Instrumento raiška dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje

LITHUANIAN LEXICON IR TERMINOLOGY PROBLEMS LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS, XXIX (1991) ELENA VALIULYTĖ INSTRUMENT RESOLUTIONS IN THE PRESENT LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES 0.1. The instrument is a verb sentence (resp. verb) describes the role played by one of the participants in the situation". Instrument as a semantic sentence (verbal) structure unit is in the same order as agent, patient, etc. ir (Sližienė, 1986, 51 —54). On the other hand, the sentence is broken down into larger semantic units according to the model subject-object-adverbial member ir į (for definitions of these terms, see Ambrazas, 1986, 24). It is important that there is a certain correspondence between these units of semantic analysis. (e.g. subject includes agent, patient, recipient, beneficiary). Šį has analysed the issue convincingly V. Ambrazas has ir indicated when I prefer to operate with the concepts of one (Embraces, 1982; 1986, 23 tt. ). 0.2. The instrument į enters the scope of the concept of object (next to patient, result, beneficiary, contentive)?. Thus, the instrument ir object is units of different semantic domains. The term instrument is used in ir traditional linguistic works to describe the consonant prepositionir s— specifically the ir consonant preposition su — values. 0.3. The instrument in the reference aspect is the object with which the actor performs an active action, directed to another object į (writes a letter with a į pencil), myself (washed with water), ar non-directional action (swings his head) 0.4. The main means of expression of the instrument is the — accompaniment one ar su prefix with. The instrument anchor is described in detail in a special work (Rasimavičius, 1963, 239 tt. ). The phrase is used in the context of a word-group. The lexical-semantic composition of word combinations is discussed: verbs are characterized by transitivity/intransitivity, nouns by belonging to certain semantic classes jų o jų (nouns with the meaning of a specific thing, nouns denoting part of the actor's organ, nouns denoting ar means of communication are distinguished). Depending on į the more specific meanings of the verb and noun, the instrumental adverb is divided into the į following semantic groups: 1) (axes for splitting wood), 2) material handler (spread with sand 1 According to the theory of valence, the units of the semantic structure of the verb are called semantic — roles, semantic functions, (semantic) verbs, actants (Sližienė, 1986, 44 tt). 2 Some researchers suggest the instrument to distinguish iš the ass of (plg. Drukteinis, 1982, 17). 148 the object),'3) the attendant of the means (travels on the train). In addition, there are two subspecies of the tool builder: (a) the owner of the actual tool (axes for splitting wood); and b) tool-object (/injects head, rattles pots). The latter should be regarded as a separate semantic unit. The owner of the real tool is closer to the owner of the material (rather than the owner of the object-tool), e.g.: 1) father cuts wood with an axe, sister waters flowers and 2) grandfather shakes his head, mistress rattles pots. The first case (1) reflects a triad situation, where the instrument is an intermediary between the agent (the performer of the action) and the patient (the object of the action), and the second (2) — a binary situation, where one member is the agent, and the second, expressed as a subjunctive, corresponds to the object of the action (see Sližienė, 1986, 59). This is shown by the ability to replace such a suffix (with some verbs) with a suffix, e.g.: guodžia galva|galvą, trauko pečiais|pečius, barškina puodais|puodus, žvangina raktais|raktus (for more on this see Valiulytė, 1987, 31—41; Rasimavičius, 1963, 247—248). The conjugation of words differs in certain nuances: the object is emphasized more by the adjective than by the adverb, because the first verb (adjective) is communicatively “heavier”: it occupies the second place (after the noun) in the syntactic hierarchy of forms. Other semantic structures of the lexical composition are the combinations of words in the so-called subordinate of the means. They consist of transitive verbs with nouns denoting means of transport (a) or moving animals (b), e.g.: the teacher went by boat ir su (a), the neighbor came on horseback (b). There is a significant difference between these compounds. The first (a) subscript contains the instrument value with the local shade. This is shown by the transformations of these compounds, plg. : The teacher went by boat —— The teacher was on board. The ship has departed or: The Master sailed away while on board. Thus, the