translation of H. K. Andersen’s “Fairy Tales”! The structural model of a continuous sentence is an abstract syntactic example, according to which a separate minimal, relatively completed sentence can be formed?. However, the question arises of how to define that necessary minimum. According to the academic grammar of Russian language, the formal minimum sentence structure includes one or two members (they usually form the predicative center of the sentence)- *, only the semantic minimum structure includes both the object of strong control and the subject/object of action of the strong control state*. It has not yet been clarified whether such a criterion is sufficient for the creation of minimum sentence structure schemes. By examining the specific facts of language, perhaps it would become somewhat clearer which structural patterns actually work in language, and this would help to determine the principles of their allocation. Specific examples of language for this work were collected from J. Balčikonis’ translations of H. K. Andersen’s "Story". Already from the first translation studies it becomes clear that a large “shortening” of the structural formula of a sentence does not always allow to discern even significant differences in language phenomena. Therefore, it would be appropriate to distinguish at least two levels of structural formulas — minimal (the highest level of abstraction) and extended structures. The extended model of the sentence is larger than the models of the minimum structure, because they include not only mandatory but also optional actants®; in some models it will be, for example, circumstantial verbs and verbs with prepositions, verbs communicative, denoting a purpose, etc. Extended structure models better show the structure of the predicate, which is often of great importance to the semantics of the sentence. It is also important that, summarizing the essential differences of extended structures, OAS S A a at and the group of localizable predicates, because the sentences in which the composition 1 Andersen H. K. Tales. — V., 2 1966. Pycckast rpaMMaTrauKa. —M., 1980, c. 92. 8 Idem, p. 97. 4 Idem, p. 25. 5 CrenaxoBa M. JĮ., I euns6ur I’. I'm not going to let you down. HOM HeMEHKKOM s3eike., M., — includes 1978, c. 172—177. 44 predicates of directional shift, in the extended structure has a specified landmark (in the broad sense)|see. example a)/, and predicate sentences of localizable value — the state occurrence place specified /see. Example (b)/. For example: : a) Thus they came to the Turkish land 95; b) Once there was a bra and a chimney shaker on a table near a large mirror 23. Extended structural sentence patterns also help to characterize the writer's style. In J. Balčikonio tales, the construction of the personified form of the verb with a participant or a participle, which is characteristic of the Old Lithuanian language, often occurs. For example: : Just before the sunset Elzyte saw eleven wild swans flying with golden crowns on their heads 152. With regard to the structure of sentences, this construction poses considerable difficulties — it is unclear whether all members of the construction are equally necessary for the sentence minimum, because in general Lithuanian language science has not yet reached a single opinion on what to consider such a construction®. In J. Balčikonio’s translation of Andersen’s “Fairy Tales”*, the above-mentioned constructions are mainly made up of predicates of perception and sensation (hearing, seeing, feeling); sometimes —predicates of action or state (listen, fear). For example: : Then the dogs were heard barking 157; Now Kay was not afraid of the Snow Queen coming home 264. In the translation of H. K. Andersen’s “Fairy Tales” there are synonymous substitutions of the above-mentioned construction. These are: 1. Verb + noun participle (no participle | semi-participle). For example: : The princess went for a walk with all the ladies of the palace and heard the melody of the bells 15. 2. Verb + subjunctive sentence. This synonymous substitution is much more common than the first one, i.e. verb + noun vowel. For example: : Have you not heard that this is being talked about all over the country? 19 But it was even more terrible to see them fighting and pushing, biting and tearing and eating each other. Another synonymous case is when the participle next to a transitive verb is replaced by a participle. In this case, the participant goes with the coordinating mark and does not depend on the predicative Word. For example: : Elzyte saw flying swans. Plg. : Elzyte saw swans flying. However, in J. Balčikoni- ’s translation of “Pasakos” such an example could not be found. Thus, in this case, the linguist gives preference to the construction of the verb and the participle. It is quite difficult to establish the exact relationship of all these synonymous cases in the translation of the Proverbs, because: 1.The same verb, not being essentially polymorphic, can in a certain context mean things that differ in some stylistic nuances, which in turn determines the different formal structure of sentences. For example: : a) He heard the drum beating <...> 166. b) I heard that the vase was once engaged to the cinema 24. In the second sentence, the verb I heard means not so much an act of acoustic perception as a certain modality, i.e. it could be synonymous with the verb I knew with a shade of doubt, uncertainty, uncertainty. ® Plg. : Balkevičius J. Syntax of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, —V., 1963, p. 193; Lithuanian Grammar. —V., 1976, vol. 3, p. 476. 45 2. It is difficult to decide whether the object of the action is perceived as performing an action or static. It depends on whether the construction of the personified form of the verb and the participant | participant is possible or not. For example, in the sentence I've never heard such beauty! Hearing the combination 17, we could hardly replace a similar beauty with any synonymous construction of the personified form of the verb with a participant / participant. What another sentence She felt a pea through twenty mattresses and twenty beds, stacked on top of each other 48. Here, according to the meaning, it is possible to say not felt the pea, but felt the pea being pressed. 