Языковые процесы в этнически смешанных семьях

LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XXVIII (1989) KALBŲ RYŠIAI IR SĄVEIKOS SAKOBAC TPHVOHOBAC SI3bIKOBbIE TTPOLIECHI B PTHHUECKH CMEINIAHHbIX CEMBSAX Ojiuoii M3 BaxHeHIINX OCOGEHHOCTEH COBETCKOro OOnIeCTBA SBJ)ISETCA €ro MHOTroHal[HOHAJIbHOCTb. OHA XapakTepu3yeT CaMble Pa3JIMYHbIE COIMYMBI — OT KPYNHEHIIAX, KAK HaCeJIeHHe OT/ĮEJIbHONH pecnyOimku, Kpas, OOJIaCTH, ropoaa, 10 MeJIbuaHINNHX — THpOH3BOJICTBEHHELIK, VY4eOHbIŽ KOJIJIEKTHB H T. 1. ITocTosHHas ak- THBH3AINHSA JIEMOT Dpa0OH4UeCKHX H STHHYECKHX TIpONeCCOB B Halle CTpaHe IIpHBOJIHT K TOMY, 4TO 3Ta OCcOGeHHOCTb BCe B GOJbINEl CTENeHH 3aTparHBaCT H MeJIb4AŽINIYrO eĮIMHHIIY 4YeJIOBEYECKOro OOINECTBA — CEMbIO. DTO ONpeJlėJISETCSA MOCTOSHHBIM YKpEIJICHHEM H pa3BHTHeM 3KOHOMHYECKHX H KYJbTYPHBIX CBSi3el MeXIy Hapo- JaMH Hallel CTPaHbI, YTO BejĮeT, C OJHOH CTOPOHBI, K BHYTPEHHEH KOHCOJIH/IAIIHH HAM H HAPOAHOCTEH H K MEXITHHYECKOW HHTerpanHHM, c¢ aApyroii (Baitmmreiin 1977, 122). KoHKpeTHBIM NpOSBICHHEM TaKOH „HHTerpanHH“ SBISETCH POCT KOJIMYeCTBA MeXHALIHOHABbHBIX OpaKOB, a CJIEJJOBATEJILHO, H STHHYECKH CMEIIaHHBIX cemeii. Tak, MO HOBeHIIMM MaHHBIM IPHMEPHO KaXIas LIeCTas CeMbs Halle cTpa- HbI OObeJMHSeT NHI pa3sHoi HanwoHanbHOCTH (VMancrnit, IllaGojymu 1987, 290). B named pecny6mike TOJIbKO 3a mepuoxa ¢ 1970 mo 1978 r. koOJIKYeCTBO TaKHX Ce- Mei BO3pocJIO MOYTH Ha 39,, a KOJMYECTBO AeTel, pOJIMBINHXCSH B HHX, COCTABHIO 13,99, Bcex nHoBopoxnenubix (Gaučas 1981, 28). O6sejnnnenne B OMHONM CeMbe NPEACTABHTENEH pa3HbIX HANLHOHAJIbHOCTEN MH, KaK TIDaBHJIO, HOCHTEJEH pa3HbIX S3BIKOB CO3MaeT CreNM(HUECKHe YCIOBHS UIs Pa3sBHTHS A3BIKOBBIX mponeccoB. OcobeHHO Gojibummoe 3HAYEHHE JTO HMECT JUIN įopMHpoBaHHS1 s3bIKOBOM OHOrpadmu JieTEeii B TAKHX CeMBSX. BaxxueHIIMMH CONUHAJIbHO-OOINECTBEHHbIMH XADaKTEDHCTHKAMH MeJIOBEKA SB- JIAIOTCSA ero HAlKHOHAJIbHOCTb H pOJIHON s35IK. KOpHjiKueckoOe odopMiaenne HalHO- HAJIbHONH IIpHHAJIJIEXHOCTH TpaxJIaH B HAIIEH CTpaHe IIpOH3BOJIHTCS MO JIOCTHXE- HUM WMH 16-jieTHero Bo3pacTa H mo ux COGcTBeHHOMY BEIGOopy. Ho HanHOHAJIbHOC CaMOCO3HaHHE WHIMBHIYyMa HaukhHaeT (GOPMHPOBATHCS 3HAUKHTEJIBHO pPaHbIIE, H BaXHEHIUIYIO POJib B 3TOM Npoliecce HIPaeT A3bIK OOLICHHAS B ceMbe, KOTODEIN