Varenavo rajono oikonimų slavinimas

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS, XXVIII (1989) LANGUAGES COMMUNICATIONS IR INTERACTIONS LAIMA GRUMADIENĖ VARENAVO REGION OIKONIMOU CELEBRATION Studies of the substrate of language can provide a lot of new material, but first of all it is necessary to establish rules for the reconstruction of the substrate language, ways to clean the plaques t. y. of the superstrate. Language facts are reconstructed when verification is no longer possible. In a bilingual situation, language facts can be attempted to reconstruct, it is easier to detect the most general laws according to which things in one language are adapted to another. This allows us to understand the mechanism of language interaction and trace the exchange of language elements. — One of the iš objects of subsurface research is onomastics. The peculiarities of Lithuanian ne onomastics glorification have already been examined once. The mentioned detailed, based on abundant treega K. Boogs (1958), K.O. Falko (1963), J. Otrembskium (1963), J. Princo (1968) ir the works of others. They are based on written sources, therefore a great deal of importance is given to the inventory of writing signs, the ability of scribes, the diachronic relations of languages. The most general laws have already been ir established, but exceptions, even manifestations of ma į contradictory tendencies, usually have to be eliminated or explained by extralinguistic factors. Language is an incredibly perfect system, it “works like a clock” if the languages ar really interact, and not if a non-native speaker writes down words in an exotic language. It is quite another thing when bilingual people translate words of one language that they understand well into another language that they also know well, feel its arsenal. The subject of this study is the interaction of languages. Invaluable linguistic facts for this purpose abound in the so-called peripheral islands and outskirts of Lithuanian dialects. The material for this work was collected in the Varenavo district of the Belarusian SSR during the 1984—1987 expeditions. The general socio-linguistic situation of the district is described in some detail (Yexmonac 1988). Recently, the study of peripheral Lithuanian dialects has become particularly active: A. Vidugiris and K. Garšva continue their work, V. Čekmonas and his students (A. Vaičiulyte-Romančiuk, Vaišnyte and others) are implementing their idea of broad-based sociolinguistic dialectology in these regions!. T. ir The study of the substrate from the living human language is not common in linguistic practice, so it is worth discussing some methodological provisions. In particular, all coexisting languages and dialects should be studied in a comprehensive way. I am sincerely grateful to V. Čekmonas for the very idea of the work, as well as to all the permanent participants of the expeditions mentioned here for their mutual assistance. 84 they use one language, they use another. In other words, we should seek to identify the sources of innovation in the interaction and interconnection of languages. So the second thing is necessary — sociolinguistic approach to the subject of į study: who, when, where, creates and how speaks. The importance of sociolinguistic factors is shown by the fact that the glorification of the names of the 15 districts of Varena district differs considerably. For example, Balčiškiai, Girkai, part of iš In the surroundin- — gs of Rėdūnai, and less in Žirmūnai, the Lithuanian language was alive until quite recently, although it is now considerably extinct; In the vicinity of Misevičiai and Ažubalis — long ago, and now probably no one speaks Lithuanian. All this