Leksiniai germanizmai Žemaičių Naumiesčio šnektoje

LITHUANIAN LINGUISTICAL QUESTIONS, XXVIII (1989) LANGUAGE RELATIONS AND INTERACTIONS JANINA JANAVIČIENĖ LEXIC GERMANISMS IN THE ZEMAIČIŲ NAUMIESČIO SCHNECK It is asserted that in the common Lithuanian language, Germanisms are used about three times less than Slavisms (Sabaliauskas, 1967, 72). This is the case in many dialects. However, after a detailed study of the Žemaičių Naumiestis dialect, it can be affirmed that this proportion is approximately the opposite. Such a high level of German interference in the language of the native inhabitants was primarily due to many extralinguistic factors, since they influence language interference more than structural language differences (Weinreich, 1953, 3). The main extralinguistic factors that led to the introduction of German lexical elements in the language of the inhabitants of Žemaičių Naumiestis were the geographical location of the Schneck and its history. Since the medieval border, Žemaitija has been linked with East Prussia and the Klaipėda region by close economic and commercial ties. Local residents recall that their grandparents used to carry agricultural products to Tilžė, Ragainė, Rusnė and even Karaliaučiai to sell them (also cf. Kymmsep, 1951, 229). From the 18th to the 19th century, Lithuanians (and Germans) migrated to Žemaitija. With the rise and expansion of capitalism in Lithuania, smallholders and landless people from these areas were drawn to earn money in East Prussia ir Klaipėda region. Iš the reverse process was ir initiated. This dialect is full of Germanisms, especially in the daily language of the older generation. Here, when it comes to household utensils, crafts, food and feed preparation, animal care, etc., every fifth and sixth term is German. Almost all the names of construction, transport, agricultural tools and their parts were also brought by travelling German masters who built houses in Žemaitija. For example, in East Prussia and Žemaitija, after replacing the old roofs with logs at the lower ends with new double-pitched roofs, the vaults began to be called gėveliai (see German Giebel; Gimbutas, All Germanisms in the local Žemaičių language can be divided into: 1) old borrowings, probably from the times of the Crusader conquest, e.g.: diktas "firm" (< German dialect dicht), pucūoti "to eat, to clean" (< German dialect putzen), skūnė "garden" (< German dialect schune, skunia, skuna), staldis "gate" (< German dialect stald), stuba "room" (German dialect stuba, stub, stébe)! and 2) subsequent debts which are of two origins: a) bring Lithuanians and b) to be acquired through direct contact with German-Germanized Lithuanians. 1958, 156). su ir 1 These are ir some of the other Germanisms of that group used only in the dialect we ne are concerned with, but by the other Semitic ir people of the south-west of Prussia. ir 127 As can be seen from the examples, most of the German lexicons in the language of the Žemaičiai and Lithuanians came not from common German, but from its dialectal variant used in the Lesser Lithuania of that time, mainly Plattdeutsch and Niederdeutsch, e.g.: kiulkis (lit. —kilkis) "boiled potatoes and flour dumpling' (cf. German dialect kilke), pliūmė "plum' (< German dialect plūme, cf. German dialect Pflaume), Styvas "still, frozen' (< German dialect štiw, cf. German dialect steif), Spicbukas "spike' (< German Spitz "sharp, kandys' + German dialect būbe 'child'). Many of the Germans who were in the area were forced to borrow money from the Lithuanians. They brought a lot of German words from East Prussia and from the Klaipėda region. It is now difficult to determine which Germanisms the Žemaičiai borrowed directly from the Germans and which through the Lithuanians. One thing is certain, that under the