Latvių kalbos įtaka Skyronių lietuvių šnektai

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS, XXVIII (1989) LANGUAGES COMMUNICATIONS IR INTERACTIONS ALVYDAS BUTKUS LATVIAN LANGUAGE INFLUENCE OF SECTIONS LITHUANIAN DICTIONARIES Data iš for this article are taken from texts recorded in 1984 m. Latvian TSR Snake's Paradise Brūnavas apyl. Skyroniū, Skyrončlių ir Valtakių k. Presenters iš Sections: J. Fataras* (g. 1908 m.), A. Povilionis (g. 1924 m.), iš Skyronéliy — E. Ščerbicka (g. 1913 m.), iš Valtakių — O. Drūseikienė (g. 1945 m.). The compartment is approximately už 7 km į north of Smilgių (Biržai region), the Latvian language is separated from the Lithuanian language area. The trails start right away už Latvian borders of the TSR; from Smilgių apylinkės Valtakius skiria The Forest of Pleiades (also called Būdberge forest), which runs through the border of both republics. The surroundiir jų ng area was connected to Latvia m., 1921 when fixing Lietuvos — Latvian border arbitration. All submissions are indigenous. A. Povilionis married a Lithuanian from Smilgių, his su wife speaks Lithuanian. Children who have graduated from Latvian schools speak Lithuanian only when o their mother is — present, and Latvian among themselves. Others have Latvian spouses, — the family language is Latvian. — The children of some of the presenterJ. s, for example, Fataro's daughter, understand į Lithuanian, but interject the K. conversation in 1980 m. Latvian. Skyronysė, Garšva 8 testimony, people could speak Lithuanian (Garšva 1985, 123). 1984 m. J. Fataras, be E. Ščerbickos ir A. Povilionio, indicated the teacher M. Ušerauskaitę ir Veggie. There are many Lithuanians in Valtaki, but almost all of them are newcomers iš Lithuania. O. Drūseikienė says that she speaks Lithuanian su with everyone who has difficulty speaking Latvian. Many Lithuanians came here through mixed marriages. By the way, the onomastics proves that Latvians lived in the present ir Smilgių district, cf. surnames Milinis, Strdutnykas, Zilgalvienė, single-family home Jdunzemė (between Smilgių k. ir Pleirių mšk.) Best speaks Lithuanian O. Drūseikienė ir A. Povilionis. The Latvian accent is most pronounced in the E. Ščerbicka language. A Skyronian teacher Milda Ušerauskaitė speaks dialectically less well than Lithuanian — literary į language. Ethnologue Ethnologue Ethnologue Ethnologue A. Povilionis explained this as follows: the village was between two manors — Lankiėčių ir Licnero. According to the presenter, the manors of rural lands are not connected due to poorness. Manor ir separated village was named Skyronimis * * (la. Skirapi). Paš Skyroniij are two: Major ir Small Section, or Skyline. MaZiijy The inhabitants of Skyroniai were smallholders, having only a few po acres of ha land, ir ta herself in woods, bushes. —* Used ir 1980 m. K. Recorded texts. ~** Currently used parallel form ir Skiréniai. 55 * kk Skyronii resp. The Valtakiy dialect is a continuation of the northern Panevėžys dialect, close to the Smilgiai dialect. Punching. Mixed strike deflection; more inclined to distract generally, cf.: adverbs labe, praste, sk'afse, isilge (but old, ruské), also pl. n. afkl’e, name, téve, vaiks, varde, g. e.g. plokl'u, kapu, vardu, pl. i. branches, horses, children, n. sg. séso, 1. praes. Says. The endings of the pronouns koks, -(i)a, toks, -(i)a are pronounced, as well as one other mentioned Word, e.g.: pl. n. namé, vardé, pavalkt, g. pl. namū, 1. praes. not healed. Such fluctuations were ta to noted in the speaker's speech. In su contrast to the Smilgi dialect in the south, there are differences due to the influence of Latvian, n. for example: pl. Sapale (F), pl. g. laSen'u (F), pl. 1. gulb'enuos (D), sg. 1. lietuvo (F, D), line (D). Sometimes the word has accents, du e.g.: pirminis (F), birZuds panemimes (8), (8). However, in general, the influence of the Latvian language is not significant. Vocabulaire de phonétique. Iš essential vocalism is not different from the northern Panevėžys, specifically from Smiley Talks. Only a few peculiarities were noted. E. Ščerbicka pronouncir es the r, strong accent e.g.: p(e)fm "first", aps(e)fgs "prepared- ", v(e)fš "over"; throws out the a iš short past tense suffix: aidva "going", being "was", sporadicalir ly in other forms: prniki ‘pranyke’. J. Fataras 1. sg. forms pronounced both be by the limbs and su by it: /aūk ‘laukan’ ir field ‘lauke’ (Smilgiuose laukas), stafp ir starpi ‘tarpe’. In some cases, the Latvian influence has led to the absence of elongation of old-pronounciš ed vowels, especially if the word is a co-root of a Latvian word, e.g. sg. su a. mdshinu (F), sg. n. spades (S) "Fatar', Dad. (F, Š) ‘tevas’, n. pl. Pachos (F), sg. 1. latvijo (D, P), browned (F, S), none (D) 'not at all'. Consonantism. The most notable new feature of the schnekt is the mo softening of consonants. Both positional and ionic soft consonants are pronounced harder, similarly to Latvian. Wind instruments š, ž, v, virpamosis r sometimes pronounced quite hard, e.g.: šduds "shaudas" (F, S), Zoids ‘Fydas’ (F, S), has "had" (Š), latviešu valodā (S) "Lithuanian- ". In a compound, the softer consonant is the one immediately before the vowel, e.g.: šv'ifit'e "holiday" (S). A marked decline in / consonant velarity; this consonant before the back-row vowels of all speakers (most E. prominently Ščerbickas ir O. It is pronounced as in the Latvian language. At the end of the word, where the anterior vowel was previously present, the softness of the consonants is retained: reik" "must", ait’ ‘eiti’, su drkl’ ‘su arkliu’. J. Fatar pronounces a soft consona1. nt even in presencaš e, e.g.: neatsi.men’ (hypernorm?). In Snekta neiSnykes ir progressive softening, e.g.: vegis’ “Vegys’, smil’g’s’ "Smilgius". The softness weakens unevenly. Be mentioned blowing, “Latvian hardness’ have explosive toothpicks (F, S), smooth (S). Softness is i maintained better before and after the word, palatal softness is o maintained in k ir g all positions. In common words, the soft k and g are pronounced as in Latvian, e.g.: bi.ški Ščerbicka rarely pronounces the soft k in Lithuanian forms, e.g.: trili.kos "trylikiuose'. € 56 (F, Š), gi.mi "born" (Š), ski"sts "liquid" (P), zefikė (not zeyk'ę) 'boys, boys' (F, P). E. The pronunciatik on is similar to the ir Lithuanian soft d'. į £', In the position between two short vowels, the explosive consonant is prolonged, e.g.: maž'ū.tte (Sh) Dad (F, S). Morphology As in the ir adjacent Smilgių dialect, the plural of nouns is retained: pam'ofdvė ka dién; pl. i. has a limb - I'm close -(i)ais: so child, so horse. Iš of the observed innovations mentioned Africans take over paradigms, where there is a change of stem, e.g., pl. £, d, ir č, dž n. didiej || didžiej 'great'; d. pl. didžiesiem (S), own (F), plg. la. ourselves. "Latvian ir stirrups occur: pl. g. iodide ‘Juodaičių' (F). Non-verbal forms of adjectives (pronouns, numerals) tend to be changed to masculine forms. This is true only in translational analogous constructioar ns, e.g. : This guy's hard to answer (Š); also see: astufite buckwheat (F). More often than in neighboring Lithuanian dialects, noun markers are used instead of adjective suffixes su -inis : rašybos machine, brass rods. The pronunciation of borrowed (latvism) words does not differ from ir