has determined the peculiarities of the glorification of oikonymies: bilinguals usually interpret the semantic formal content of oikonymies by means of another language, using such prefixes of ir another language suffixes that convey the most accurately, the forgotten ir language (pro-Polish oriented) jį usually apply o Polish suffixes endings to everything. — ir In these places, the substrate language is covered by a very thick superstrat plaque. The most reliable indicator of a strong focus of bending is a shifted interjection according to the Polish language rules, the location of which can be irretrievably hidden. Similar phenomena occur in ir other parts of the language. Third, all — possible language facts are collected, details that may influence the origin of the name are recorded (relief, geographical ir position, etc.). Microtoponims, predominantly anthroponyms, may be very important for ir etymology. Part of the studied area is based on surnames, e.g., Surkantai ~ Cypranmt BI, Vilbikai ~ BinoGixi BIE, but, of course, the reverse process is ir possible: Kuliai ~ Kyai Grk ir tų Name of places Kyzčių. It is useful to know that Saltoniškės = Céamaniwxi Grk is the only village į deep in the woods. That's very much. confirms the hypothesis of the association of saltwater su hydronyms with salta ‘a gland in the hip of the animal; fat on the intestines’; salad "black lump in fat" and so on. ir (plg. Vanagas 1981, 289). Kaimas Pénciniskés ~ ITvėnysmiuxi Rod, how ir Plikiai ~ Ilaixi Zrm, is in a dense place, so the name may be jo related to péntis su ‘heel’. These would be the main tasks of sociolinguistic analysis of substrate phenomena. Representatives of Lithuanian peripheral dialects were the first to investigate the effects of language interaction in Belarus in the spoken aspect T. Vaišnytė (Boiinranc 1986) ir A. Romanchuk (1989). This article describes only oikonimai village — 148 names, 1984— 1987 m. write local iš Varenavo district bilingual multilinguals ar (non-monolingual) population. It is the most reliable source for determining the rules of interaction between languages: occurring “exceptions” are the result of the operation of other rules, there are no accidents here. The genders of Lithuanian-Belarusian ir (po-prostu) oikonimų that are now used are recorded. Many of the examined ir oikonipolenskie Russian genders have been found in writings of various kinds and from different mų periods, but ir here it is established to strictly distinguish the written facts of the living language (assuming bilingualism). For example, the village of ir Zalieckiij in Žirmūnai district, whose name probably originated from the family name of Zaliecki, who still live in the area today, is now written in Russian as Janecekue, and it is explained on the basis of folk etymology that the village is a forest. t. y. už 85 Therefore, it is better to limit the volume of the material under consideration, but to have ją as homogeneous and therefore more authentic. One more methodological note. XX a. 3—4 In the 1990s, a short but intense movement organized by the Ryto Society for the revival of Lithuanianness took place in the spoken lands. Reading rooms už established in many villages have left a group of people who learned Lithuanian ne iš your parents (although the latter often still knew Lithuanian, but no longer taught their children), but from teachers, in reading rooms. Place names written by such people (they speak non-dialectically or semi-dialectically) may be hypercorrect, cf. *Gaiviinai ~ yaiieynyst Rod, but here there are Aivūnai (in dialect ai <ei at the beginning of the word), cf. The mouth is also smaller than the penis, and the vagina is also smaller than