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PROBLEMS OF LITHUANIAN LEXIC AND TERMINOLOGY VIDA RUDAITIENĖ ABOUT THE USE OF SOME INTERNATIONAL AND LITHUANIAN WORDS IN THE COMMON NON-VERBAL LANGUAGE Now, with the acceleration of scientific and technical progress, we learn more and more new international words. There is no language in the world that does not contain foreign or international Words, because nations communicate with each other. New realities are discovered, and with them come names, which are usually borrowed from the people from which the new reality came. Since many of the values created by different nations are international in nature, there is a need for international words for scientific communication. The use of international words is a complex phenomenon, primarily, as we have mentioned, related to language contacts. The internationalization of terminology is becoming an important problem at the moment. As a result of the rise of culture, education and literacy, international words from the fields of science and technology penetrate into other styles of common language, “they are universally recognized as the natural forms of lexical semantic expression of the most important concepts of contemporary culture” (Axynenko, 1975, 198). Currently, scientific international terminology is being used massively in various styles of common language. Borrowing words is a natural phenomenon. International words, especially terms, are increasing in all languages. International words are now used more and more frequently by people from different social strata, even in the colloquial language of workers and kolkhoz workers, as well as in the genres of publications — from the tribune, in political speech, in newspaper articles, etc. Regarding the variability of the use of international words in Lithuanian, it can be said that it manifests itself in two ways: a Lithuanian and an international word, which can be both old and new, are used in parallel, e.g.: aeroplanas — plane, aviatorius — pilot, lakūnas, eksportas — export (Skardžius, 1973, 25). In addition, the long and short forms of international words can be used, for example: kinematografas — kinas, metropolitenas and metro, radiotelegrafas — radijas, taksomotoras — taksi. However, now the short forms of international words often outweigh the long ones, e.g.: radiotelegrafas, taksomotoras, or their meaning and scope of use narrows, e.g.: kinematografas. Sometimes there is an unstable family of some international words, for example: filma — filmas, šlanga — šlangas. In 1987, the Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature organized a scientific expedition to collect socio-linguistic and linguistic data and according to the “Lexicography Research Questionnaire”* from the answers collected by the author from Varena and Druskininkai, an article was prepared. 95 Lithuanians from the above-mentioned districts, users of the current literary Lithuanian language, were interviewed from the following social spheres: social-political (Varena district party and communist youth committee employees — secretaries, heads of departments, most of them with higher education, two without higher 118 education and two with special secondary education), education (Varena kindergarten-kindergarten employees: most of the educators, music directors and other service personnel with special secondary education, two of them with higher education and two with secondary education, students of the vocational technical school), mass communication (Varena district newspaper editorial staff: heads of departments, editors, correspondents, etc., of whom only one has no higher education), culture (Varena central library librarians, most of them with special secondary education, two of them with higher education and two with secondary education), production (Varena household combine employees: engineers, craftsmen, technologists, economists, accountants, workers, etc. ; Most of them have special secondary and upper secondary education, three have higher education and two have incomplete secondary education), health care (the employees of Druskininkai sanatorium “Nemunas”: most of them are doctors, their education is higher, nurses and other service personnel, many of them have finished special secondary education and one person has finished secondary education) and agriculture (the employees of two kolkhozes in the Varena district, the agro-industrial association, the veterinary station: agronomists, veterinary doctors, agricultural mechanization engineers, zootechnicians, economists, accountants, etc., about half of whom have higher education, and the others — special secondary education). The questionnaires were filled out objectively (in the presence of the author of the article). According to the “Lexicon research questionnaire” we also tried to clarify which social spheres and education informants are more likely to use international words, what is their actual use. One of the tasks of “Anketa” was to write Lithuanian equivalents of such popular international words as: trailer, deport, container, limit local, planner, progressive, structure. Their Lithuanian equivalents (advance announcement; exile; box for goods; restrict; local; glider; advanced; structure, composition) were indicated by 44.29% of respondents with higher education (25.59% of them answered inaccurately). 