their own words even then. when the extremities coincide with su Latvian, cf. g. s.g. darūp'a (la. damppa) ‘kuliamosios® (Š), sg. I. science' (la. toveri) ‘kubile’ (F). There are some exceptions, e.g. 1. manure (la. squeeze out; in dialect must be izmel'ž'am) (F). Syntax Widely used dependency noun: Kožndi meži buvo vardas (F). Sister worked for her "Her sister worked' (S). Both the preposition on the finalis and the pronoun are used to su indicate direction: Drove tds cows on pasture (F). Ride the fingers an Lithuania (F). Mum langviaū — Latvia school gone (D). Both of these ways of expressing direction are also used in Latvian. * In Lithuania, the preposition on the final su is used to indicate direction in a fairly large area of eastern Highlands, especially in the dialects of Kupiškėns northern Panevėžys ir (Zinkevičius 1966, 416). The inesy of the direction in Lithuania is known only BirZy — Papilio striatus (Zinkevičius 1966, 201). For a place, as well as for a déjim, a filling, the usual inessive, still be used in the prepositional medium: su How many tefp saddle is there in pork (P). Si construction is also familiar to the neighboring Biržai region. Skyroniečiai use translational analytical constructions somewhat more often than the border of Northern Lithuania. For example, be to open the lime known to Smilgi, leave it to the will (la. atvėrt, atstat vaja ‘t. p.’ ), The stamps widely used in sections to put the cap’ "add": Dill uncle's back, garlic uncle's back [į sausage meat) (F). We started * Latvian prepositions uz ‘ant’ in su the genitive means su place, in — the dative direction. 57 jom cūkrų dėt pasal’ [in aly] (Š) plg. la. likt klat 't. p.’ ; tikti pasal' "to reach, to reach out": Ir apriša apliūk, ir [harškiai] netifika pašal' [prie obulių] (F), cf. la. tick ’ t. p.’ (there is another lime in the sentence: bind around, cf. la. aptit apkart); kinkyti pašal' *pakinkyti': the drunk man entered the field and fought those horses —ajetumana (Š), cf. la. jūgt klat 't. p.’ ; izlēsti kidurai: Par mūšinu (= meat grinder) izlaiž kidurai (F), cf. la. pass through. The management of some verbs differs. For example, the verb ask controls the noun, as does la. jautat, plg. : The t6 teacher will come, she will ask Ušeraūcku if he remembers (F); the verb shout "call" is also used with the pronoun, e.g.: tamė sąvoka šaukia ‘that name’, cf. la. call the name of the "called name". Subordinate clauses are connected by the pronoun who if the principal clause is expressed by a noun: O ir ldistés tiė, kas jaū slaukė (= milked) tas karves (F). One hay was leveled, which fed tq common pasture (F). Due to lack of data, the lexicon of Skyroniy has not been specifically studied. Here is published a glossary of dialectisms (mostly borrowed) found in the texts. Star-marked Words Known and nearby Smilgių šnektai. The origin of borrowed words is indicated by the language from which they were directly borrowed. For example, the word cellar "basement" is considered a Latvism (not a Slavism), because in such a meaning it entered the slang from the Latvian language. At the end of the illustrated sentence is the name of the speaker, because some words can be used in the circumstantial case. hops sm. 