3. Not always the verb and participle | participle construction can have synonyms of expression. For example, the verb to say both semantically and syntactically usually requires a participant. For example: : He claimed to be a Turk god and came to her from heaven 36; but she claimed to be a real queen 48. The fact that J. Balčikonis is not satisfied with any one way of expression shows his subtle understanding of the difference between these ways of expression, his ability to use them powerfully. These differences could be reflected in the extended structural formulas—that is, they should — Part include all constructions V, k [Pusdalyv. members J. Balčikonis uses a different construction — the personifying verb with a predicate. For example: : Artificial foliage given to sing one TT; Similar items can not default 30. According to G. Zolotova, such constructions (personified form of the verb + communicative) arise when two characteristics of the action are expressed in the syntax — either the phased nature of the process (beginning, end, continuation), or the intersyntactic modal relationship of the subject and the action (ability, will, obligation, etc.)’, In this case the verb itself receives the communicative expression, and the personified forms of the auxiliary word as if take its place. For example: : The Christmas tree started telling about herself and her life in the forest again 92; Soon the mice stopped visiting her 93. This means that the action is expressed by communicating, and the personified form of the verb expands its content semantically. In this way, both forms of the verb form one predicate. Constructions with modal or phase verbs are semantically more specific, more precise and often occur in J. Balčikonis’ translations. In the tale “The King’s New Clothes” they make up about 25% of all verb forms, “Mergaite with matches” — 13%, “The Ugly Duckling” — 20% of all verb forms. However, phase and modal verbs change the content of the communication in different ways. Phase verbs indicate only the phase of the action — the beginning, the end or the continuation. For example: : Now he's finishing wearing my old gold car! 54; Later began to shoot even more 224. Modal verbs are semantically almost more important than communicative, because it is they that determine the semantics of the extended sentence structure. For example: 1) We, the old ones, can now sit in her shade 112; 2) We, the old ones, now sit in her shade. 7" 3oxorosBa I". A. I'm not sure. I'm not sure. "Or-." HayKu, 1979, sem. 5(113), c. 45. 46 In the first sentence we have only the possibility of the action, a certain condition for its occurrence, and in the second the very concrete action. In J. Balčikonis’ translation of H. K. Andersen’s “Fairy Tales” we find a wide variety of modal verbs. They may mean: 1) Skill, skill: For, grandmother knew how to spell 248. 2. Ability to: Dolly couldn't fall asleep 127. 3.Decision, permission: He was given a year and one day to change his mind 180; To live he got a small room near the pig fold 15; And the real lakštingalas decided to banish from that land T8. ; 125; After all, she was to die and become foam in the sea on the morning after his wedding! 281. With regard to the structural patterns of sentences, the problem here is also one — whether to include the auxiliary verb in the minimal structural scheme or not. Let's consider the possible synonymous variants: 1) Seeing the bull, they thought to play with it 38 and Seeing the bull, they played with it. 2) And on that paper really started to write 118. "And it was written on that paper. 3) To live he got a small room near the pig stall 15. "He lived in a tiny room near the pigs. Such synonymous changes are possible, but they significantly, sometimes even fundamentally, change the semantics of the sentence. Therefore, we would think that these constructions should be included in the minimal and (necessarily) in the extended sentence model. All the more so because these auxiliary verbs can often control the ending of the verb noun. Plg. 154 And Elizabeth began to pray with all her heart. A distinct group are the predicates of will expression, they are always expressed in the personified form of the verb with the communicative. For example: : Tell the snow to warmly cover the young youngsters 205; She does not allow anyone to look directly into her face 195. i Since in this case both forms of verbs denoting action belong to separate actors, i.e. separate subjects of the action, both the minimal and the extended structure model will include both the personified form of the verb and communicate. This is why the predicates of the expression of will form a separate type of predicates. In this thesis only some fragments of the extended structure of solid sentences are discussed. More detailed research may help solve some of the controversial questions of sentence structure. HEKOTOPbIE PACIIPOCTPAHEHHbIE MOJIEJIH I POCTOTO MPEJIJIOXKEHHA B NMEPEBOJE 10. BAJIbYUHKOHHCA KHHUIH IM. K. AHAEPCEHA «CKA3KH> Pe3roMe B januojt paGote paccMaTpHBaeTCSA HeOOGXONMMOCTb BBIŽIEJIITb CTPYKTYPHBIE MOJIEJIH IpejįJIOXeHHĖ XOTS Obl ĮIBYX YpOBHEH —MHHHMANBHON HM pacIpocTpaHeHHOH CTPYKTYpBI, IOTOMY uwrO Gojiburoe,,- yKOpO4YeHHE" CTPYKTYPHOI OOpMYJILI 9acTO HE MO3BONSET YBHAETH Hae 3HaYHTebHBIE CEMAHTHYeCKHe pa3iinunus. Takoe yTBepXK/IeHWE OCHOBLIBAETCS Ha MaTepHalie IrepeBoga IO, Bansunkonucom Kaarx D. K. Annepcena "Cras3rn". B favore obcyxnarorcs ase 4acto —Part BCTpe4aeMbIe B NEpPeBOjJie KOHCTpyKIMMH —Vi | > | Įkleertpuu. H KOHCTPYKIIHS BCIIOMOTATEb= HOro Vi C Vinr, HAET pe4b O HX MeCTe B CTPYKTYPHON MOJIEJIH IDpEeJŲIOXEHHKA. 47