34,619 informants with special secondary education also answered correctly (45,894 of them attributed inaccurate Lithuanian equivalents- ), 13.19% of informants with secondary education know their Lithuanian equivalents well, and 8,494 of their answers were incorrect. Students with secondary education (in this case, mostly students of vocational technical schools) know the Lithuanian equivalents of the international words we have listed well 1 The answers to the questionnaire are stored in the manuscript collections of the Department of Language History and Dialectology of the Lithuanian Language Institute of the MA of Lithuania. * The low response rate is due to the fact that most respondents did not complete this task at all. From this it can also be concluded that all those who did not answer do not know the Lithuanian equivalents of these international words. 119 only 2,594 informants wrote, and 8,2494 wrote poorly. The answers of informants with incomplete higher education are almost the same: good — 6.3494%, wrong — 6.3%. At the same time, it was found that the most accurate Lithuanian equivalents of these international words are known by workers in the spheres of culture (good — 20.89%, poor — 0.9694%), health care (good — 20.2394, poor — 10944), social-political (good — 13.0694, poor — 2.2194), mass communication (good — 10.6%, poor — 3.4%). These are mainly informants with higher or special secondary education. The majority of incorrect answers were given by workers in the production (43.23%, good — only 12.9%) and agriculture (false 19.31%, good — 11.43%) sectors. It can be concluded that Lithuanian equivalents of the presented international words are better known by people with higher education. This means that they use international words more often. The most popular of the international words mentioned by us are: limited (used by 61 informants — 649, out of 95 respondents), container (54— 56.89), progressive (51— 53.794). All other international words are used less frequently, and more popular native words are used instead. y ir In the “questionnaire” there were questions ar highlighting that informants of the social ir spheres of the educational groups we mentioned tend to use more often ar international, Lithuanian words (when the jų values match). A list of sentences and word combinations in such regularly used su international words as e.g. : Global War. Iš of all the signs must distinguish the dominant. Instead of underlined international words, Lithuanian words could be written etc. ir International words in these sentences tend to be used more frequently by people with special secondary jų education. (international — 73,3%, Lithuanian — 26,194), secondary education (international — 41,39%, Lithuanian — 3,43%) ir medium (international — 26,194, Lithuanian — 9,8794) education. International words in these sentences are more likely to use agricultural (international — 85,8%,, Lithuanian — 13,394), production (international — 72,99£, Lithuanian — 26,2%,), education (international — 72,194, Lithuanian — 27,894) spheres informants. Instead of the underlined international words in these sentences jų Lithuanian equivalents (global; predominant, main) are more frequently used by informants with higher education (Lithuanian — 49,6394£, international — 42,77%,). This is mainly mass communication (Lithuanian) — 40,79%, international — 8,19%,), health protection (Lithuanian) — 76,294, international — 23,2 4), cultures (Lithuanian) — 51,894, international — 32,3%,) spheres employees. This would indicate that informants with higher education, better understanding the identity of the Words of both groups, value the native word more. ir The questionnaire had the task to ar clarify, synonymously used more frequently ar international, Lithuanian words. Sentences were given with su Lithuanian equivalents in parentheses, e.g. : The project was (adjusted, corrected). The technical commission noted some of the machine designs (defects, shortcomings). Brick (deficit, shortage) is very felt in construction. Į match invite the best (arbitrators, ir judges) etc. There were also tasks of sentences, such as: be activity activity, experiment — test, foundation — foundation, elevator — elevator, lithiasis — lithotripsy, radiation — 120 radiation, repair — — (re)fixing, cost-effecti- — ve profitable, stable — durable etc. ir I should have tą underlined the word he uses more often. It emerged that informants with special secondary education are more likely to use international words. (international — 47,849, Lithuanian — 34,7694), medium (international — 25,08%;, Lithuanian — 23,979) education. This category of informants includes agricultural (international — 46,8594, Lithuanian — 36,159), production (international — 44,489(, Lithuanian — 40,13%) ir health protection (international — 41,459%,, Lithuanian — 27,2994) spheres workers. Lithuanian words are more often used by