B nojasisiomeM OGOJIBIIMHCTBE CIy4aeB CTAHOBHTCS H POJHBIM S3BIKOM JAHHOTO HHAWBHAYyMa. Lleibio CTATbH SBJISETCS NMOMBITKA BbISBHTb ONpejtejieHHbIe 32KO- HOMEPHOCTH, XapaKTepH3YIONNIHe BHIOOP JIETbMH M3 3THHYECKH CMEIIAHHBIX CceMeii POJHOroO S53bIKA, A BIIOCHEJACTBHH H HAUHOHAJBHOCTH. V3yuenne s3bikoBbiX Guorpadmii 59 madopmanto — nereif cpenmero H crap- lero IKOJBHOrO BO3pacTa, pOJIHBINHXCA HW BOCHHTHLIBAIOMIMXCS B CMEIIAHHBIX ceMbsix, GOnbmas 4acTh KOTOphIX (OKOJIO 8094) MPOXHBAET B TODpOJIE, BELISBHJIO 149 OUEHb CJIOXHYP KADTHHY, NpeJICTABIISIOLINYIO COGOOH neperijieTEHHe H B3aHMOJIEHCT- BHE Dpa3JIHUKHLIX (DaKTODpOB. Sl3bIK OOINIEHHSA B CeMbe IJIaBHBIM 00pa3oM ONpejieJISeTCS A3bIKOM pPOJIHTeNeiH, KOTOpBIH B CBOIO O4Yepelb, KaK IIpaBHJIO, COBMNAAaeT C Hal[HOHAJIbHOCTbIO. Haubo- Jiee MHOTOYHMCJICHHYIO T DYriIy Cpe H3Y4YeHHBIX STHHYECKH CMEIIaHHBIX CeMeii IIpejį- CTaBJISIOT CEMBbH, COCTABJIEHHbIC H3 MPEACTaBUTENIeH KOPeHHOM (OCHOBHOM) HaLHO- HAJIbHOCTH JaHHOM TEDpHTODpHH H pycckux (50 9%, Bcex cMenIaHHEIX cemeit). Ha BTo- POM MecCTe TO MHOTOYMCJIEHHOCTH OKa3aJIMCh PYCCKO-YKpaHHCKHE CeMbH (OKOJIO 17 94), XOTsi B CriellHAJIbHBIX HCCJIEJ[/OBAHHSX TaKHe CEMbH OTHOCATCS K TpeTheil Mo MHOTOYHCJIEHHOCTH Tpyrine, a KO BTOPOH Tpyrine — CeMbH M3 TpeACTaBHTENIeH KO- PEeHHO# HAIMOHAJNBLHOCTH M JIpyTHX HalnHOHAaJIbHOCTEH (Kpome pycckoii). Ho rojrn- 4eCTBO TaKHX CEMEH B KHCCJIEJJOBAHHOM KOHTHHTEHTE 3HAUKTEJIbHO MEHbIIE HE TOJIb- KO KOjIHYeCTBA CeMeH TpeThei, HO H UeTBEpTONH T pyNINbIi, K KOTOpOH OOBIYHO OTHO- CATCSA CEMBbH PYCCKHX C IIpejICTAaBHTeEJISMH JIpyTHX (KpoMe Ha3BaHHBIX B IIEpBONH H Tperbeli Tpyrinax) HanHOHajIbHOCTeH jJįaHHOH pecnyOmuku (I'anukas, TepeHrbeBa 1977, 481), cocTaBnsis BCETO JIHIN5 JAECATYIO YaCTh BCex CeMeil. A Tperbeii Mo MHO- TO4HCJIEHHOCTH OKa3ajach YeTBepras rpymmna (11,9 9). B ocobyro rpynmy BEIIeJIA- IOTCSI CEMbH, COCTaBJICHHbIC M3 TIpejicTaBHTeJIeH yKpamHCKOM H GeJIOpyccKOH Ha- IHOHAJIBHOCTEH, C OJIHOH CTOPOHBI, H JAPYTHX HALMOHAJIbHOCTEH (KpOMe KOpeHHONH H PYCCKOM) — C ĮĮpyrolH, KOJMYECTBO KOTOPBIX TaKOe Xe, Kak H BO BTOPOM rpymme (em. Taba. 1). Han60jibuuee BausiHie Ha BbIOOp A3bIKa OOINEHHS B CEMbe, a TEM CaAMBIM H pOJĮ- HOTO s3bIKa JIeTeH, OKa3blBaeT POJAHOM A3bIK MaTepH. B Tpex M3 MATH