Apie XIX a. lietuvių kolonijų kalbą Baltarusijoje

LITHUANIAN LINGUISTICAL QUESTIONS, XXVIII (1989) LANGUAGE RELATIONS AND INTERACTIONS MARIJA KINDURYTĖ-SIVICKIENĖ ABOUT THE LANGUAGE OF THE LITHUANIAN COLONIES IN BELARUS IN THE 19TH CENTURY There are two kinds of Lithuanian language islands in the territory of the Belarusian SSR. Some of them are “surviving”, i.e., they have detached themselves from the main area of the Lithuanian language due to historical circumstances. They were extensively studied and described in the late 19th century and later in the 20th century. Especially this research became active in the 1950s, when there was an interest in Lithuanian dialects and current contacts of Baltic and Slavic languages, their interaction. However, there are other Lithuanian-speaking islands in Belarus. These are small colonies — isolated villages, inhabited by Lithuanians who moved here in the late 19th century (1885-1890) from the former Soviet Union. Vilnius and Kaunas Governorates. Several such larger or smaller villages were destroyed in the present Vitebsk, Mogilev, Minsk regions (as well as in the neighboring Smolensk region). Not all of the colonies have survived to this day. How Lithuanian villages appeared in Belarus is well known from the stories of the inhabitants themselves. Now there are no longer among them people born in Lithuania, who came here with their parents. Smallholder peasants joined communities, moved from their homeland to these czarist Russian provinces, hoping for cheaper land, usually sold at auction. The government of the tsar provided certain conditions for those who went. They were able to get a long-term loan from the Moscow Farmers' Bank. That's how the manor Lithuanian settled in Termano manor Malkavos (bltr. : Ménekayka) village (the birthplace of the author of the article, see Kunaypuc 1956), Mogilev region, Mstislavl district, 35 km į west of Mstislavlio. 1885 m. farmers' families 42 came here, buying Malkava manor, which belonged to about 3200 ha forested land. Most of the inhabitants came here from Linkmenai and their surroundings, now Utenos, Švenčionių district ir Ignalina districts border. In the past, some of the wood was used to build houses, and some of the jo wood was ar burned to make way for farmland. XX a. At the beginning of the 19th į century, o 1939 m. the malkavičiai split into single villages, single į villages were abolished, all returned to the place of the old village. Malkava was one of the iš larger villages of this origin Belarus. Iki 1929 m. it was about farms 80 ir 525 population, later, 1956 m. 45 farms ir about the 280 population. Over time, it jų decreased. Interesting data we find in the only one of its kind V. In the booklet of Ckapmsic, 1929), which lists briefly ir described Lithuanian settlements, the number of inhabitants, origin is indicated. jų Very significant time period In the life of Belarusian Lithuanians 1927— 1937 m. At that time, Lithuanian schools (primary or ir seven-year schools in the villages) were established. (in higher doses) 123 O In the village of Dimanova in Vitebsk region, a 1928 — 1938 m. Lithuanian boarding school operated, iš which gradually grew into a į seven-year secondary school. There came to study young people of all iš Lithuanian villages in Belarus, as well as ir iš other USSR locations (Smolensk, Saratov district). National collectives were organized in the villages. There were clubs, reading rooms, evenings, meetings. The elderly were also taught to read and write in Lithuanian. ir In the villages, many read the newspaper “Raudonasis artojas”, published He also published a magazine, "Moskva", in Moscow. All this greatly revived the Lithuanianness of the colonies. The common Lithuanian language during this period had a direct influence on the language of the peasants iš from various localities. Perhaps that is why some pronounced dialectal phenomena of the language of older ir representatives did not pass on to the next generation, children. In the Malkava dialect, jų this example may be Dzūkavimas. A number of new words appeared in