informants with incomplete middle school education. nį (Lithuanian — 22,2294, international — 18,5194) ir uncompleted higher education (Lithuanian — 14,16%, international — 11,15%,) education. O informants with higher education are more likely to use Lithuanian equivalents, although a fairly large percentage of these informants use international words ir (Lithuanian — 38,33 On international — 35,879). More frequently Lithuanian is used in mass communications (Lithuanian international — 43,529,, — 14,2994), social-political (Lithuanian) — 69,0594, international — 36,8594), cultures (Lithuanian) — 18,559%,, international spheres — 15,259%,) employees. Iš among the most commonly used international words are: lift (from 95 informants jį consuming 88—96,6%), repair (83—87,4%), radiation (73—76,89,), experiment (63—66,394). Only Lithuanian word akmenligė nė one informant does not change international /itiaze. Iš the response material, the ir incorrect use of international words was highlighted. This is seen in iš the sentences: Global (huge, huge) tax. Good environment shapes (develops) the language. Here the global ir forms to be used ne locally. It has been experienced that those informants who tend to use international words more often, still often use them incorrectly. ir For example, even informants with special secondary education use international words incorrectly in the 72,794 sentences we have provided. Be to, only 27%, jų knew how to use exact Lithuanian equivalents in this case. Incorrectly used international words were used by informants who 53,294 graduated from higher education, accurate o Lithuanian words were — 37,794. Ir 41,359, used by informants with incomplete secondary education. In our case, the incorrectly used words were not deleted, they were only replaced with Lithuanian equivalents. 4,29. 43,694 informants with secondary education also incorrectly use international Words; exact Lithuanian equivalents finds only jų 8,35 94. Iš of tų informants 21,9%, with incomplete higher education did not delete incorrectly used international words, o only replaced them with accurate Lithuanian words. 8,4%. Looking at the answers to the questionnaires of informants of individual spheres, a similar trend emerged: informants who tend to use international words more often use them incorrectly. Our sentences misused international words global, forms in the text left unchanged by equivalents huge (giant) ir develops even 48,1% agriculture (Lithuanian replaced only 16,7%), 389%, health protection (replaced by 14,6%) ir 3194 Lithuanian production (changed Lithuanian — 27,19) spheres informants. 16,394 incorrectly left in the text the international words presented in the 121 “Questionnaire” by informants from the cultural sphere (only 12.59, these informants replaced them with accurate Lithuanian). Informants from the spheres of mass communication (changed 25%, left unchanged 6.99%), social-political (changed 25%, left unchanged 14.8%), education (changed 51.99%, left unchanged 37.594%) were more likely to change the international words indicated with exact Lithuanian equivalents. From the answers to the survey it emerged that a large percentage of respondents do not know how to use the indicated international words. In the present-day Lithuanian common colloquial language there are still quite a lot of adverbs of irregular action with the formant -iai, made from relative adjectives with the suffix -inis. In the "questionnaire" there was a sentence: Tickets were sold out in (record, record, very, extraordinary) short time. The informants had to choose one of the options in parentheses. The material of the responses shows that even 66.79, special secondary education and 33.39/(, informants with higher education, wrongly chose the adverb record. All informants using this adverb are from the agricultural or manufacturing sectors. We sometimes hear such adverbs of improper conduct on the radio and television. They are used even by intelligent people. For example, I am more optimistic. I look at life philosophical (= philosophically) —speaks the actress on television 1987 05 03. Physically (= physically) a person is unable to bear such a load, sports commentator spoke on television 1988 03 07 and others. In the "questionnaire" were presented a couple of sentences with international words, for which Lithuanian equivalents are not available, e.g. : A young man wearing a bright shirt and jeans. Many people wear shorts in the holiday homes. The answers showed that informants, who tend to use international Zodzius more often, left jeans and shorts in the text. And informants, who were more likely to use Lithuanian words, offered various Lithuanian substitutes for jeans and shorts. Instead of the word jeans they offered sports pants, work pants, and instead of shorts — shorts, sports, short sports pants, tights, tights, etc. 75.49% of informants with special secondary education (changed —23.19%), 50.19% with higher education (changed —32.359%) and 239 with secondary education (changed — 15.294%) did not change these words in Lithuanian. Informants with incomplete higher education are more likely to replace