the anus. Only the spoken language (because it is not reflected in the writing) can show where the substrate forms had /g/ and where it was added: the allophone [g] in the Belarusian form indicates that there was /g/ and in the substrate language, and [y] usually indicates an addition, cf. yaiyronfwiki Ben. [y] at the beginning of the word allows to gradually restore the eimat of the verb root in this oikonime. After discussing the principles of material collection and selection, the rules of translation of oikonymies from one language to another are discussed, according to which all collected samples are classified. The methodological principles of J. Princ, and partly of K. O. Falk, were chosen as the starting point: they are intended to eliminate from phonetic considerations those examples that are transferred to another language by means of translation and interpretation (the latter J. Princ calls Deutung). Translation is considered to be a substitution where the semantics of the oikonimo is conveyed by a word of another language without phonetic connection, and interpretation — where the choice of equivalents of another language aims at maximum phonetic similarity. The translation is, for example, Aukštūojai ~ Beicokia Grk, and the interpretation —Bilonys ~ Biaduyst Zrm. Translation. There are few examples of translation. For example, such a Slavic oikonimi bapézayka Ažbl gives reason to suspect a translation, but it can also be a Slavic village, after all, no other gender is recorded. What is different, when it is known that Aukštūojai ~ Bvicdkia Grk, that Piliakalnis ~ yapadiwua Rod, that Lietuva ~ JTimeiya Bnk, or Ažūbalis| Žūbalis ~ 3dGanays | 3d61aye AZbl, Bnk — even the genus is changed, although in translating Baltic oikonimes in Belarusian (and Polish) languages, efforts are made to maintain both the same genus and number. Of course, immediately there is a desire to treat the oikonimus Jaznemansi Msv, Ažbl, 3apeudne Msv as a translation, as well as to suspect the translation of the adverbs Jlaiūnasiuxa (*Dainavėlė) Msv, because next to it is Dainava. Kybensuiki Msv can be imagined to have a substrate Kubiléliy gender, but Sie things are not confirmed by linguistic facts. In addition to the base word, only the individual components of compound place names are translated: Senieji Smilginiai ~ Cmapuvia Cminbeini Rod. Explanation. Explanatory presentation of place names is the most common way. Two subtypes of it could be distinguished: when both semantic and morphological similarity is sought and when the translation is done essentially by morphological means. One group would be made up of local names based on the name of the person according to occupation and profession, Slavic equivalents, which are very similar due to borrowing of old Baltic Slavic connections: ar ir jo ir ir Bajorai ~ Basper Žrm, Ulonai~Y aanet 86 Grk, Kavėliai ~ Kaednoki Grk. In this case, the -xi suffix may have been created to convey a copulative meaning, so the suffix appears where it did not exist. The second way of interpretive presentation is a new meaning arising on the basis of homonymy: Zalieckiai ~ 3ančy(c)- kia Zrm, cf. the name of those neighborhoods 3anėykiū. Thus, the name is taken as the basis of the collective place name and is made (and not only the ending -(i)ai>i) according to the model: from the surname with -ėykiūū —oikonimas with -éyxis. Thus, from 3ančyki comes the “more understanding” Jančykia, which is already a homonym (or almost a homonym) meaning,3anecckue® — "behind the forest". The third way of interpretation, when all the word morphemes, the place of the accent, are changed, is almost a translation, but still the base word is quite similar: Babrinykai ~ Ba6paynixi Ažbl, Berfuona ~ Bepesna Zrm (see the corresponding river nickname), Varniškės ~ Bapodniuwi Msv. The fourth way could be that, “by inertia”, the ending of the Lithuanian oikonimo gender is identified with the corresponding Lithuanian suffix, having a coopical meaning, and the latter is transmitted, cf. Paliūnai ~ ITanronys: Rod (the name of the village in the marshes of the upstream Ditvė probably derives from the adjective liūnas and pa-). So here the suffix -ūnai is treated hypercorrectly. This method of construction would perhaps belong to all oikonimes of non-nominative origin, the semantics of which is not clear at first glance. This is done formally, when the end of the word sounds similar to the suffix. In this work, the fourth method is considered potential, but without a special semantic analysis of place names it cannot be properly applied. As mentioned, the interpretative representation can be based only on morphological equivalents (or semi-equivalents), t. y. prepositions, prepositional ir endings. This is the main way of celebrating oikonimų. There are few prefixed place names, so this may not seem to be a productive method. Iš 6 found prefixed Lithuanian oikonimų 1 was translated (AZubalis | Žūbalis ~ 3a6anays | 3d6aays Ažbl, Bnk, one o translated only Polish sex (because Lithuanian ir Belarusian prefixes match): PravoZa ~ Ipasascd ~ Pšovdža AZbl, by the way, is a ir nickname. Other 2 names related to su adjectives médzias "forest" ir valka ‘bala, pelkė’ and 1 — su nickname Ditva, prefixed with su pa-, a very similar Belarusian prefix is chosen To-, plg. Padzitvė|Padzicvys ~ Ildd3imea BIE, Pamedė ~ Ilémad(3)o BIE, Pavalaké ~ Ildeaaaka BIE. That this is a phonetic ne translation, a prefix o replacement, is shown by the fact ir that the Belarusian Itop withdraws the accent. Ir conversely, accentuated prefix in Lithuanian gender Parodie in Belarusian ITapddyk» DEk becomes unpronounced. This is the most complex of the morphological adaptations. Examples show that the following rule is strictly followed: Lithuanian suffix vowels receive a well-chosen phonetically equivalent in Belarusian suffix, but other elements of the suffix are already combined according to morphological criteria (a corresponding word is sought for the translation of the copulative meaning), o ne phonetic. It seems that a ir o the mutual change is regulated by casualties: the solid « ir o beginnings remain o unchanged, a the solid ends o ir on the contrary, but this lawfulness is not yet firmly established. The long-term 87 peaceful coexistence of languages (when no one language is caught up, pushed by another, more prestigious) encourages the choice of spoken form of representation, i.e. conscious adaptation, not just a change of the phonetic shell. Examples of interpretation of adverbs are given. -énai~-dre: Dvarčėnai ~ ĮĮeapudne Ažbl, Kazlénai ~ Kazasmwi(a) Ažbl, Zaprudzénai ~ 3anpyossiner AZbl; -iniai ~ -inyor: Dubiniai ~ Jy6inys Grk (There is a Dubiniy forest in Balčiškiai). Maybe -inyw:, used to indicate the copulative meaning, was used hypercorrectly in this case? -inykai ~ until; Druskininkai ~ Įlpyckinixi BIC, flows the stream Druskéle. The choice of suffixes -drysr and -4Kybr depends on the hardness of the last consonant of the root: after the hard one -drys!i, after the soft one -4HKYBL; -(i)onys ~ -(4)dnyer: Bilénys ~ Bindnymi Žrm, Kivénys ~ Kisdnyst DEK, Lelionys|Liulionys ~ JTinanywti | JTroasmyer Grk, Mickonys ~ Miyxdnyst NE, MieZ6nys|- MieZionys ~ Mexcdnyer | Mincdnyvi (Grk, Pavilonys ~ ITaeisdnym DEK, Pereigonys ~ Ilepe(ii)ednyer Prg, Skladonys ~ Ckaaddnysr Rod, Ramaškonys ~ 2000. pp. 10. "Prg, Tūsumonys ~ Tycymanysi Bok, Vigénys ~ Bizdnyst Rod". Some