subordinate su of the compounds in the deep structure, which directly corresponds to the described situation of ir reality, is the local relationship between the referents, only it is not formally expressed. Thereforta e, the situation of reality itself can sometimes be described ir su in the form of words of local meaning, e.g. : In whose carriage you ride, you sing to the hymn while ir crying (about the meaning of the local instrument see 5.). The real situation is described in a reduced way, by omitting one of the means of su transport of its referents, e.g. : — Neighbor (a) came by horse (b). Iš experience we know that the su situation of reality connected by this sentence is tripartite: its referents Man — (a), animal (b), vehicle (c). Rapporteurs of du this situation (b ir c) can perform the role of an instrument, but externally the morphological form of the noun is ta usually represented by one ne of them, e.g. : — — The neighbor came on horseback. The presence of two forms of a noun with the same meaning is not typical, although possible, cf. ir : The neighbor came with a horse sleigh. However, the syntactic relationships of these adverbs with su the verb are unequal. Substantive of a noun denoting a means of transport (roges) is closely related to the verb, conjunct of su the noun, o meaning animal (the horse) is more relaxed, it — is a reduced sentence. This can be seen in the transformation iš of the aforementioned word combination, plg. The neighbor came with a horse sleigh <- The neighbor came in a horse-drawn sleigh. 149 0.5 As already mentioned, the main means of instrument expression in Lithuanian literary language is the noun vowel (without preposition). In addition, the construction of the preposition su with the noun is used as this variant, e.g. : You can't kill a child with a muzzle. SLT 239. With a needle sewed. JablRR I 664. [Jonelis] went near the sand with his saddle. SRagSD 44. You'll be caught by fishermen with silk nets. JV 27. However, there are constructions that cannot be replaced by one innagininku, e.g.: chased the dog with a pickaxe, read with glasses, walk with crutches, etc. The meaning of the prefix with the construction of the instrument is widespread in dialects. As the material of the Lithuanian language atlas shows, this construction prevails in northern and western Lithuania (and in eastern and southern Lithuania, especially in its outskirts, a more characteristic innagininkas), e.g. : Šimonių castle hill was built with hats in old times. Ps (LKŽ XIV 14). He went away from his uncle into the forest, took off his fur coats and beat them with a stick. Pshl. Girnas turns with a mill. (Spring 1914) 14. Get that snake through the neck with a shotgun! Mžk. Sail with the boat to Tilžė. 14 (RFC 14). Dress in a white cloth. 14 (14th ed.). Don't touch the wheel - you'll work with tar. 14 (LXXIV). Plant bulbs with the horses. 306) and 306 (p. He'll come with four horses. LK. Moved across the river with a boat. I'm going. I'll get there faster with a bike than with horses. Brt. In the written language, the prefix sw construction is used less often than the noun. 0.6.In examining the valence of verbs, it became clear that referents performing the function of an instrument can also be designated by other means of expression, usually prepositional constructions (Sližienė, 1986, 54), e.g.: sieja grūdus per sietą, šaudo iš kannų, susitraukė rankas į gooseberries, rida ant arklio, važiuoja kariete. These constructions differ from the innagnik in more specific values, which reflect the way of using the instruments, the functioning of the instrument. It is important to note that some of these constructions can be replaced by the inner vocal, which is a typical instrument expression. This confirms that they have the same meaning. The aim of this article is to describe atypical means of expression of the instrument, indicate their relationship with the substitute. 1. Construction of prepositions per and/or pro with a suffix 1.1.0. There are verbs that require the preposition per or/and pro with a suffix to denote an instrument, e.g.: sievajas miltus per sietą, išspaudė pieną per krūvą, išspaudė smulkintas pomidoras per gazuotą, kosėja linos per plaukų šepetėlį, siurbia gėrimą pro|per strautą, žiūri į žvaigždes pro|per teleskopą. On the other hand, the aforementioned prepositional constructions are very limited in lexical composition. 1.1.1. The verbs sijoti, siausti (and their prepositional derivatives) form compounds with the prefix per and nouns rėtis, sietas, sytelis, kretilas. I sifted the flour through a sieve. Btrm. Whoever wants to eat good bread must sift the flour by the ratchet. 492) (c. He'll throw out ashes, put his clothes together and boil for a couple of hours. 