influence of Lithuanians many Germanisms became very popular in the Žemaičių dialektas. Because they do not know German, the Žemaičiai usually do not distinguish between German and Lithuanian words. Only very specific, brought or created objects are undoubtedly enriching the vocabulary (Weinreich, 1953, 53). Such were mentioned specific German names of agricultural tools and household items, e.g.: dišlius *vežimo grazulas- ’, strafigas "chain", rymas "techn. belt", liodingė "carriage part", rėpas 'wheel-shaped', but does not know their Lithuanian equivalents at all. In general, the Lithuanians brought many unknown items and their names. All of these realities were called by their own names, usually of German origin, which were taken over by the Žemaites. Not without the help of Lithuanians, the Samogitians acquired many semantic meanings, e.g.: girinė kiaiilé “Deer” (cf. German: wildes Schwein), girinė dntis “wild duck” (cf. German: wilde Ente) and others. To such semantic Germanisms we must also add the words "knitted" (cf. German absetzen- ), tykdji pėtnyčia (Lithuanians say piėtnyčia) "good friday" (German stille Woche). Also see the word of the Shumpa'slander' (German: Schimpfwort), Sampuoti (Lithuanians say Sempiioti "slander, curse" (from German: schimpfen). Some words, having passed into another language, change their meaning, mainly expanding it. Sometimes they lose their original content altogether (Weinreich, 1953, 48, 49). There is also a German-speaking community in the village. For example, the verb šapuoti (from German schėpfen) in Lithuanian, as in German, means 'to collect', and in Zemgalish, 'to eat'. The verb puciioti has also narrowed its meaning to "eat, scrub" (German dialect putzen). The Lithuanians retained this meaning, but for the Samogitians this word means only 'to eat', for example, viską supucūvo "viską suvalgé'. An interesting example of a change in meaning is the word ūlenderis "horse merchant" (from German Hollinder "Dutchman"), previously associated with the purchase and sale of horses. Over time, it lost its original ethnonymic meaning of 'Dutch' and now ūlenderis means 'horse merchant' in the language of Žemaitija. Another example: the word kėžas "cheese" (from German Kdse) brought by the Lithuanians, the Samogitians adapted it only for melted cheese. Homemade cheese in Žemaičių kalba and remained cheese. The Lithuanians call any cheese ėžuo. It should be noted that many German words have been preserved in the language of the Žemaičių Naumiestis Žemaites and Lithuanians. Former Lithuanians of East Prussia and Germans of Klaipėda region no longer 128 know them, especially those words that have passed into Lithuanian from the German dialect variant, e.g.: karnėlė "digging, ditch". (From the wk. dial. carnéle). rigelis "boom to tie horses' (Voice. dial. rigel), štrdm "strong" (Voice. dial. strūm) ir et al. In the Žemaičių Naumiesčio dialect, the German vocabulary forms these more pronounced semantic groups: household, ir household utensils: akšelinė "a machine for preparing chops, (from German. Hacksel "hack"), blubber "radio" (From the wk. blubern "burbėti"), briliai (sighs) "glasses" (From the wk. Brille), chair “chain, necklace' (hibr. iš vok. dial. chair) kufbas "braided" (plg. Turtle "Basket" vok. Korb), liéde "leaf chopper box' (plg. vok. dial. l6d ‘deze’, with a piledeki ‘kailiné gūnia’ (From the wk. Pelz ‘coat’, Decke ‘covering’), rantiotas (rdntiits) viédras "bucket with measuring su tapes" (hibr. plg. vok. Rand ‘krastas’), rigelis ‘boom for binding horses’ (From the wk. dial. rigel), šiūpundė "net for hay, straw carrying' (plg. vok. schėpfen ‘semti’, Bund "bundle, bundle'), stirrup "clothes stiffener' (Voice. Stdrke), plg. spitted (Scorpions) ‘standinti’ (Voice. sturken), ace "bag" (From the wk. Dose: plg. 2000-2001 "hibr. bag for tobacco"- ), vané ‘vonia’ (Voice. Wanne), fish (Zaks) "bag" (plg. vok. Sack). Meals, drinks: biedel ‘pickled flour’ (plg. vok. beuteln ‘to pickle flour', apparently, iš jo dialect variant, plg. Yeah. bydeliuoti "pickled"), ffmbriūtė'- meduolis, improved cake' (plg. vok. Pentecost ‘sekminés’, Brot ‘duona’), giviercai 'prieskoniai' (From the wk. Gewiirze), karefitai 'violet garden berries' (plg. vok. Korinthe 'fine raisins'), klipspas'- meat balls' (From the wk. Klops), krygės ‘small plums’ (From the wk. Kriecke), [yvervurstas ‘kepeniné dešra’ (From the wk. Liver ‘kepenys’, sausage ‘deSra’), marmaliddé ‘marmelddas’ (From the wk. Marmelade), mašina (masyna) ‘virykla’ (plg. Kochmaschine "country cooker’), plume “plum’ (From the wk. dial. plime), prystekis "breakfast" (From the wk. Freestyle, plg. She. ‘pusryCiauti’), ‘oat flakes’ (From the wk. Flocke), šmanta "creamy" (From the wk. dial. šmand), šmultė ‘pork fat’ (plg. vok. Schmalz), šmekiūoti ‘to taste’ (schmecken), šmerlekiūoti ‘to taste better’ (From the wk. dial. smėr licken "licking fat"), $liufpti "scratching" (Voice. schliirfen), schlüpfen "to eat greedy, to eat' (plg. vok. schliipfen "slip, slip away"; but plg. šliūpas "loud eater'), Sukuliédé ‘Chocolate’ (Voice. Schokolade), sausage (plg. vok. Wurst), zdmgurkis'- seed cucumber, pickled' (plg. vok. Samen "seeds", Gurke "cucumber'), zdnkuks "layered cake' (plg. vok. Sandkuchen'sand cake'). Clothing, footwear: dncugas ‘kostumas’ (Voice. Anzug), ėlskis "tie" (From the wk. dial. the neck; plg. Yeah. "to tie a tie; dress up'), kedelys "skirt" (From the wk. dial. kedele), kėdė ‘suknelé’ (From the wk. Dresses; plg. hybrid. kleidike "small dress'), kuzjūkas (kuzjaks) "jacket" (plg. vok. dial. jack "travel coat'), germūlka "hat with a beak' su (plg. vok. dial. germéle), moustache "hat" (From the wk. dial. hat; plg. mučikė "woman's hat"), šiūršis "apron' (From the wk. Schiirze), štritmpos ‘kojinés’ (From the wk. Striimpfe), štyfeliai ‘auliniai batai’ (Voice. Stiefeln), sandales "summer shoes" (Voice. Sandal). Work tools, machines, devices: fog "accumulator" (From the wk. Hacke; plg. akdtis <akditis "small pile"; but plg. akiioti “to chop, to iš accumulate' vok. hacken, smokestakis hibr. ‘kauptukas’), drėšmašynė ‘kuliamoji mašina’ (Voice. threshing ‘kulti’), ekelis ‘vaselis’ (From the wk. Hiccup: plg. ékeliuoti “knit with a loop" (Voice. héckeln), kuras 9. 678 129 *karutis' (From the wk. Carts; plg. repeat "to carry a cart" — iš vok. carren), cripé "ladders" (From the wk. dial. cribs; plg. krepės "vežimo gardeliai', kripikė 'kopetélés'), kriizai 'raukinukai' (From the wk. Krause; plg. apkriizuoti "sewed with ruffles’), mangalis ‘iron for ironing clothes’® (From the wk. Mangel), mangaliuoti ‘cociuoti, lamdyti’ (Voice. mangeln), hibr. susimangaliaves ‘susilamdes’, šlėga "hammer" (Voice. Schligel), Stapnotelis ‘knitting needle’ (From the wk. dial. traces; plg. Studded ‘adyti’ in iš German. stopfen), but plg. Barb-tailed waterfowl ‘adymo adata’, vifidas ‘spinning wheel’ (plg. vok. Winde ‘screws’). Construction terminology, || furniture: beskis barikis "suolas" (From the wk. Bank pl. Binke), dachshund Serpe’ (From the wk. Dachpfanne), évelis ‘oblius, drožtuvas' (From the wk. dial. héwel), éveliuoti 'planing' (Voice. dial. hėweln), éveliodé 'gullet' (From the wk. dial. hewelėde), gévelis ‘saspara’ (From the wk. dial. gebel), krúsé "soft chair, armchair" (plg. vok. Krasse *wicker armchair'), kėlnorius "basement' (From the wk. Keller), liodė ‘stalčius' (Voice. dial. /e "box'), masonry'- sidewall crown for beams, beam' (From the wk. dial. miirenlatte), ständeris 'fence post' (From the wk. Stdnder), Syveris ‘krosniakaistis’ (From the wk. Schieber), rough "'chiminea' (Voice. Schornstein), skewer "mirror" (Voice. Spiegel), stiulė "chair" (Stuhl), stirring 'cross beam' (plg. vok. Schwelle "transverse threshold"- ), trémpelis "lower part of the house above the foundation' (From the wk. Trempel), vifikelis "campus, corner' (From the wk. Shop; plg. į Accessories ‘kampu’). Words describing ir human activity work: bygaras bagaras || "kartis, pagalys' (plg. vok. Bagger 'a mine used to dig for amber'; plg. bygaruoti || bagaruoti "waving with bitterness, finally"), bilderiuoti "taking pictures" (From the wk. Bild pl. Images ‘paveikslas, fotografija'), brūkuūoti "require" (Voice. brauchen), berštūoti 'trinti plausine' (plg. vok. Biirste ‘Sepetys’), bérstas "plaušinė', lioduoti "krauti, pakuoti’ (vok. loading; plg. liédingé "cargo, part of a carriage*- ), expand "compare (Mila)' (From the wk. 1999: "There's No Place Like Home" (feat. the band), "There's No Place Like Home" (feat. the band), "There's No Place Like Home" (feat. the band), "There's No Place Like Home" (feat. the band), "There's No Place Like Home" (feat. the band), "There's No Place Like Home" (feat. the band), "There's No Place Like Home" (feat. the band), "There's No Place Like Home" (feat. the band), "There's No Place Like Home" (feat. the band), "There's No Place Like Home" (feat. the band), "There's No Place Like Home" (feat. the band), "There's No Place Like Home" (feat. the band), "There's No Place Like Home" (feat. the band), "There's No Place Like Home" (feat. the band), "There's No Place Like Home" (feat. the band), "There's No Place Like Home" (feat. the band), "There's No Place Like Home" (feat. the band), "There's No Place Like Home" (feat. the band), "There's No Place Like Home" (feat. the band), "There's No Place Like Home" (feat. the band), "There's No Place Like Home" (feat. the band), "There's No Place Like Home" (feat. the band), "There's No Place Like Home" (feat. the band), "There's No Place Like Home" (feat. the band), "There's No Place Like Home" (feat. the band), "There's No Place Like Home" (feat. the band), "There's No Place Like Home" (feat. the band), "There's No Place Like Home" (feat. the band). Schneider "seamstress", cf. šneideraitis ‘siuvéjélis’, šneiderka "seamstress"). Children, teaching aids: b6l/ė ‘ball’ (German: Ball, plg. boliké "pencil"), gibūrzdukas ‘birthday’ (Voice. Birthday), klingeris "skambutis" (from Eastern Prussians. Klinger, lit. vok. Bell; pg. klingeriuoti "to call with a call"), pernole "feather' (from German dial. pernéle), spridikis "teaching' (from German dial. predigt), špyliūoti "to play" (German spielen; pg. prašpyliūoti kūrą "to lose the war"), šiūlė *mokykla' (of Lithuanians)' (Voice. Schule), tobytis “iSdykauti, siausti’ (From the wk. toben). Means of transport: boné 'train' (from German Bahne, cf. hybrid borikelis 'railway tracks'), grdnta 'gravel road, road' (German Grand 'road'), liodingė 'carriage part, cargo' (from German dial. liéding), liogeris'shaft bearing' (from German dial. /6ger), pypeliuoti'signalizuoti' (from German dial. pipeln), pjpelis 'car signal' (German pipel), reipas 'wheel covered' (German dial. reif), rūngas 'wheel cross' (German dial. runge), ratas 'bicycle' (German Rad), šėpis'ship' (German Schiff), slypkos 'roges' (cf. hybrid from German dial. sleppe and Slavic suffix -k-; cf. Slypkutés 'rogutés- '), Spdnegelis'metal carriage pin' (German Spannegel). 