of these oikonymi are not clearly coop, so a factor of phonetic analogy may have played a role. -unes ~ - Yuyvi: Aivūnai ~ Rod, Lipkūnai ~ Jlinkynst Grk, Mačiūnai | Mycins | Mycene ~ Maujnyst DE, Neumünster ~ Haxpaurynysi Nč, Pilitinai|Pilivionys ~ Itinron BIE, Poceltinai ~ IMaysaionysr Rod, Sapiinai ~ Canynyvri Grk (is a surname Cdnka, stream Canyuxa), Tolkūnai ~ Tankynyor Rod, Boys|Boy|Boy ~ Baiikyuyst Rod. The closest approach to phonetic representation is the explanatory representation of the extremities, sometimes even difficult to distinguish phenomena. This subgroup is the most numerous. It should be noted that in most cases the place of cutting is maintained ta itself, there was only one exception: Ramūčiai ~ Pamyyi Bnk. Limb -a corresp- -i onds to or -s:: Advérnykai ~ Adeépuixi Rod, Balcinykéliai ~ Baavyinixéai Bnk, Balkūnai ~ Bass Shiner KIS, Bartašiūnai ~ Bapmawynor. Prg, Bastiinai ~ Bacmynm Bst, Biliai ~ Costs XKI§, Birfinnai ~ Bipnesmi Bnk, Budrévicai ~ Bydpšeiuvi Zrm, is a surname Bydpšiųu, Draguciai ~ Jpazyyi BIE, is a surname [Jpazyyw, Dzietkai ~ J3émxi Ažbl, Gestautai m T, ewmaymui BIC, Ginéliai ~ Tīnani Nč, Gudeliai ~ Tydėni Zrm, Hancevičai ~ ydnyseiuvi Zrm, is a surname yduyasiu, Jančiai ~ Anus DEk, Jotautai ~ fimajmtū Rod, Jucitinai ~ IOyronmi Rod, Jurdliai ~ IOpšai Dék, Kargaudai ~ Kapeayoun Grk, KemeSii ~ Keméimwt Rod, Kerbedziai ~ Kepbedsi Zrm, is a surname Image 6e036, Kldisiai ~ Kaditwwr Grk, Kloniai = Kadni Ažbl, Kukliai ~ Kykai BIE, Kuliai ~ Kyai Grk, is a surname Kyaéiu, Kužiai ~ Kyxcer Buk, Leliūšai ~ Jiaaroun Grk, Laucitinas ~ Jayyyner Bst, is a village Jayysr KIS, Lebednjkai ~ Jebeonixi DEK, is a river Lebeda, Lūnkiai ~ Jiyuxi Grk, is a surname JIyuxéiu Nasavicai ~ Hachasius Rod, is a surname Hocasiu, tumors = Hasixi Grk, is a surname Hoeix, Norkiinai ~ Hapkyner AZbl, Dk, is a surname Hapryn, Mažeikiai ~ Maxcsiiki Rod, is a surname Maniešixa, Mėdziušai = MAdsiowsn Rod, Minjkai|Mnjkai ~ Muixi Zrm, Mogūnai ~ Mazynum: Zrm, Padaikai ~ IlTa88 d3iiki Ažbl, Papiškiai ~ Ilaniuxi Rod, Petrašiūnai ~ Iempauynm Zrm, Plikiai ~ Iaixi Zrm, Poškai ~ Ilauuxi Ažbl, Pusidvarai ~ IlycAeapw Rod, Rackiinai- |Rackiinai ~ Paukynai Bst, Rod, is a surname Pduxa, Radziiinai ~ Pads ious Dčk, is a surname Padzwab, Ramūčiai ~ Pamyyi Bnk, Sakalai ~ Caxansr Bst, Scilgiinai ~ Cyinejnor Vrav, Skireikiai ~ Crkip3iiki Rod, Siaurūkai ~ Caypyxi BIE, is a surname Caypyx|Caypyk, Smilginiai ~ Cmiaveini N&, Rod, Ažbl, Stračiūnai ~ Cmpauynet Rod, Stukai ~ Cmyxi Zrm, Surkantai ~ Cypxkaumsr BIE, Salciniai ~ Maavyini Zrm, Severddkai ~ Illeeepdoaxi Zrm, Saurai|Nauriai ~ layper Nč, Taukiniai ~ Tayxini Zrm, Traigiai ~ Tpaiizi Ažbl, Trakéliai ~ Tpaxéai Bst, Vaisniai ~ Baitwni|- Bétauni|- Béiauns Bnk, the latter is an example of translation, and the root is chipped due to the adstractive influence of Polish; is the last name Bainunic|- Bdiiumic, Waffles ~ (B)Opai Rod, Waxes ~ Bauėni: Rod, is the last name Bawmxendiys, Zapasnykai ~ 3anacuixi Ažbl, is the last name 3andenik, Žirmūnai ~ Kompmyuwr Zrm. Oikonims with the ending -ės get the ending -i when adapted to Belarusian: Abromiškės ~ A6pamimuxi Ažbl, Alekšsškės ~ Anakusšunuxki NE, Ambrazviskés ~ Ambpanesnuxi: Plc, is the last name Ambpaxcyk, Ažėliškės ~ Anedaimki Zrm, Balciškės|Balčiškės ~ Béavyiwxi BIE, is the last name Bamąyšiųu, Balčius, Bartūšeiškės ~ Bapmdaunsunuxi Rod, is the last name 5Bapmocs, Daugėliškės ~ Jayzeaiwxi Rod, is the last name JaVesiaa, Jayeeaéiu, Daugirdziškės ~ Hayziposimxi Rod, Dėčiškės ~ Joyiwxi Dčk, Gudziniskés ~ I'vosinfwxi Ažbl, Juotkiskés|Juotkos ~ Ėmkiumxi Bnk, is the last name Eodic, Amxésiu, Kurkés ~ Kypxi Rod, Lapociskés ~ Jandyiwki Prd, Bst, Naniskés ~ Honimxi Zrm, Padvarviskés ~ IMadeaponuxi