Seniausi lietuvių kalbiniai kontaktai su slavais

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS, XXVIII (1989) LANGUAGES COMMUNICATIONS IR INTERACTION OF PERIFERICAL SCHNECKS COMMUNICATIONS SU GRETIMOMIS IN LANGUAGES ZIGMAS ZINKEVIČIUS OLDEST LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE CONTACTS SU SLAVIAN This is a rather confusing subject. It is difficult to establish su the beginning of Lithuanian jų contacts ir with Slavs, as well as to discuss the nature of the course. A lot has to be ką described approximately, make certain assumptions. First of all, rų the situation at that time is discussed, as far as possible, on the basis of linguistic and archaeological data. During the intensive iš Slavic expansion ir (approx. VII a.), when the Slavs reached Pskov — In the Novgorod region, the linguistic differentiation of the eastern Balts must have been still relatively small. In terms of language, the Lithuanians į did not differ much from the Baltic tribes living further east. The ir linguistic boundary of the Balto-Slavs had to go somewhere near Minsko, Polocko ir Pskov. In historical times, the area occupied by the Lithuanians was not yet reached by the Slavs. Thereforir e, direct contacts between the Slavs of today’s Lithuanian ancestoir rs could hardly ar have been. Such contacts were supposed to take place only between our relatives, the Eastern ir Slavs, who lived further east. The echoes of our tų ancestors’ contacts may not have ir reached us, at least we do not find any traces in the present Lithuanian language. jų Hydronymy researchers archaeologisir ts state that the western Part of Transnistria, especially between Pripetė ir It was the last of the early Slavic expansions. In the Lithuanian territory the wave of Slavs was later, dated VIII — IX centuries, ir ne so massive. Apparently, only true Slavs moved ne here, but their assimilated ethnic groups ir of Balts. The different nature of the Slavization of the Baltic hydronyms archaeological data show that in many places even before ir XII — There a. were 13 remaining Baltic-speaking islands. The language of these Baltic peoples must have differed slightly from the language of the Lithuanian ancestors who lived further west. However, where the border of one and the ji other went and what was the brightness, today we can only guess. This could hardly have į happened earlier su than the beginning — o of the 9th century, just before the direct contact with the Lithuanian ancestors — the East Slavic tribes underwent considerable changes that had a decisive effect on the further development of themselves, their language and their relations with the Baltic languages. During the Viking era (approximately from the 8th century), the famous Varyag (Viking) waterway from the Baltic to the Black Sea stretched through the lands occupied by the East Slavs via rivers and lakes. He connected the East Slavic tribes with Scandinavia and with Byzantium and its capital, Constantinople, and greatly enhanced trade and other relations. During this period, the Slavic languages increased the number of words reflecting various innovations that had been introduced from Western Europe through the Germanic peoples. Their first source was mostly Latin. The creation of the Eastern Slavic state of Kievan Rus in the 9th century was of particular importance. This state united the Slavic tribes, consolidated them, contributed to the levelling of dialectal characteristics, and generally strengthened the linguistic integration of the East Slavs. 4 988 m. iš Byzantine Greek į Kijevo Christianity came to Russia. The first bishoprics closer to Lithuania were established — Polock, Naugard, Turov, Vladimir. Orientation į to the high Byzantine culture iš fundamentally affected the Slavic way of life. Most importantly, with Christianity was received writing. From the end of the 10th century, the Slavic į expansion into the Baltic lands was ir encouraged by the — goals of missions and efforts to convert the Baltic tribes. Christianity greatly accelerated the enslavement of the Baltic islands in the east and was probably the most important jį decisive factor. The Lithuanians had to come into contact with the į Krivichi su Dregovichi tribes of the Eastern