130 Trade: (pa)burguoti "to sell on credit" (German: borgen, cf. on the bufga "skolon'), pygelininkas "small merchant in the market' (cf. German dial. pigel "house'), reficelis 'carrier' (German: Ranzen), stūkis 'piece' (German: Stiick cf. stukėlis || Diosytis 'gabalélis'- ), šmūkuliuoti "to trade, smuggling' (cf. German: schmuggeln; cf. šmukulis || šmukūlninkas "businessman, speculator'), iūlenderis "horse trader' (From the wk. Dutch ‘olandas’). Time expression: jūnis "June" (German: Juni), mumeiit "at once', minuté'minute' (German: Minute); plg. miniūtnieks “minute arrow”), stūmda || stūnda ‘hour’ (German: Stunde); plg. pusher || pusher “hour hand'; plg. hibr. piétstundė "lunch break"). State, administration: caitunga 'paper' (German: Zeitung), kaliuzea 'prison' (compare German Klause 'hermit's headquarters'), rubēzgrabē'state border, boundary between land plots' (Hebrew from German Graben 'ditch' and sl. py6emc). Words that express the inner and outer state of the human being: drimmel "a sturdy teenager" (cf. German dialect drimmel), fläüoti "to break" (cf. German dialect fläü). fehlen, cf. fėlė "deficiency (physical)', furši "agile woman' (German: fursch), giliūkis "luck, happiness' (German: Gliick, cf. giliukingas 'happy' from gliicklich, giliukingai 'happily', negiliūkis 'nelaimé'), liūstas "good mood' (German: Lust'mood', cf. liustavdti 'to have fun'), špūkuoti "vaidentis" (German: dial. spūken), špūkas "ghost', šmėkla (from German: dial. spike), Stimuoti "to meet' (German: stimmen, cf. iStimuoti "still to be in good health'), šmaukšti "to speculate, to engage in dirty work' (German: stark), švicūoti 'to sweat' (German: schwitzen), šakarinė "deceitful woman' (German: schachern "to speculate, to engage in dirty work'), špicbukauti "to mock' (German: dial. Spitzbūbe 'to help a child'), unikalus "stout man' (plg. vok. Uncle. “dead”). Human relationships: shattered "a little. švebeldžiuoti (vokiškai)' (iš vok. dial. drivel), dūneriuoti "plūstis, keiktis' (plg. vok. donnern "griausti', plg. uždūneriuoti "nusikeikti- '), ergeliuotis "bartis, pyktis" (vok. argel'n), ergelis 'apmaudas, pyktis’ (vok. Arger), kamaratas || kamarėtas (vok. Kamerad), liūosininkas (I' ūsininks) ‘inamys’ (plg. vok. Lossman; dar plg. liūosininkauti “būti įnamiu"), Iėbė (liebi) "geras gyvenimas’ (vok. Leben “gyvenimas’), liutėrija "rizika' (vok. Lotterie "loterija'), Strydiotis "bartis, pyktis' (vok. dial. stride, plg. susištrydūti "to get angry, to fight"; (§)tridals "hot potato", (§)trydmikis "hot potato'), ūmeriuoti "fat nigga's" (see German Humor 'humour'). Diseases and their treatment: anises “anyZii’ (German: Anies), spiiling *diarrhea® (German: spiilen “to rinse”), schlektūoti "feel bad’ (compare German: schlecht “bad, bad’; also compare schlektūmas zaėjo “it got bad’, man §lektai ‘it got bad to me’), Stinkspirutis ‘ammonia’ (compare German: stinken ‘to have a smell’), crying “to work, to padéti’ (German: werken). Various other words: bybelis ‘bible’ (German: Bybel), fursi moteris ‘swift woman’ (German: fursch), jefgau || jafgau istikt. ‘vaje’ (cf. Herr Gott), jūksai ‘litter’ (Jucks), karnélé ‘ditch, excavation’ (from German dial. karnél), kliuperis ‘payment for work in products’ (cf. German dial. kluper ‘to dig’), krépelis ‘mop’ (Kriippel, cf. krépeliuoti ‘to throw’; also cf. kripal, kripal ‘to describe interj. throw’), knipelis ‘tail’ (Kniippel), kūrė ‘kalakuté’ (from German dial. kure, cf. kurinas ‘turkey’; also cf. kuriks || kurytis || kuriitis hybrid ‘turkey’), rige3 131 list ‘luitas, gabalas’ (From the wk. Riegel, plg. freezes į the ridge "freeze į a piece, lita"), squeaks ‘silpnai’ (plg. vok. weak ‘weak’), stufkis "gandras" (Voice. Storch). German words that į entered the local Zemgale dialect adapted to its corresponding norms. It is now difficult to distinguish in which cases they received Lithuanian and in which cases they received Žemaičių forms. However, one thing is clear, that the German iš words received by the Lithuanians were considerably processed by the Samogitians. For iš example, the garbage received by Lithuanians "shovel" (plg. vok. spades ‘semti’) Žemaičiai became trash ir šį the word began to use meaningme “strong-faced woman’, iš Lithuanian spdtas ‘kastuvas’ (Voice. Spaten) became spatinas ‘semtuvélis’. The Žemaitija suffix