492) (c. Ash over sietq sworn. Mre (LKZ XII 150 540). They will beat the cretins first, cut ka the big ones, and then they will beat the grains. Vrd (LKŽ XII 539). I kneaded the flour into a thick dough, and the bread came out like a cake. Krp (LKŽ XI 491). You put flour in the sieve to keep the mushrooms out. 488) (LXXII. Ka will carry į the mill, will wear the women's clothes. Gd (LKŽ XII 487). 1.1.2. In the written language, the verb sijoti is accompanied by the preposition pro, e.g. : Dust is fine, like rain sifted through a sieve (sighs). Ne so much, but sifts like a sieve all day (sh) However, the facts of the case do not support this claim. 1.1.3. Su verbs sijoti, siausti used only much less often — — ir adjutant (with the prefix with), e.g. : Tankiu [sietu] I sift the flour, I squeeze — the grains. Ign (LKŽ XI 492). You sift the oats through a dense sieve, then you squander it in nothingness. 531) (p. I sifted through several sieves to see where the bug came from. 531 (1st ed.). We will sift the grains. 1980) 1250 – 1254: Richard II (r. We used to weave all the grain with cretiles. Snuff. Sift the flour su with a o sieve, sift the su grain with a rake. J. If there's sand, throw it su at the grain. J. Plg. but: The rain sifts like a thunderstorm. Pn (LKŽ XII 539). The subordinate of the given sentences is synonymous with the preposition through constructions. This also shows the significance of the instrument. However, they differ slightly in semantics. The preposition indicates the instrument in general, and the preposition through the construction conveys the way of its use, functioning: it indicates the patient's movement through the tool. This is determined by the semantic connection of these constructions with their specific — spatial — meaning, cf. : And the good grain went through the sieve. Ktk. Spray it over the ducks, they'll ty freeze. — Jrb (LKŽ XI 531). 1.2.1. The verb to eat (and prepositional jo derivatives) form compounds with prefix through nouns su koštuvas/koštuvis, as well as sietis, sietas, auduklas ir etc. ir Stir the milk into a colander. J. Aš water through the colander: the water of our well is adding up. Sdk (LKŽ VI 382). We need to sift the oats. Pb (LKŽ XII 531). Strain the milk through a cloth. Krsn (LKŽ VI 381). She squeezed the milk into a canvas scoop. Ktk. 1.2.2. In the written language, we find the prepositional ir construction pro used in this position, e.g. : Then the paste is strained through a sieve or gauze and cooled. ir NŪE 12. The mixture is strained through a sieve. NŪE 26. While the verb košti dictionary definition formula "clean the liquid through a material sieve from ar unnecessary impurities" (DŽ, 329) orients į the prefix pro, but our dialectal facts suggest using the prefix per in this position. Jį implies ir correlative to this prefix per-, e.g. : The settled liquid is strained through the filter paper (trs). 1.3. The verb to be hard (and jo prepositional derivatives), as košti, is ir used prepositional su per construction, which consists of the nouns marle, canvas, etc., as well as sietis, sytelis ar (see 1.2.), e.g. : I squeezed the (grate) bulb with a canvas spatula. Ktk. Crush the berries with the bottom of a cup, then press them into a bowl. 582 BC) (c. The honey collected weighed like a brine. 163 (1996) 163. It is also used in the meaning of "to be thrown out", e.g. : Grate the onions through a sieve. DZ, 556. Rub the tomatoes into the sauce through a strainer (trs). 1.4 The verb česnuoti (about linen) and its prepositional derivatives are used with the prepositional construction per, whose noun is šepetys, e.g. : Comb the linen through the rare brushes, you will get a pile. (Ibid., pp. 211). I combed the linen with a bristled brush—it shines like silk. Ktk. in In this position, the noun is also said, e.g. : Combs linen with wooden and iron brushes. DZ, 808. This is due to the syntactic conjunction of the main lexicon (meaning) of this verb, p.g. : Combs hair with a comb, brush. 1.5.In the case of the verbs gerti, siurbti, the preposition pro constructed with a noun denoting a penetrating object — strauzdelis, e.g. : She (Martha) sucked her drink through a thin straw. VenclGD 146. It is also used in the construction of bridges, e.g. : Ice is added to the glasses, punch is poured and drunk through a straw. SPG 166. Drink through a straw from a high glass. 169 pp.. All cocktails — sweet or strong — are drunk from high glasses through a straw. SPG 170. The ratio of constructions through the straw and through the straw in terms of norm is the same as the space value of constructions to go through the door and to go through the door (the latter is the first variant) (see section 4.4). 1.6.1.). 