'apynys': on tu Saudu suvi.r' on tos apin s' (F). accounting, accounting, -ė tr. “calculate’: counting valunds, how much to kul’t’ (F). coming, -i part. vert. (la. nakosais) “the next in line’: pi.l’ atainuncem sudin’ (F). correct, aftaiso, -ė tr. (la. attaisit) “to correct, to uncover’: véle attaisa val o (F). Pigs sm. (la. (?) cukrus) ‘sugar’: un tiek ta cit.kra daiik id éjam, kad |...) (S) | cu.kra jau seneii nedédava (P). dampis sm. (la. dampis) ‘sliding’: pr (i) tok'a damp'a te jaii gaygreit nu tép kép in visonsk [speech], all the same —in let.vissk, in latvisk (8). dZiovintuvé sf. “dZiovykla’: is he pėč', or kor dž'uvintovęs' ira, and sud? ovi.n tep as quite saiiss ira (F). * gangrene adv. (la. gandriz) ‘almost’: atréda gangreit, ka nebemdk (Š). gangreit kéznu sekmdden’ [sighs] (F). tasty -i adj. (la. garss) ‘tasty’: it’s sweet sweet, labo gafss (F). giedoti, gieda, gieddjo tr. (la. dziedat) “sing”: ir li"got' gies'm's' geddja tipat kep latvijo par jonu (F). giesmé sf. (la. song) ‘song’; see. sing. jaunas, -a adj. (la. jauns) "new": ti vend pū.se ira jauniej kapé, vend pū.se ir saniej kapé (8). John Sm. (la. Jani) "Joninės- ": nu, jons jai šv'init'e vės" indjos |...) ves’ šv'int'e jons (F). (In the 1980 records the author uses the singular form *Jénas). kaftas sm. ‘time’: kuli.ma kart jam bidava viz ai backu pagrab’ kitėniškai adv. (P). 58 green. (la. citūdi) "otherwise, otherwise': req apvin'dt' ar (=as well) poper' su kitoneške [...] jau te nugraūš [harškiai] obelels (F). chair sm. (la. (?) (creesls) ‘kédé’: aš sit in a chair (F). Smokehouse sf. (la. kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji': kūlėja) "kuliamoji": kūlėja) "kuliamoji": kūlėja) "kuliamoji": kūlėja) "kuliamoji": kūlėja) "kuliamoji": kūlėja) "kuliamoji": kūlėja) "kuliamoji": kūlėja) "kuliamoji": nū.veže p(e)rm ti [...Jtū pēč'u (=locomotive), cook ji ti shaūke, un tad tii kulėju, tad tik un kila (S) that | boiler (=locomotive), which vūre tii kéraju (F). Cultivated sm. “spragilas’: a long pole, and a rope. Sts springulis (F). * labiai adv. ‘very much’: sane jau mana téus ti.kintis, labe ti.kintis bū.ua (F). liduti, -ja, liévé tr. (?) (la. Jaut) "leisti": jduns būvo, métin nel dudava tok’és val'os [drinking beer] (P). lydikas sm. (plg. la. lidaka) 'lydeka': the iddke ira ir [...] rdud (F). luterdnis, -ė smob. (la. Lutheran) ‘liuteronas’: o if the uterus goes, you get budbergu un [ėjo], l'uterén’u bažn'ič'o (F). malka sf. (la. malka) ‘malkos’: masin apkurénam su mdlk bi.ua (F). * mokyklé sf. ‘school’: Peti.v'u mokikles nebi.uya (F) paalam adv. (la. pagalam) "baigta, galas’: man tieg bū.ua blog, kad mi.slijo, gal’ bos aš pagalam pigrabas sm. (5). (la. pagrabs) ‘risys’: kuli.ma kart jam būdava ai viz backu pagrab’ daūk (P) iveidava | tam bazrab’, vole tu pam@zdava, isldizdava [all] (P). a couple of posts. (la. pairs) ‘per’: té.tte parbri.zdava u.pi pari (F). platybé sf. (la. platiba) ‘area’: tad hektūru tok'ės un toké un platibes uZmerava pranykti, 5). pranyksta, pranyko intr. ‘7: nu ti tép més ir prani‘kam of the iš language he learned from his aš father iš (S). priaugęs, -usi part. green. (la. adult) ‘suauges’: aš ke was such a jail pridugis, més[...] ti (F). puivas sm. (la. purvs) ‘raistas- ’: such a mud will be, such a grave will not be ¢'a pas kaps (F). red sf. (la rauda) "cried"; l'idake ira ir [...] rdud, (F). jū Yeast sm (la. yeast) "my dear": d'ūd rdugu teip tos mi.sos i rugi.n (F). row sf. (la. row) ‘eile’: velk 6r' [linus], in rows lay out, from a pile (F). * rubėžius sm. sl. (cf. la. robeZa) “state border”: they are painted yellow and over the border (F). sprigulis sm. (la. sprigulis) ‘spragilas’: I am a firecracker and with that spri.gul’ I make shouts, with kultou (F). starppas: savo starpé (la. sava starpd) “between yourself- ’: sava staf p' ar latviske [šnekam] (D) more | sava star 'p'i [playing football] — ni su ké nélosem (F). sūjauktas, -a part. (la. sajaukts) ‘mixed’: nu ti mai’ ar sujaiikt to kalb (F). * shout, -ia, -¢ tr. (la. saukt) ‘to call’: kep jos ti šaūk'? (D) | and ka ji ti par I'ūnu Saiike, tii i neėno (F) | refl. I'un' shaūkes' tos mūsu ganikles Saitkes' I'imns (F). * Sailkiamas(ai), -oji part. (la. saukamais) “so-called’: bū.va sumdits Saitkemas ustous (F). shiuf tui adv. (la. Sur tur) “Sen ten’: §'oF tof namé, §' of to¥ naméle (5). * ¥flash, -i adj. (la. švaks) ‘weak’: labe švaks, kep limonads (about aly) | tad ja stipru.