has been added to the names of German ka soups -infection, e.g. flu ‘sweet soup’, mūzynė "milky soup", rice "grate soup" etc. ir The Žemaites adopted a number of t. y. hybrids, compound iš words, Lithuanians or made them themselves (now it is difficult to determine- ). Jų one spot German, the other Lithuanian, e.g., borikelis"geležinkelis' (hibr. iš vok. Bahne ir liet. grey-tailed eagle ‘statinė jovalui laikyti' (From the wk. dial. drink ‘jovalas’ ir letter. buckwheat) ‘pjuvenos’ (From the wk. Jucks "waste" lit. ir spiros), Siefikripés ‘side carrier grilles’ (Voice. Nativity scene "ladders", also cf. Haygrass "long ladder"), stirrup *leg band' (Voice. Strumpf pl. Striimpfe). There are ir already very lithuanized, just processed words, e.g. šnipštukas (Lithuanians say šnipeldukas *nosepiece' (Voice. Sniff cloth, vok. dial. snūveldok "nose"). Lithuanians will have taken over the dialect variant snūveldok while still alive Eastern In Prussia and In Klaipeda ir region brought į The Lithuanian side. Regarding the quantitative adaptation of German nouns, it should be stated that words ending in a hard consonant vowel have become ar In some cases, for example, the arrowhead "pintina" (German: Korb), the birch "plaušinė' ir (German: Biirste "šepetys') etc. The singular of nouns was often made from the German plural root, e.g. bilderis "picture, picture' (German Bild pl. Bilder), kinderis ‘vaikas’ (From the wk. Kind pl. Children) ir kt. Many nouns have received Lithuanian deminutive suffixes: -ytis, -elis,.-aitis (Ze. -atis), -ikė, -inė, e.g., kurytis 'turkey' (from German dialect kure), mučikė 'cap' (German Miitze), plecditis (plecdtis- )'small plot of land' (German Platz 'place'), stukėlis 'piece' (German Stiick), stubinė'- maid, maid' (German Stiick). dial. stub, stubbe ‘room’). There have also been opposite cases (they are not frequent), when Lithuanian base words have been made into vedic words with German suffixes, for example, kiaulerija "swinery, disorder" (see German Schweinerei — prefix -erei), pinkerija "confusion, that which is confused'. Also see photographer ‘fotografas’ electrician ‘elektrikas’ etc. German adjectives that entered the local Lithuanian language usually received the Lithuanian suffix -ingas®, e.g. giliukingas ‘happy’ (German: gliicklich), listingas ‘insidious’ (German: listig). See the corresponding adverbs deeply, listfully. Adjectives hi 2 It resembles German -ig-, -(/)ich and has a similar meaning. 132 ruidin "round" (Voice. rund), kajatinas "satisfied" to make according to the Lithuanian kūpinas model. into Verbs were mostly adapted by adding suffixes -ing - Yeah. -ūti, -auti), less often of Slavic origin -arousal, e.g., dancing ‘apdengti giinia’ (Voice. decken), Swimming "break" (Voice. fehlen), knibeliuoti ‘to work, to scratch’ (plg. vok. knibbeln "to tie"), liustavoti "to have fun" (From the wk. noun Lust “good mood’), whispering “breakfast’ (Voice. Friihstiick "breakfast'), squeal "feel bad' (From the wk. bad ‘bad’) ir etc. Sometimes a Lithuanian suffix is added to the German one, e.g. dūneriauti "to curse" (Voice. donnern ‘to thunder’), planėrūoti ‘to plan’ (Voice. planieren), turnérúoti 'to play sports, exercise' (Voice. tournaments). Verbs of German origin often have Lithuanian prefixes, e.g. apšampūti ‘i¥barti’ įštimūti "to be in good mood, health’, muamioti ‘tired’ (Voice. ahnen), pasteliuoti "to order, to provide" (Voice. stellen), supuciioti ‘to eat’, susiStrydioti ‘to get angry’ (Voice. dial. striden), uZduneriuoti ‘to dispute’, užklingiūoti ‘to prosper’ (Voice. Klinke ‘large’). There are a number of completely unadapted German words, e.g. fimama ‘senelé’ (Voice. Oma "bobutė'), ūpapa "grandfather" (Voice. Opa, papa. 