1.6. prefix pro constructions with the nouns glasses, binoculars, microscope, telescope in combination with the visual verbs to look, to look, to see, to observe, to appear to be seen also have the meaning of an instrument, e.g. : The captain of the ship looked through the binoculars. DZ, 968. Through binoculars or telescope you can see hundreds and thousands of times more stars. LA 137. Not even a month passed before the new telescope was ready to look at the stars. LA 113. An old man had binoculars through which he could see if the object he was looking at had happiness or not. MPs IV 5. The wife also created all the smoked combs through which the deceased watched the sun. 189. Through a small telescope, they appear as rounded balsa spots. LA. 204. 1.6.1. In dialects, and sometimes in written language, with the same verbs, the prepositional construction over is used, e.g. : I caught such a cooled fly, but for binoculars it is so big, ragged, with a long beak. Jrb. Through binoculars you can see very far. Alv. I can see it clearly through my glasses. My friend. Lying behind the hill, through my binoculars I could see the entire enemy fleet. Balch. This construction is to be evaluated from the point of view of the norm in the same way as analogous constructions of spatial meaning, e.g.: looks through the window, went out through the door. It must be said, 152 that there is still no firm and unanimous opinion on the applicability/non-applicability of such constructions to literary language. As is known, J. Jablonskis has fixed such constructions in front with the rear (Jablonskis, 1957, 670—672). However, in written language, constructions with per are still used next to the prepositional pro constructions, e.g.: pasuko per gatus CvR 1 90, (vėjas) spaudėsi per plyšius ŽemR III 415, išskubėjo per duris KrėvRg 33, per langą žvelgė VaižgRR I 413, snipavo per šnerves VienR V 114. This is supported by the usage of prefixes in dialects. Therefore, in “Lithuanian Grammar” (1971, 630) it was proposed to consider these per-prepositional constructions* as normative. However, some doubt this recommendation (Pupkis, 1980, 153). In the most recent work on language norms (Paulauskienė, Tarvydaitė, 1986, 108—109) such constructions are presented to literary language as synonyms of prepositional pro constructions. 1.6.2. The noun akiniai next to the verb matyti is used with the prefix su, e.g. : I can see well with glasses. Ktk (but not one assistant, cf. *I see well with glasses). With the verb of more general meaning to observe, the conjunct of the given nouns is used, which is a synonym of the prepositional pro construction, cf. A: They had already started to observe stars with their small telescopes. LA 109 — They are difficult, if not impossible, to observe even through the largest telescopes on the Earth's surface. LA 205. 2. The construction of the prefix iz with a noun 2.1. The construction of the prefix from is the instrument required by the shooting verbs. On the other hand, the construction of the prepositions with the meaning of instruments is very limited in terms of lexical composition: they are made up of nouns denoting means of firing — weapons, e.g., rifle, automatic, pistol, machine gun, cannon, cannon, as well as bow. They shoot cannons. DZ, 532. They talked about the bulls at Jarmala, the two calves eaten, the shots from the brauning at the chicken. CvR V 125. And he shot his little brother from the first bullet, from the muskets. JD 1119. I also tried to shoot from a bow while grazing. MašAMB 63. They (the birds) looked at those two-legged creatures with contempt, although they sometimes shot them from guns. White. These structures have a semantic connection with space-meaning structures. They imply the internal referent (the presence of this in the first) that flows from the tool. This is reflected in the semantic structure of the verb shoot, cf. its definition: “to shoot a bullet from a firearm” (DZ, 807). On the other hand, the verbs Sauti, šauti describe real situations in which the two speakers can be perceived as an instrument and both are externally represented * It should be said that here we are referring to constructions made with nouns denoting holes or compound objects (fence, grating, net). In grammar, they are presented together with constructions whose noun denotes a solid object, e.g. : Shot through three walls. Rs. This has been noted by J. Kilius (Kilius, 1973, 27-30). There is no question of the normativity of these constructions. However, there are cases when the preposition pro is used in the position of the preposition per, e.g. : His broad shoulders rise, his sharp humerus shoots through his jacket. BubnDZ 52. in different word forms, e.g. : The hunter shot from a rifle with a shotgun. Here we have a composite instrument of split expression: the construction of the preposition iz has the meaning of a tool, and the conjunct has the meaning of a material, cf. 0.4. 