- ms af Everyday (P). 59 That time adv. (la. at that time) ‘that time; then: immediately (F) | aš not immediately P). Oe adv. (la. - Right. ‘Sia pat’: here’, elsewhere gi.mi only prt. (8). (la. only) ‘only’: bū.va tikai tép bažnič' vien (8) | we only have three cows (F). tudveris sm. (la. foveris) “kubilas, rėčka': tam tuéver’ i.šur'b' skilei tam i tudver’ sukloj tok's' medėl's' (screaming) (F). ustdvas sm. sl. ‘skerdZius’: ir s0d? os tié vaika padédava tam ustéu ganit’ (F). To the right. (la. uz) ‘ant’: vainiks aiz ragu uzdédava [karvéms] (F) (1980 records say wit ragu). * fill, fill up, -ė tr. (la. aiztaisit) “to clog, to close': uštaisa [stating] kiete and als ira (F). fault sf. sl. “karas': nū, then nu kas či —užėja vain (Š). Anyway, adv. (la. vienalga) “it doesn't matter: it doesn't matter what: ar ti latviške, ar ti letū.viške — jiem vienalga (Š). visoniškai adv. green. (la. visadi) “anyhow- ”: visoniske, visaip —and in letū.viške, and in latviešu (Shh). *zeiikis sm. (la. zenkis) "teenager,| boy': ti zefike pats jail, kol" šeiminiks pre kuli.ma, iveidava tam pagrab' [...] visėp te išvogdava ti alu (P). žodis: žodžiū sūkant vert. (la. by name saying) "one word': nu, es jail kad latvijo, žodž' sūkunt; gi.ms (D). Abbreviations a. —acusative, final pl. —plural, plural D —O. Driseikiené postp. —postpositio, diphthong F —J. Fataras praes. —past, present g. —genetivus, genitive sg. —singular, singular i. —instrumental, noun S —E. Séerbicka L —locativus, pronoun e.g. —the same n. —nominative, noun vert. —value P —A. Other abbreviations as in "Lietuvių kalbos žodyne". LITTERACY Garšva K. Lithuanian dialects and their contacts in Latvia (2.Lithuanian residential places and the functioning of languages) //Proceedings of the Lithuanian SSR Academy of Sciences. A series. 1985. T. 1(90). P. 118-126. Garšva K. Syntax characteristics and texts of Latvian Lithuanian dialects //Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai: Lietuvos kalbos syntaksės tyrinėjimai. 1986. T. 25. P. 218-240. Grinaveckienė E. Some grammatical characteristics of the Daugpili Lithuanian schnekt // Questions of Lithuanian Linguistics: Language Contacts in the Lithuanian SSR. 1983. T. 23. P. 107-122. Riga: Riga University Press, 1987. Thesaurus of the Latvian language. Riga, 1972. Zinkevičius Z. Lithuanian dialectology. V. 1966. 60 BJIUSAHUE JIATGSINICKOTO S5I3bIKA HA INCLUDE JIATOBCKOTO SI3bIKA B HIKUPAHAX Pe3iome OcTpoB JIATOBCKOTO si3bika — Yep. Ilikapansr (mT. Sections) — naxonutcs B BayckockoM p-He JIatBCCP. I'm sorry, I'm sorry. K Jlatsum B 1921 r. You gave me a HckKHi. JIMAJIEKT SBJISCTCS MNpOJIOJDKEHHeM CeBepHOINaHeBeXCKOMo JHMajIEKTA B Jlaree. B craTbe aHaJIH3HDpYIOTCA OcOGeHHOCTH peunH 4 HHPOPMAHTOB, TPH K3 KOTODBbIX B CEMbE FOBOPAT HO-JIATGINHICKM, BrusHEe NATHIIICKOrO A3bIKa Hanbojiee 3rd METHOD CKa3bIBaecTCA HA KOHCOHAHTH3ME JHAJIEKTa. B 4acTHOCTH, OHO IIDOSIBJISETCA B KaYeCTBE JeNalaTann3aliuy, IeBeApu3anuy corachbx. OjKaKO MSATKHE Kk H g COXHAPHANES I would like to, a B 00mnx ciosax (Hanp. biškį, Šimį) k mu g npoH3HOCATCH Sister. B JIATHIIICKOM S3bIKE. 3aMeTHBI TaK)Ke RHHOBALRHA B CJIOBApe (3aMMCTBOBaHMSA, KAJIEKK), MOpOĖJOIOTHH (CpaBHH1€JIbHO pejiKOS NpHMeEHeHHe WMEH I'm sorry, I'm sorry. C CyOGOHKcOM -inis), CHHTAKCHCE (ynorpeOjienne 3AHMCTBOBAHHbIX AHAJIANTHH4ECKHX KOHCTPYKIHIA).