'dad' (Voice. Papa), briiit ‘duona’ (Voice. Brot), špėk "bacon" (Voice. Speck), meat "knife" (Voice. Messer), itrdm ‘tvirta’ (Voice. dial. štrūm), strėng "strict" (Voice. streng), fēst ‘tvirtas’ (Voice. fest) kt. ir They remained unchanged in verb and number. At present, the Germanisms discussed in this article, although well known to the ir older local inhabitants, are already rapidly disappearing, affected by the common Lithuanian language. They are usually used only by the older generation, especially Lithuanians. Young people, who have attended school, understand perfectly that these words are already barbarisms, so they try to replace them with Lithuanian equivalents, although they always succeed. ne Be these Germanisms, of course, do not disregard older Samogitians, talking about the past, about The realities of Little Lithuania ir sometimes to make their language more pictorial. They use many Germanisms when speaking su local Lithuanians, in whose language these are still quite common. LITTERACY Kymnep/Kusimes II. 1998-1999 H. DTHRYeCKHE TEPPHTOPHH K ITHHYECKHE rpasnusl. M.: M35-Bo AH CCCP, 1951. 280 c. Gimbutas J. Lithuanian Sodybos Architecture in Lesser Lithuania. New York, 1958. 156 p. Kurchat H. Das Memelddische ABC: Folklore Dictionary of Memelandic Low German. Oldenburg: Siebert, 1964. 160 S. Sabaliauskas A. Development of Lithuanian language vocabulary, its enrichment in the Soviet years // Lithuanian language in Soviet years. V., 1967. P. 68—102. Zinkevičius Z. History of the Lithuanian language. D. 1: The origin of the Lithuanian language. V.: Science, 1964. 387 p. Weinreich U. Languages in Contact. N. Y.; Philadelphia, PA 1953. 147 p. 133 GERMAN LOANWORDS IN THE LOCAL DIALECT OF GERMANY NAUMIESTIS Summary In the paper the author analyses linguistically complicated a situation the small locality in Žemaičių of Naumiestis. Here the local Samogitian dialect was greatly influenced the so-called by lietuvininkai, newcomers from former Eastern Prussia and the Klaipėda District. Furthermore, the local Samogitian dialect had also been influenced the by German language for long centuries. The interference of the German language the in local dialect implied the rearrangement patterns all domains the language, such of the phonetic system, partly in morphology and syntax and of almost all areas the vocabulary. as of As we know, lexical borrowing occurs when recipient vocabulary a inadaguate the cultural is environment in given locality. of a The paper attempts disclose the to extent interference determined of the structure by two languages of contact well in as as by Non-lingvistic factors the in socio-cultural context language of contacts. The interference was mutual. Up till now one can trace many Lithuanian words the in oral speech the of Brothers. The most concrete German loanwords, such designations as for newly invented and imported objects were mere additions to the vocabulary of the local Samogitian dialect. Quite a number of Germanisms extended their content, many discarded their old meanings and acquired new ones. Many German semantemes were borrowed from the German dialect, used in former Lithuania Minor of the time. German loanwords, used in the Žemaičių Naumiestis local Samogitian dialect, form fourteen semantic groups. The borrowed words were adapted in the recipient dialect, i. e. the local Samogitian dialect according to the phonetic and morphological patterns of the Lithuanian language. Among the hybrid compounds we can also distinguish those in which the stem remains German but another component acquires the Lithuanian word-forming elements: suffixes, prefixes, endings. Some of the German words did not obey the norms of the recipient dialect at all. Lately the loanwords have lost gradually their significance in the local Samogitian dialect and are used mostly in the speech of elder Samogitians and lietuvininkai.