ir Slavs earlier. The first was located almost all the eastern edge of Lithuanian lands. North me region from X a. the Krzywousty-founded Duchy of Polotsk took power. Ji forced to pay tribute neighboring Latgalians — Jersikos ir The Princes of Cooknes. Strengthened their influence ir į Lithuanian lands. Į south-east of the Lithuanians, in the upper part of iš the Nemunas basin, lived our relatives Jotvingiai. Su with them the Eastern Slavic Dregoviči tribe encountered quite early, perhaps still VIII a. To think so, be among other things, makes The glorious name of the river Merkio Mepeu, which must have appeared before the pleophony (Pulgarsį, rus. "Slovenski ir jezik" (in k Slovenian). Earthquake Earthquake Earthquake In the 10th a. and 11th centuries, they founded important cities such as ir Volkovsky, Gardin, Slonim, Naugarduk. Then they had to come into direct į contact with the su Lithuanians who lived nearby. All these early contacts of Lithuanians su with East Slavs could not fail to influence the development of the language. We are most concerned about the reflections jų in our language, especially the to Lithuanian language innovations of the time, which flooded the eastern part of the ir area with common su Slavic, such t. y. as those that can be linked to the correspondisu ng phenomena of the East Slavic language. Iš vocalism field such an innovation is ą, consideram ed an, eastern In Lithuania, Y, un, um, e.g., Zysis "goose", beet "hand", sūmtis “samtis’. Plg. Slavic river rus. > pyka ‘ranka’. In the western Baltic languages there is no such ir transformation in the western part of the Lithuanian language area, because there was no contact with the East Slavs; There was contact su here (Prussians, Jotvingians, Prussian Lithuanians) only with western Slavs, who kept their nasal sound or in some cases had instead of su plg. ¢ ę ¢, Polish reka ‘ranka’. Of course, 4, an, to the am narrowing phonetic assumption — the assimilatory influence — of the nasal sound je lay in the pačiolietuvių (as in the ir Slavic) language, but its realization near the Eastern Slavs, where this process took place earlier, forces us to associate the spoken an, change with an 4, analogous am phenomenon of the su Eastern Slavic phonetics. Iš Lithuanian princes Dausprango, Višimanto ir The Eastern forms of Kentenio names Rusios (vad. In the 1990s, Pg. Josscnpynko, Bumumy(nu)ms, Kul(nu)meniū see that eastern In Lithuania already In the a. early XIII an, am transformation un, um (as en, ir em > in, im) was a fact. List of surnames Antanas ir Afdrius Eastern High Germanic form Untdnas ir Ufidrius indicates that this conversion must have begun in the year po 988 when the Eastern Slavs were baptized. So probably an, (and en, em) became am un, (resp. um in, im) XI - 12th century, o nasal vowel ą (resp. ¢) changed accordingly į ų (in) even earlier, maybe even about IX - X a. Plg. early an, change in Latvian en (approx. 1200 m. already was wo, ie), inherited probably iš In the times of the Duchy of Jersika, when the Latgalians were very closely associated with the Eastern su Slavs, even being ruled by them, they paid tribute to Polotsk. The consonantization of consonants and the palatalization of consonants were already present in the Slavic language. In the Baltic languages, these phenomena were later and affected most the language of those tribes that were closer to the Slavs. E.g. *si> š in Latvian and Prussian. In Lithuanian, the most striking parallel with the Slavic languages is the transformation of *ti, *di into Afrikaans, which occurred probably in the 13th — 14th centuries and was more intense in the eastern part of the area, and somewhat later and less intense in the west (see the law of the Žemaičių afrikatai). Palatalization of prefixes against. The frontal vocalism is also most typical of eastern Lithuanian dialects and gradually weakens from east to west. Of the Latvian dialects, the softening of consonants is also most pronounced in the former Latgale, where contact with the Slavs is the oldest and most intense. Hard /veliarization — a characteristic phenomenon of many Slavic languages. In Lithuanian, it is most intense in the east, where it has also touched the position against e-type vowelism (cf. tūdas "ice", tėkti “1ékti’), elsewhere velarised /is only before a and posterior vowels (bivocal) Among the morphological phenomena, we can point out the suffix paradigm of the third person pronoun (anas ‘he’, but ja, jam, jį...), which is typical of eastern Lithuania, as in the Slavic languages. It was also present in the Prussian Lithuanian dialects (such as those in the writings of J. Bretkūnas- ), which had experienced considerable influence from the West Slavic (Polish) languages. The Lithuanian conjugation with the formant -bisietina is probably also related to the analogous Slavic conjugation with 6: (both started from the form of the verb biiti). Early contacts between Lithuanians and Eastern Slavs are most clearly reflected in the vocabulary. In ancient times, the Eastern Slavs were the main intermediaries through whom various innovations and the related Words began to reach our ancestors (and other Eastern Balts, as well as Baltic Finns). The oldest layer of Lithuanian Slavisms consists mainly of the names of various new objects, especially commercial objects, as well as Christian terms. Many of these words had been taken by the Slavs themselves from their Germanic neighbours (these in turn mostly from Latin), some from the Byzantine Greeks. It should be emphasized that, unlike the Baltisms and Lituanisms of the Slavic languages, which are almost all made up of words of Baltic origin, the majority of the Old Slavisms in Lithuanian, as in other Baltic languages, are not words of Slavic origin, but words of other languages, which have only come to us through the Slavs. It is not easy to determine when the earliest borrowed words, acquired through the East Slavs*, began to appear in Lithuanian. Earlier than the beginning of the 9th century, they could hardly have entered. The time of borrowing is mainly determined by the phonetics of the borrowed words. The earliest, obtained even before the 10th century, should be considered those Eastern Slavisms that do not have signs of pleophony. However, we do not have any real examples of this kind. The most reliable of them are the following: čērpa "such a clay pot, his comb; clay tile to cover the roof, ovens to build’ is usually derived from the Slavic *čerp»s “Suké’ (from here Russian uepen ‘skull’, uepenox ‘splinter’, etc.) with the ending -ė instead of the expected -as due to Lithuanian origin synonym slogan. Accordingly, the old writings tile "brick" is derived from sl. *Sweatshirt. However, in linguistic literature, especially in etymological dictionaries, they are often referred to as Belarusian borrowings, but this is inaccurate, because at the time of the borrowing the Eastern Slavic (represented by the so-called Old Russian, i.e., Rus) language was not yet divided into Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian languages. 6 the latter is probably an abbreviation of čerepyčia (P. Skardžius TŽ VII 54, 55). In this case, Čėrpė may be replaced by the older *čerepė=sl. Ččerepo; karbas, karbija "such a bag, wicker' could be from sl. *korbs *korbeja (from here Russian Kx0po6, kopoobka, Polish krobia; Slavs, apparently, got from the Germans, and the latter from Latin, cf. corbis "bag, pintiné”), if not a later loan from Polish korb or abbreviation from late Eastern Slavic karūbas, karabia (<xopobs, k0opo662); skavarda "keptuvė' can be from sl. *skovorda (from Russian ckosopoda- ), if not a shorter form of *skavarada as well as variants skarada, skaurada and others (see Polish skowroda). Other borrowings, which allegedly do not make pleophony marks (e.g., karvėjus “toks vestuvinis svočios pyragas’), are even less reliable. There are a few words in Lithuanian that can be considered to have been acquired in the East Slavic language for nasal vowels, which were already denazified in the 10th century, so these words should have entered the Lithuanian language before the 10th century. These — lenkas (ethnonime) — are usually derived from */eche (> Old Russian 1xx2 lenkas"). To believe that this word came from the western Slavs (V. Kyparski RES XXIV 24, 39), is prevented by the absence of its more pronounced traces there; pundas, dial. pounds "a weight measure of about 40 pounds, pounds; bundle* is often derived from sl. *pyds <pods, which in turn derives from the old Scandinavian pund (this from Latin pondus "weight, heaviness'- ). However, this word may have entered into the Lithuanian language without Slavic mediation from the Old Scandinavian or (later) from the East Prussian Germanic (pund) languages; unguras ‘Hungarian’ (in M. Daukšos writings) is derived from sl. *ygars < *pgoro (> sen. rus. yepuns). V. Kiparskis RES XXIV 37 believes that this may be a later loan from Latin iš Ungurus, Ungarus, but this is doubtful. The words kruopas and kuodėlis have a diphthong uo instead of the Slavic u (see Russian kpyna, Kydeaw). Probably these are old borrowed East Slavic, entered iš even before the a., X o ne words of common origin (some ir think so). Old Slavic Samogitian ir pudding (plg. Russian. nyx), plg. subsequent highland fluff. More older su wo borrowings are found in Latvian, e.g., duoma "mind" (Russian: dyma), kapuosts "cabbage" (xanycma), mudcit "to torture" (myuums), rūobeža "fence, boundary" (py6emc) and others. All these words indicate that at the time of borrowing the Slavs « still 4, iš which later evolved into Lithuanian —latvių wo. Instead of convincing debtors su ie i (plg. la. krievi® ‘Russian’ iš xpus-uuu) as not. ir The word piela 'saw' could be ir ne a loan, but a veldinys knife of (: the Balts), having received the meaning of "saw" because of the Slavic (plg. Russian. nusa) ar germany (vv. vil) influence. M. Mažvydo writings mieras "peace' is probably an old -rpriešagos vedinys near -Adverbs of the word sweet, cf. sl. mirs "peace' next to mils ‘mielas’. In Lithuanian there are a few more early borrowed diphthongs instead of Slavic sr, which su suggest wi diphthong pronunciation in Eastern Slavic Western dialects during 5: borrowing: kūila "hernia, fracture, cuff" ‘tekis’ < *kwila (Russian). kuaa), *keilo — Slavic words, related to lie. su wedge ‘iSvarza’; * The word kriėvai in Lithuanian writings means “russians; Belarusians' is probably Latvianism. 7 soap <moiao (from *mordlo: Russian mtimo); customs < meimo — the Slavs got it from the Germans (St. miita), who probably got it from Latin; violin < *smtiko (Russian cMb140K) —old word of Slavic origin (: Russian cMbIKAmb ‘to pull’); tuinas ‘cow’ < eins (old Russian: meine) —old Slavic loanword from germany, cf. old Icelandic fun “fence, yard, farm’. We have more words, which were obtained by the East Slavs still pronouncing reduced sounds », b (jerus), and thus entered into the Lithuanian language even before the 12th century (when », » disappeared), e.g.: asilas <0cb12 (Russian: océa) — the Slavs received from the Goths (asilus), and the latter from Latin (asinus); birkavas "weight measure of 10 pouds' < *bsrkovs(sks pods) 'Birkas (pouds)' (from here Geproeey). Birka city, Sweden. Bierke was then an important trading centre in Sweden; bulvon "stain; scarecrow; 'Spider' from 651eans. 6016ars (later version?) The Slavs probably got this word from the Turkish languages; kirva "orthodox shrine, church' <yspker, gen. sg. ybprs6e (Russian: yepro066) — the Slavs got it from the Germans (see St. chirihha), and the latter from the Greeks (xvpwxov). Cf. the more established later borrowed cerkvė; katil < komvans (Russian: koméa) — the Slavs got from the Germanic (Goth. katilus, katils), and Sie — from the Latin (catinus); baptism "baptismal rites; cross', baptize, christian with insertion -ki from kpscms "cross", kpecmumu, kpsemban(- un)s. The Eastern Slavs received these Words from the Church Slavic language (cf. the Russian xpecm, kpecmumeo, KpecmbAaHuH not with ě), into which they entered through the Germanic mediation from Latin (Christus "Christ"), and into it — from Greek (yptorėc); kubilas <Kv661+ (Russian: kobea) — the Slavs got it from the Germans (see vva. kiibel), and the latter from the medieval Latin cupellum; kūmetis <ksmembo (Russian: kmems) ‘karZygys; kaimietis’ —the Slavs got through intermediaries probably from lat. comes, gen. sg. comitis "satellite, friend" (so the specific meaning of this word "farmer, landlord" has already appeared in Lithuanian); created "very fast hunting dog" <xspms (Russian: xopm) —the origin of this word in Slavic languages is unclear; Pepper < ntnopo iš (Russian: nepey) —most likely Slavs through the Germans