2). However, a tool can also be represented by a suffix (with the prefix with), which is synonymous with the prefix from construction, e.g. : They were shot with machine guns, shot with grenades (tsp). Shooting with a rifle. Prk. 2.2 The prefix of the specified lexical composition from the construction is also used with word combinations with the meaning of shooting to launch, open fire, e.g. : At night the fire was launched from the brauninko ans. 282) (PDF). He opened fire from artillery. 2.3.The noun šaudyklė „a device for throwing stones“, its synonyms /aidyklė (laidynė), mėtyklė, svilksnė (svilksna) are used with the prefix iz and the verbs of throwing, shooting (šaudyti/mesti, šaudyti/sviesti, laidyti|leisti), e.g. : The children throw stones from a shooter. 256 (14th ed.). One, more vicious, threw a stone at him from the slingshot. LKŽ VII 16. He throws far from the throw. J. 397. He threw a stone from a whistle. Stan. With the same verbs, the construction from the hand is also used, e.g. : I'm going further from the hand than John from the laid. 16 (Spring 1977). I'll shoot twice as many shots from a shotgun as I do from a handgun. 256 (14th ed.). 2.4. The meaning of the instrument can also be taken as the prefix from constructions with nouns denoting vessels, joined to the verb drink (see 1.5.), e.g. : Good from the cup horns. 156) (PDF). He drank lemonade from a bottle. These structures indicate the object with which the action is performed. However, constructions formed with nouns of local meaning and used with the same verb drink have a purely spatial meaning, e.g. : Two pigeons drank, pigeons drank from the deepest pond. LB 26. 2.5. In dialects, especially in Žemaičių, there are also other lexical compositions of prepositions from the instrument meaning, e.g. : Pylė is bison cossacks. Oh, shit. Shut up, you'll get a stick. Trish. Give the pig out of the pit, and you'll get into the shed. TV (LKZ IV 158). You'll know I'm shooting from a knife! Krp (LKŽ IV 158). The young man gives the old man a heel from the hail (hair cutting). 158 (Volume IV). The shepherds greet the man from a stone. 154 (1985) Vol. He is able to cut out from the axe (to do with a hatchet). 158) (PDF). Slash from the hand, it will get in (give hard, the fall of the hammer itself is not enough). 158 pp. (in German). (For more examples, see DūnŽ 108.) As we see, these constructions are used to describe situations of hitting (or similar). 3. The construction of the prefix in with the suffix 3.1. The prefix in construction in combinations with certain verbs may also have the meaning of an instrument (see Sližienė, 1986, 54, 83). This is confirmed by the possibility of replacing them with a typical means of expression of the instrument — the innagin, e.g. : Old lady wiped her hands in the apron; The student wiped his shoes in the grass; 154 The child hurt his finger in the glass. There is a significant difference between the compounds that are compared, reflecting the slightly different relations of the referents in the real situation. The prefix in designates an object whose position does not change during the action, and the adjective indicates a freely manipulable object (see Anpecsu, 1974, 140). This can be seen more clearly from the paraphrases of these compounds, cf. 1) osušila si ruky do predpasníka — dried her hands by wiping them on the apron and 2) osušila si ruky v predpasníku <— dried her hands by taking the apron on it. Thus, the prefix in construction and the noun indicate the differently used tool. In combinations with the adverb, the orientation of the instrument towards the patient is emphasized (wipe the hands in the apron: apron —hands), and in combinations with the preposition to the construction — vice versa, the orientation of the patient towards the instrument (wipe the hands in the apron: hands — apron). In the latter case there is a kind of feedback effect between the referees: the patient (hands) acts on the instrument (a apron) and at the same time experiences the effect himself (hands are rubbed on the apron and still become dry, cf. the definition of the verb šl/osýtyti: “to remove moisture by stroking, drying”). 3.2. There is no longer a prefix in constructions that cannot be replaced by a noun, e.g. : I hit my head in the door. I bleached the sleeve in the wall — recently painted. Ktk. I | slam a hard rockI slam a lamp. Myk-Put. A mosquito fell from the oak tree and hit its head against the oak branch. 