the lexicon: dafbdienis, klubbas-skaitytojla, kolektyvas, soclenktynės, pirmininkas, pirmūnas ir t. t. Many words of common language have become familiar to the older ir generation. True, the latter used them, depending on the situation. Anyway, dialects were sufficient. (e. g. : instead of tease, punch, kiémas, lean, svirdulitioti, garbage was said trétint, trapint, atšlaimas, skreaūznas, svirdakuliudti, šėgžmas) or strangeness (e. g. : not: ugly, bulba, eagle, collective "kolkhoz", watch"but: spit, bulba, bution, kalkūozas, dabét etc. | ir (see section 4.4). Cusnrixene 1963). The situation began to po change after the abolition of Lithuanian schools in March), the (1938 m. national kolkhozes were joined as brigades to the adjacent Belarusian kolkhozes. kų Great The storms of the Patriotic War greatly dispersed the inhabitants of these villages. Many have returned į Lithuania. War refugees and people from elsewhere settled in the empty iš farms of Malkava. Those who have stopped studying in Lithuanian schools do not read or write in Lithuanian. Letters to your loved ones į They write Lithuania in Lithuanian with Russian (Belarusian) letters. Bilingualism ir is spreading and deepening, although it is not uniform. More and more villagers, when speaking Lithuanian, use foreign words, compounds, such as: — pretsedūtelius jų 'president', spasudbnas 'gabus', starSinia 'president', dirba praizvuédstvas 'in production, in the factory' npescelaTeNb, CNOCOOHBIN, CTApIIbIHA, un paboTaer mpomspojacTee. — Ha The functions and scope of use of the mother tongue have narrowed. But now, a ir century later, the native dialect among the Lithuanians in Malkava remains the only means of communication. Only themselves such inhabitants are now very small, about people. 20 Similar situations exist in other ir Lithuanian villages, which have survived to this day. 1964 m. The author of this article visited two Lithuanian villages in the Minsk region, Krupka district (Kpynxi, Kpyncki p-u): Litvinka (Numbered) ir Unacknown (locally called Ba:msuras Acinayka). Tada (years 20 ago) there were still a lot of Lithuanian speakers, although only Lithuanians lived there. ne These villages are different. The Lithuanians settled here from iš different places. The inhabitants of Litvinka refer to themselves as t. y. Vilniusians, iš originating from the former Vilnius Governorate, Trakai County. Iš at first there were settled 12 families. Litvinka has very pronounced traits of the Dzūkian dialect, for example, short accented long i, į ir unaccented; £' >c', plg. Please eat. Widely used ilation; adhesive aliative ir forms, it seems, will be 124 stagnated, common forms only namiėpi, namėopi. In Litvinka there is still the old custom of the Dzūki to burn a fire in the evening, gather around it and cook dinner. People are sincere, trustworthy. The inhabitants of another village, Bal§ija Asinauka, located 30 km from Litvinka, moved from the former village. Miniature of the King of the Lions, sculpted in marble. It has retained dialectal features typical of these areas, such as the tarsen: korvė, atdmena, dėga, riezginés. The village is different and ethnographically: good huts, fenced courtyards. People are less trusting, more closed. And the inhabitants of these villages use Belarusian words and simply unassimilated compounds in their language. They are characterized by bilingualism. Younger generations work and live in cities (Borisov, Minsk, Mogilev), rarely visit the countryside. There are many mixed families whose children no longer speak Lithuanian. There are fewer and fewer older villagers. These and other extralinguistic factors determine the duration of the existence of Lithuanian islands. Kunjgypac 1956 —Kunaypuc M. K. JIuToBCKHii roBop B GenopyccKOM OKDpYyxEHHH. (ToBop nep. MajnsrosBra B BCCP): duc.... kann. Ornos. KHayk. JL: JITY, 1956. Kunnypuc 1956a —Kunaypuc M. K. Jlutosckmii roBop B GenopyccKOM OKpyxeHHH. (oop ep. MajiskoBka B BCCP): Asroped.- ...auc. chicken. duno. Hayk. JI. : JIT'Y, 1956. Cusnuxene 1963 —Cusunkene M. 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