from Latin (piper), which through the Greeks (mémep.) —from the eastern lands, cf. ancient ind. peppers; Paul < ITaeen (Russian: ITaeen), personal name, Slavic derived through Byzantine Greeks (IlaxūAoc) from Latin (Paulus); 1988. pp. 10. "Fullmetal Alchemist: Nocturne" (PDF). folk, old English folc ‘army, unit’; radish < *rvdvks (Russian: pedvka) —through the Germans (cf. vvZ. redik) the Slavs received from the Latin language (radicem); glass <cmbr10 (Russian: cmekao) — the Slavs got it from the Germans (Goth. stikls ‘tauré’); silk <wwaks (tus. wéax) —the Slavs through the Germans (old Scandinavian silki) got it from Latin (séricus "silk" from Sēres<gr. Zšpeg 'China'); 8 Tulkas "translator" <mwaxs (Russian). The — Slavic origin of the word, plg. Russian. mo1Ko8amb. Here discussed all Words į Lithuanian language should have entered even before XII a. The old layer of borrowed words should also include those words related to Christianity, į which entered the iš Lithuanian language from the East Slavic languages. (not Polish!) even before the official christening of Lithuania (1387), e.g. angelas anzens the Slavs < received — the Greek (&yyehoo); iš church <60ncnuya "pagan temple' (Slavic bogs 'god' may be Iranianism) this word may have been obtained while the — Slavs were still pagans; Lent "fasting before Easter <zoesnue (word of Slavic origin). Lie. ė instead of ie (e.g. diédas<0wds) because of the suffix -ėti, e.g. gavėti ‘fasting during Lent' < 2086vmMU; christmas "church ministers, about "Christmas Gifts for Kids", pg. Christmas "the feast of the birth of Christ' <xo1xda Slavs — through intermediaries received the Latin iš language (calendae); nedėlia "Sunday' <neds11x (lied. ė instead of ie (probably because of influence) Slavic semantic — loan from Latin diés feriata (the meaning of ‘week’ was later acquired because of the dual meaning of Greek cėBBara). Other names of the days of the week, preserved in ancient writings and dialects, also came from the East Slavic languages into Lithuanian: paldičnykas, padielnykas "Monday" from *panedielnykas <nonedsavnuxs, utdrnykas 'Tuesday' < ymopHUK® < *eomopnukrs (cf. tus. emopnuKr), sereda 'Thursday' <cepeda (calke from, Sv. mittawécha or Latin media hebdomas), četveigas 'Thursday' <uemeep22 pėtnyčia "Friday" <namnuya, subata "Saturday" <cy6oma (from Gr. caBBora > dial. *capBara, which comes from Aramaic shabat or Hebrew Sabbat); Easter <eeauxs (Oden) — Slavic semantic loan from Greek peydAn fpuėpa “great day”. These words are followed by some ir other old borrowings, mainly denoting new realities, commercial objects, etc. ir For example, consider: bieg <6y6ens (with bn>gn as in its own word dūgnas<* dūbnas dūbti), cf. : option drum (also borrowed); The name "Slavia" is iš derived from the Slavic word "Slav" (Russian: — Слава). (: 200); gromata < 2pamoma — slaves got iš greek (hyperpancreatitis); “60 kapa vientų' <xona — word of Slavic origin (the same root as lie. grave, dunes, etc.). The Germanic Slavs received the crown, plg. — iš We are. Karal, Karl — Karolio The (742—814 Great M.) name; book <xnuza — Slavs word šį probably received from the iš eastern (China ar Mesopotamia?) through the Turkic languages; Lions <niomo (365ps). In the Slavic iš languages, it meant "wild, evil" (beast). The origin is unclear; Meat <mac. Probably your own word *mensū > mesa (=Žemaičių mesa > meisd) processed į mésa due to the influence of Slavic maco; bear <mew(b)xa 'little bear' (in Slavic languages such a name of the bear could have appeared due to taboo); mint<mama —the Slavs got it from Latin (mentha), where it came from Greek (ptvdv); mięstas <mMscmo —word of Slavic origin, meaning ‘ropon’ received from the West Slavs, where it appeared due to Germanic influence, cf. vva. stat 'place' and 'city'; pėčius <neuv —word of Slavic origin (: rus. meu», lit. kėpti); sifiliti <cyaumo (word of Slavic origin); helmet <sl. *šolmo —the Slavs got from the Germans (*helmaz, plg. got. Hilms, all right. helmm); tykus <muxs word of — Slavic origin, the age of borrowing is indicated by the Dzūkian cykiai; wine <euno —the Slavs probably acquired it through the Germans (Goth. wein, Sv. win) from Latin (vinum). Later, with the establishment of the Lithuanian state and