472) (p. 472). I drew my hands on the thorns. J. Adamušė dalgę in akmenį. Ktk. As we can see, the nouns of the prefixes to constructions usually denote immobile objects (a wall, a rock, a threshold), which cannot be manipulated. Verbs denote resulting actions. These actions are usually the result of other actions, e.g. bled when touching a wall, broke when hitting a rock, broke his head when falling from an oak tree. 3.3. The meaning of the instrument shall be taken and the prefix to construction in the sentence: In the wilderness they blew horns and demanded that the bridges be lowered. VienR IV 163. 4. The construction of the prefix on with a noun 4.1.0. The instrument has the meaning of two prepositions on the structure, e.g.: rides on a horse, swims on a chip, brought on a hump and leaned on the elbows, knelt on the knees. Some of them denote a means of communication, of moving through space, others — a means (or way) of changing the position (pose) of the subject. These constructions (i.e. the meaning of instrument) have a semantic connection with the basic meaning of the preposition on constructions —space “to be on top of something, to touch the surface of ir something”, cf.: joja na konju sedi na konju (the meaning of the latter compound is included in į the first, the second can be šį considered reduced). 4.1.1. The construction of the prefix on the means of communication is unequal. The clear meaning of the instrument has the verb su joti (and jo contextual synonyms) used as a preposition on constructions whose noun denotes an animal (usually a horse), e.g. : These compounds may in individual cases have a 155 You can ride this horse—it is already ridden. Ig (LKZ IV 351). And there came a boy on a black-tailed horse. KIvD 24. The rider on the horse flew by, and the wind chimed in the darkness. Myk-PutR X 213, Atalėkė in šilmojo kaip švidras. Ktk. This design is replaced by a sub-contractor, e.g. : He rode on a horse, he looked for a horse. Rs. You didn't ride your horse to me. JV 10. However, a non-living object moving on a riding means is represented only by the preposition on construction, and cannot be replaced by a noun. He's drunk and he's on a stick. 360 (Vol. We see — the witch flies on a broom. 210 and 211. The horse rides on the branch. 359) (p. On the broom I saw came. Kv. There are phraseologised verbs joti, as well as jodyti, ridinėti conjunctions with the prefix on construction (and the infinitive- ), e.g.: on the neck joti, jodyti, ridinėti "to exploit, to hurt, to torture" (LKŽ IV 348, 350, 359), on the neck joti, jodyti, ridinėti "etc. p.’. 4.1.2. The syncretic meaning of place—instrument has a certain lexical composition of the preposition on the construction in the combinations with sliding verbs, e.g.: flies on a magic carpet, carries machines on platforms, floats on a board. These compounds are formed by syntactic reduction, by omitting the verb of presence, e.g.: flies on the carpet <——flies being on the carpet. The construction of the preposition on retains the meaning of its location (being on the surface of the object), and the verb of movement gives it another function — that of an instrument. The formation of such compounds is more limited by the lexical meaning of the noun, e.g. : Others, having lost their horses, raced underwater on broken rafts. VienR IV 192. He was floating on a chip. KatMAR 332. What's the use of swimming on ice? 103 (XXVII). After the war, people travelled in wagons. Ktk. Televisions traveled on the roofs of cars, strollers, sleds and even on shoulders. KT 1989 No. 30. synonymous conjugate, e.g. : Once the joyful brothers sailed in canoes to their beloved. CvR, I 44. When describing a situation of crossing (across a river, lake, etc.) the nouns keltas, plaustas are also used in the noun (with the prefix su), e.g. : Previously, we used to take a ferry (Ik) over the Neris river near Žirmūnai. The village of Lankupiai does not have a crossing, they move across the river with a raft. Rg. 4.1.3. Similar meanings are found in the combination of the preposition on the construction, whose noun denotes parts of the body, with verbs denoting the change of place of the object, e.g. : Tomorrow the day after tomorrow the road will stop, the knees will go down, so maybe I will pull the shark on my back? BaltPV I 44. The man carried a shot-out turtle on his shoulders. VienR IV 92. I'm carrying the amber on my palm. No. [Birds] bring all kinds of flower seeds from there on their wings. KrėvAP 52. The bull bowed his head and rushed to lift her with the horse on the horns. VienR IV 61. The mother took the baby in her arms (1k). These constructions also have a local connotation—indicating the patient’s contact with the instrument, e.g. pulls the gills on his back <—pulls the gills on his back. 156