BBIICICHHBIX TPpYII MPOLEHT COBNAaJeHUs THX Mokasatenei — OT 60 no 100. B nmepsoii rpynmne Tako BbIOODp IIOJŲĮEDXHBACTCS H A3BIKOM OOY4UeHHSA, HO BO BTOPOH — H IPH OTCYyT- CTBHM TaKOi NMOAAEPKKH TpeTh HHPOPMaHTOB H3OHpaeT B KaYeCTBe POAHOIO S3bIKA SI3BIK MATEDH. : BropeiM mo 3Ha4HMOCTH (DaKTODpOM, BJIHSIONIHM Ha BBIOOp fA3bika OOINEHHS B CMEIIAHHOM CceMbe, ABIISETCS A3BIKOBOE OKpyxenne. Tak, y mojasisiomero OOJIL- HUIMHCTBA HHOOpMAHTOB IIEpBON Ipynmbl, OT POXKIACHHAS MPOXKHUBAIOUIMX B Mpeeaax JIuTBel, IpeobiagaeT JIMTOBCKOE S3BIKOBOE OKpyxeHHe. ITO OOYCIOBJIEHO CaMHM XapakTepoM cemell manHoro tna: 73,39, cemMeii oObeNMHSIET PYCCKHX MYXYHH, TpeHMYNHIECTBEHHO H3 YHC/Ia PYCCKHUX CTAapOxXHJIOB JIuTeel, H JIKTOBOK. Kak Joka- 3aHO psanom uccaenosartenei (Hemuenko 1960; Muxanbuenko 1984; CusHiukeHe 1979 um np.), pycckoe CTapoOXHIBYECKOE HacejieHHe XapaKTepH3yeTcs BBICOKOM CTENEHBIO PYCCKO-JIMTOBCKOrO JBYS3bIYMSA, ĮJOCTHTAIONIENH B OTAENbHBIX A3BIKOBBIX KOJIJIEeKTHBax 92-98 9, (Tpudonosac, 1978, 221), LIHPOKUM HCIIOJIb30BAHHeM JIH- TOBCKOIO f3bIKa B pas3jM4HbIX cepax oOuieHHs — NPOM3BOACTBEHHOM, JIeJIOBON, KyJbTYpHOii. Bee 310 ciocob6eTByeT OOpMHpOBAHHIO IIOJIOXHTEJILHOTO OTHOIIEHHS K NPOHMKHOBEHHUIO NAHHOTO A3bIKa H B CeMelHYI0 chepy, UeMy B Oosblueil cTeneHH crnocobCcTBYEeT pe3Koe YBeJIMYEHHE JIMTOBCKOTO S3bIKOBOTO OKPYXEHHsS 3a CHET POACTBEHHHKOB, 3HAKOMBIX, COCJIYXHBIIEB JKEHBI. Bsi60p pycckoro 13bikKa.B KauecTBe s3blKa CEMEHHOro OONOICHHA OnpenenseTcs BO3JIEHCTBHEM OOBEKTHBHBIX H CYyObeKTHBHBIX (pakTOpoB JIBYS3b5144s (MuxajJibueHKO 150 1984, 108). Tak, no jjaHHbIM nocJIeJiHeli NEPENHCH HACEJIEHHS, OCHOBAHHBIM HA CA- MOONIEKHKAX, T. €. Ha CyObEKTHBHOM (akTope JIBYs3bIrins, Br. Illsyjiaii pycckoe Hace- JNeHHe cocTaBJISeT 1] 9, HO B OTJIEJIbHbIX A3bIKOBEIX KOJIJIEKTHBAX pyCcCKHH A3bIK SB- JISETCA OYKHKIMOKHAJILHO NEPpBbIM, HATNp., B WIKOJAX C DYyYCCKHM S3BIKOM OGYUEHHS, B JKCJIC3HOAOPOXKHBIX OTrpaHH3aIIHAX, BOHHCKHX 4acTSxXx. KpoMe Toro, pycckui A3BIK 4ACTO ABJIAETCS CPEACTBOM OOIECOBETCKOM H MHDOBONH KYJIBTYDbI, CDEJICTBOM OOINEeHHSA MEXy JIOJIbMH Pa3HBIX HALMOHANBHOCTEH. DTH H JIpyrHe 0OBEKTHBHbIE (AaKTODpbI OKa3BIBAIOTCS DpEnIAIONIHMH TPH BHIGOpE A3BIKA CEMEŽHOTO OOINEHHS B TEX rpynnax CMelaHHbIX CeMeH, B COCTaBe