the use of the Slavic language in its offices, Slavisms in the Lithuanian language increased considerably from about the 14th century. It is believed that the office language acted not only directly, but also through the spoken East Slavic language of the time. The results of this influence are, for example, the words bajor <boaps (origin not quite clear, Slavs could have received from Turks), bldgas < 61a22 (old church Slavic word, Eastern Slavs would be *604022), donis “duty” <0danb, pėčėtis ‘seal’ <neuamb, rėdyti(s) “to govern, to dress, to dress(s), puosti(s)’ <pxsdumb- (ca), retėžius “chain, band” <pemsass (Slaves received from Germans), tyjūnas “supervisor, such a clerk” <murons (Slavic Germanism) and others. Polish words began to flow into our language only in the 15th century. Since then, closer contacts with the Poles have begun. The oldest polonisms are related to Christian terminology. Interestingly, most of these terms were received by the Poles themselves from the Czechs during their baptism. They have come into Czech from Latin and Greek, usually through German. These are the words apostle, birmavoti, bishop, grabnjčios (gramnjcios) "such a church feast on February 2nd', chapel, minykas "monk", mass, nešparai (mišparai), pope, traicė "trinity', Zegnotis and others. To the early polonizmy belongs another word of different meaning, e.g., mustard, lily (the Slavs received through intermediaries from the Middle East), paper (through intermediaries from the Greek mdmupoc), rye (strayed even from India), town hall (the Poles received from the Germans), salad (through intermediaries from Latin, cf. salare "to salt"), seimas, voivode, etc. We have more such words, which can be derived both from Polish and from Eastern Slavic — the origin is difficult to determine. These are the words aliéjus (from Latin oleum), dwór, cumin (from Semitic through Greek and Germanic languages), fasten (from Slavic Germanic), rdjus (from far away, cf. skt. ray "wealth*) and others. But the examination of such and similar words, obtained not earlier than the 15th century, goes beyond the scope of our topic. The main concern here was to discuss only the reflections of the very early contacts with the Slavs —up to the 15th century —in the Lithuanian language. Abbreviations ang. — English, English rus. — Russian dial. —tarminé (non-common language) form sen. —old, e.g., sen rus. —old Russian language gothic skr. 10 got. — — Sanskrit ind. — Indy, sleep. ind. — Old Hindi sl. — Slavic isl. — Icelandic sva. — Old High German la. — Latvian Swedish — Swedish Polish — Polish TZ — People's ir Word. K., tt. 1923 lie. — in Lithuanian vva. — medieval German highland language lot. — Latin riz — Medieval German Samogitian RES — Journal of Slavic Studies. Paris tt. 1921 0 JIPEBHEMIIUE SI3BIKOBBIE KOHTAKTHI JIMTOBIIEB CO CJIABAHAMU Pesiome cTaThe B aHaJIM3KHpyeTCS OTPaXKEHHWE B JIMTOBCKOM s3bike panHnx (c VII B. H. 3.) KOHTaKTOB JIATOBIIEB C BOCTOYHBIMH CJIABAiHAMH. Beimensrorcs OOHeTHUeCKHE, MOpOEJIOTHUeCKHe, JIEKCHUCCKHE HHHOBAIIKHH ĮĮAHHOTO IfeEDHOJ/I2 B JIHTOBCKOM AS3bIKe, OCOOEHHO B TOBOpax BOCTOYHOM JiuTBEI. CaMtIMH paHHHMH CJIABH3MAMMH, NDOHHKINHMAH B JIATOBCKHŪ S35IK 10 X — XII BB,, CIHTAIOTCA Te, B KOTODEIX IIOJIHOINIACHbIC COUCTAHHA 3aMEHEHBI HENIOJIHOTTIACHELIMH "Hartford, CT, CNA". < *draps > pyc. open; CJIOBa, B KOTODELIX COXpaHHJIOCb IPOM3HOLUICHHE HOCOBBIX IMIACHbIX, Hanp. : border (3THOHMM) <*lechs > Np.-pyc. /AXB. CnaBH3MaMH, a He TeHETHYECKH DOJCTBEHIMH TREATMENT C4HTAIOTCH CJIOBA, B KOTOPBIX COXpaHHJIOCb IÍÍpeBHEe NpoH3HONeHne: [O Ha MecTe CJIaB. u: krudpos (pyc. Kpyna); ie Ha MecTe Class. i: mum. Russian (M3 Kpue-uuu); ui Ha Boy, get out of here. bi: violin <*smbiks ,a TaKxe CJIOBA, B KOTODEIX COXpaHHJIOCb TIPOM3HOLICHHE CJIABSHCKHX epOB: dsilas o0cb15, < bulvūnas bsasaws < u Ip. K rutacTYy ApeBHMX 32aHMCTBOBAHHŪ OTHOCHTCA H XpHCTHAHCKa1 TEPMHWHOJIOTHS, NEpeHATas JIATOBCKHM S3BIKOM H3 BOCTO4UHOCJIABAHCKHX S3bIKOB (He M3 MOJBCKOro) OO KpemeHHS JiuTrBeI (1387 r.): angel anzeas, < church < 60»dinner u Ip., TaKxe cloBa., a OOo3Ha€aIolIIHCe HOBEIC peaJiuH TOro BpeMeHHu: drums < 0yOenb. B 3aKntoueHHe naercs KpaTKuii 0030p 3amaJHOCIABAHCKMX 3aHMCTBOBAHHĖ, IIDOHHKINHX B JMTOBCKHŪĖ S35IK IpeHMYmecTBeHHO Cc XV B.