Buk, Pénciniskés ~ Ilėnųiniukxi Rod, Saliskés ~ Caafuxi Rod, near is the forest Sala, Saltoniškės = Céamaniwxi Grk, Serbeniskés ~ Cépbeniwki Nč, Sūšaiškės ~ Cywvnuxi Dk, Taūčiškės ~ Toyyiwxi- |Téayiwki Grk, Trumpiskés ~ Tpymniwxi Prd, Valdotiskés|Valdotiskés|- Valdonai ~ Baaddmenuxi| Béadaaconuxi BIC, Vanagiškės ~ Banazimxi Grk. The ending -i in Belarusian language is also given to oikonimes with the ending -os: Berplos ~ Bapinti: Plc, Girkos ~ Tipkxi Grk, is the surname r'ipic, near, in Navikuose, the forests are called I'ipa, T'ipdiūiųys, in Paloškose source I'ipki, Mikūtos ~ Mixymet BI, is the surname Mixyys, Palėškos ~ Ilaadwxi Grk, Talé¢kos ~ Taaduxi Ažbl, is the surname Taaduxa, ValaiSos ~ Banšiūumi, is. Origin of the surname Baadiiwa. This article reviews the semantic and morphological ways of translating Lithuanian oikonimų genders into Belarusian (po-prostu). Phonetic rules are not discussed here. An overview of Varenavo district oikonimų, recorded from bilingual native inhabitants, shows that there are several possible ways of representation, but why one is chosen and not another, the presented results can not help to solve, for example, why in one case the suffix is translated, and elsewhere in an analogous case — only the ending? It can be assumed that in such cases, the value orientation of the language is very important, but this is the subject of another article. 89 ABBREVIATIONS Ažbl — Ažūbalio Nč — Nočios BIE —Balčiškių Plc —Palėckiškių Bst — Bastūnų Prd — Paradnds Bnk —Benekainiy Prg —Pereigonii} Dčk — Dėčiškių Rod — Rėdūnios Grk - Girkų Vrnv - Varenavo KE —Kaulėliškių Žrm —Žirmūnų Msv — LITTERACY Būga K. About Lithuanian personal names //Būga K. Selected writings. V., 1958. T. 1. P.201269. Falk K.-O. From studies on the Slavification of Lithuanian Place Names and Personal Names //SkandoSlavica. Copenhagen. 1963. T. 9. P. 87-103. Otrebski J. Slavification of Lithuanian water and place names // From Polish Slavistic Studies. Series 2: Linguistics. W-wa. 1963. P. 267-286. The Slavification of Baltic and the Balticization of Slavic Place Names in the Territory of the Former Governorate. Suwalki; Wiesbaden. 1968. 320 P. (Rec. : Urbutis V. Baltistica. 1969. T. 5(2). P. 210-217; Vanagas A. LKK. 1970. T. 12. P. 194-200). Roman¢iuk A. Microtoponimy functioning in multilingual environment //Works of young philologists. V., 1989. T. 3. A Dictionary of Lithuanian Hydronyms. V., 1981. 289 P. Boiimauc T. A. Onomacraueckmii Tesaypyc Ileperamesckoro c/c Bopomosckoro p-ma BCCP: Muni. pa6ora. Bunsuioc: BTV, 1986. 87 c. Yexmonac B. H. ®ynxkumonuposanue s3bikoB H Omnmursmsm // LKK. 1988. T. 27. C. 37-54. CJIABSAHH3AIĮHS OMKOHMMOB B BOPOHOBCKOM PAMOHE Pe3iome IlpuBojnsaTes pe3yjibTaTbI HCCAENOBaHUS OWKOHMMEM BopoHoBcKOoro p-na BCCP, dyKKuKoHHDYIOINNIEH B JIMTOBCKO# H Genopycckoii dOopMax H 3armcaHHOH OT MECTHBIX XKTEJIEČĖ OHIIHHTBOB. VeraHaBJmnBaroTCSA IpaBHJIia TPAMMATHYECKH OCO3HAHHOTO NEpeHoca (DMO OJIHOTO S35IKA B He opened. OnpijejieHbI Difference THIIbi: 1) ceMaHTHYECKAH NepeBOJI: Aukštuojai ~ Baurcdkia Grk, AZubalis~ 3d6arnaus Bnk, Azbl, Senieji Smilginiai ~ Cmapvia Cminbeini Rod: 2) oGtacuenne IDpH IHOMONIH NOAGOpa COOTBETCTBYIOMAX MODOOJIOTH4ECKHX DJIEMEHTOB GEJIOpyCCKOTO JMAJIEKTa: a) poJIcTBeHHEIX KOpHei: Beržuona = Bepesnd Zrm, Varniškės ~ Nacomiust Msv; 6) ripucraBok: Pavalakė + Ildeanara Whip; B) cybduxcos: Dvarčėnai ~ Meapudne Azbl, Vigonys + Bizdnyst Rod: T) OKOHWaHWI: A little bit. Anedaimki Zrm. Įlenaerca 3akntoueKne 06 OTHOCHTENLHO BBICOKOH RECEIVED COBMIONEHNS TaHHBIX npaBWI, Thank you a for your support (6e3 HOKA3ATEJIbCTB) O HAJIH4KHH TPOLECCA MEPEOCMBICIICHIS npaBHJI IEPEHOCA MOI BIMAHHEM aJCTpaTa (B YAHHOM CIIy4ae — TIOJIbCKOTO H3bIKA).