KOTODEIX HET Mpe/ICTaBATE el KOpeHHONH HAIMOHAJIBHOCTH DpEeCINyOJIKKH, a TaKxe BO BTOPOI rpyrine ceMeid, rie pyCCKHii A3bIKk NpeACTaeT TJIABHELIM 06pa3oM Kak CpelCTBO MeXHalHOHAaJIbHOTO oOmenus. BOJIL- ioe 3HaueHHe JŲIS BbIOOpa NAaHHOTIO SI3bIKa B 3THX Ipynmax MMeeT H TO OGCTOS- TeJIbCTBO, 4TO PYCCKHH S3BIK BBINOJIHAET (YHKIHIO A3bIKA OOydYeHHs. ®opMHpPOBaHAE ITHAYECKOTO CAMOCO3HAHMSA JIeTell B CMELIAHHBIX CeMbsX 3a- BEpIIAETCs BEIOOPOM HAIMOHAILHOM TIDpHHAJUIEXHOCTH. DTOT mpomnecc OGYCJIOBJIEH BO3/ICHCTBHEM MHOTHMX (D)aKTOPOB, BAXKHEHIIMMH H3 KOTOPBIX SABIAIOTCS CTEIEHL 3THOKYJbTYPHOH OJIH30CTH, JUJIHTEJIBHOCTb MEKITHHYECKHX KOHTAKTOB HAIHOHAJIL- HOCTEH, K KOTODBbIM HDpHHAJIJIEXKAT POAHTEIH, S3bIKOBAS CATYAIMS, CJIOXHBINHECH B ceMbe TpaJiMIunuH H MH. Ap. B pe3yjibTaTe AeicTBHS 3THX (dAaKTODOB IIO/IaBJISIIONnICC GOJIbINHHCTBO HHĖOOpMAHTOB mepBoil Trpynnsi (9094) cunTaroT cebs jMTOBIAMA. ITpu 3TOM HAaOJIIOJI2eTCS TOBOJIBHO BbICOKAS JĮOJISI COBITAJIEHHS HAIHOHAJI5bHOCTH JIE- Tel C HAMOHANBHOCTEIO MaTepH (81,5 9), 4TO MOATBEPXKAaeT TAKYIO Ke 3aKOHOMep- HOCTb MPH BEIGOpE poaHOTO A3bika. Tak Kak BO BTOpofi Mpyrine AeiCTBHE THX haxk- TOPOB 3HAYMTENbHO cJIaGee (0cO6eHHO BTOporo), TO HEKOTOpOE Mpeobiananue o/1- HOW HAUMOHAJILHOCTH omnpejesseTcs (aKTOPaMH 4acTHOTO MOPSAKA, TAKHMH Kak MECTO POXACHHS WIM XeJIaHHe poauTesed. B TpeTbeii rpynne BLIOOp HAIKHOHAJIL- HOCTH MOJIHOCTBIO COOTBETCTBYET TpaJHIHOHHOMY: 3a npejiejiaMH YCCP gern us TabGauua 1. CooTHollenHe POJHOrO S3LIKA HHOOpMAHTOB C S3LIKOM POAHTE/EH H SIBIKOM obyuenus B TOM 4YHCIE COB- Kon-so najgaer C S3bIKOM | SI3mIK Tun ceMbH HHĖDODp- skait Tow % : obyye- MaHTOB p | | HHS | MaTepH | oTua JIutoBcko-pycckue 30 JIATOBCKHĖ 83,3 84 16 70 pycckuit 16,7 40 60 30 JlutoBcko-ykp., Gup. 6 JIATOBCKHI 16,7 100 — — YyKpaHHCKHHĖ 16,7 100 — — pyccKuit 66,6 — — 100 Pyccko-ykKpanuxmckKue 10 pyccruit 100 60 40 100 YKPauHCK Hi — - -— = Pyccko-JitpyrHx 7 pyccknit 100 28,6 71,4 100 HalLIMOHAJIbHOCTEH Ap. Ha. — — — — Ykp., 6ap.-apyrux 6 PYCCKHii 100 — — 100 HanKHOHAaJIbHOCTENH 151 TabGnuua 2. Coornomenne HAUHONAILHOCTH WHPOPMAHTOB C HAUWOHAIBLHOCTHIO poauTeiei B TOM 4HCIIC cOoBnmanaer Kon-so Hanwonans- | C HAUHOHANBHOCTHIO Tuan CeM5H HHĖOpMAH- | HOCTE HWHODOP- % TOB MAaHTOB | MaTepH ora JIMTOBCKO-pyCcCKHE 30 JIMTOBI(BI 90 81,5 18,5 pYCCKHE 10 = 100 JlaroBcro-yrp., Gp. 6 JIMTOBIIbI 333 50 50 VYKDpaHHIIkI 50 — 100 6ex1opyckr 16,7 100 — Pyccko-ykKpauxmckKme 10 pycckKHe 80 75 25 YKpaHHIIbI 20 100 - TabGmuusl cocraBjieHbi HA OCHOBAHHH CTATHCTHYEeCKOM OGpaGOTKH naHEBIX, COGpaHHBIX aBTOPOM Ha OCHOBE OITPOCA MO AHKETE CONHOJIOTHH SA3BIKOB, MMOArOTOBNIeHHOM I'pymmoilt pyccko- ro s3pika IpH MHCTHTYTe JHTOBCKOrO s3bika H ymreparypsi AH JIurosckoit CCP B 1983 r. TaKHX cemeil 4auie H3OHpaIoOT pycckyio HanmoHambHOCTh (I'anukasi, TepenThesa 1977, 480). B weTBepToii rpynme Takke npeobiagaeT pycckas HAIIKMOHAJIbHOCTB, a B IOCJIeJĮHeH OAHHAKOBO NPEACTABJICHBI BCE HAMOHANBHOCTH, 4TO, IMO-BHAHMOMY, Takxe OOYCJIOBJIEHO BIHMSHHEM YacTHBIX (dAKTODpOB. Ilpu o606untexxn aHanu3a MCCIEOBAHHOTO MaTepHasa TNpejįCTABIISETCA BO3- MOXHBIM IIDpeJNIOJIOXHTb, YTO PA3BHTHE SA3BIKOBBIX H MEXITHHYECKHX IPOIECCOB Ha obcnenosannoit TeppuTOpuH (B r. Kypmenaii, synsit u Msynsiickom p-He) B OCHOBHOM HANpABJIEHO B CTOPOHY COJIHXeHHA NMpeACTaBHTEJe PYCCKOH HAlMO- HAJIbHOCTH C KOPEHHBIM HAaCeJIeHHeM DpecIyOJIKMKH, a NpejicTAaBHTeJIEeŽi JIDYyTHX Ha- HHOHAJIbHOCTEeKH — Ha MOJ00HOE B3aHMOAEHCTBHE C pyCCKHMH. JIATEPATYPA Baiimureiin C. M. CornnajibHO-5KOHOMHYECKHE NMPEANOCEUIKH H (JAKTODbI ITHAYECKHX Irpo- teccoB B CCCP [/ CoBpemMennbie aTHH4ecKHe riponeccohrt B CCCP. 2-e man. M., 1977. C. 105—122, IT'auugas O. A., Tepenrsesa JI. H. MexnanxonajibHbie GpaKH H HX DpOJIb B 3THH4ECKRX NPO- ueccax // CoBpeMenHsie sTHH€ecKHe NnpoNnecchi B CCCP, 2-e n3n. M., 1977. C. 460—483. Gaučas P. Dabartiniai etniniai procesai Lietuvoje // Mokslas ir gyvenimas, 1981. Nr. 3. P. 27—28. Muxabuenko B. IO. Ipo6nems! OyKKIKOHHpOBAHHS H B3aHMOJIEŠCTBHS JIHTOBCKOTO H pycC- CKOro S35IKOB. BunbHioc, 1984. Hemuenxo B. H. I'osop pycckux crapoxunos Vosasckoro paitona Jlurosckoit CCP: [luc. ...KaHJĮ. dunon. HayK. Bunsnioc, 1960. Cusuuxene M. K. O įgys3siunn cenbckoro pycckoro nacenenus JImrosckoit CCP // Socia- linés lingvistikos problemos. V., 1979. P. 59—66. Tpudonosac Sl. C. PyEKUMOHNPOBAHKE H B3aUMOJICHCTBHE PYCCKOTO H JIATOBCKOTO S3HIKOB B Jlutoscko#t CCP: duc. ... xaua. punon. vayk. M., 1978. Ymaucknit JI. A., Ma6oanun C. C. l'ogsl Tpyna u nobexn. 1917-1987. M., 1987. 152