jeans and shorts with Lithuanian words or combinations (13,259 use the international words, 35.89% replace them with Lithuanian ones). Almost the same percentage (1394) of informants with incomplete secondary education use the international words jeans and shorts and 38.99 replace them with Lithuanian words. Most often, the workers in the agricultural (60.59%, changing —159%) and manufacturing (45.8%, changing —29.3%), spheres do not change the international words in Lithuanian. A higher percentage of informants who change the international words we mentioned into Lithuanian are social-political (changes into Lithuanian 23.99%, uses international 16.29%), educational (changes into Lithuanian 53.294%, uses international 4294%), cultural (changes into Lithuanian 23.6%, uses international 8.194%), mass communication (changes into Lithuanian 23.6%, uses international 8.194%), medical (changes into Lithuanian 23.99%, uses international 16.29%). 122 tions (replaces Lithuanian 15.494, uses international 10.4;) and health care (replaces Lithuanian 29.69, uses international 27.79). Out of 95 respondents, 37 (38.99%), informants used the international word jeans, 58 (6194), informants used Lithuanian variants, 26 (27.4*9()) informants used shorts, 69 (72.69%), informants used Lithuanian synonyms. The answers to the survey sometimes show a certain attitude against some international words (despite the fact that they do not have Lithuanian equivalents). This is especially evident with words that refer to new things, fashionable goods, rare realities, e.g.: jacket, cruise, stress, aviary, etc. In such cases, the realities mentioned are often named in Lithuanian in a descriptive way. This, in our opinion, would show that the international words mentioned, being new, are still unfamiliar to the speakers, their content is not quite clear. The answers to the survey show that many international words used in Lithuanian have usually adapted to the phonetic and grammatical system of the language and have become a certain property of its lexicon. They include, in particular, the words coffee, radio, cinema, film, machine, disc, etc. With this in mind, there is no reason, in our opinion, to change the jeans and shorts that came to us from the English through the Russians for Lithuanian ones. The answers show that some informants tend to use international words where the Lithuanian version or its hybrid derivative is more suitable. For example, in the "Enquête" there was a sentence: Each country pays a lot of attention to (gasification, gasification). I should have underlined the word in the brackets, which is used more often. In this case, it is better to use a hybrid for gasification. It turns out that out of 95 of our informants —45 (47.49) of them use gasification, and only 28 (29.594) gasification. Gasification is used more often than gasification by informants with special secondary education (gasification —45.5%, gasification —21.49%), secondary and incomplete secondary education (gasification is used by 13.69 informants of both education groups; gasification —10.794 informants with secondary and 9.8% informants with incomplete secondary education- ). These are mainly informants from education (40.994; gasification —7.1%), agriculture (40.394; gasification —21.4%), and manufacturing (26.994; gasification —14.3%). The informants with higher education do not use gasification at all. These are usually workers in the cultural and social-political spheres. 64,394 informants with higher education use gasification, and 27.3% — gasification. These are mostly workers in the fields of mass communications (gasification — 7.1945%, gasification — 4.594%) and health care (gasification — 28.694%, gasification — 13.49%). Based on the data of the “Survey” material, we can conclude that international words are most often used by informants with special secondary and secondary education, as well as a fairly large percentage and higher education. They are mainly employed in production, agriculture and education. Another conclusion is drawn from the examined material: informants who use international words more frequently make more semantic errors related to their use. Of our respondents, the most frequently incorrectly used international words were workers in the agricultural and manufacturing sectors with special secondary and higher education. 123 Most international words, being terms and performing the function of terms, are usually justified in the language. One of the most prominent features of contemporary Lithuanian common language is the proliferation of various terms. Terms are used not only in scientific but also in various other styles of Lithuanian common language. They penetrate newspapers, public and political magazines, fiction, radio and television programs not only individually, but also in whole groups. This process is stimulated by extralinguistic factors — increasing role of science, penetration of technology, intensive international relations, etc. ir Along with su the spread of various ir scientific and technical terms, mainly į political vocabulary in common language (both written and spoken) takes effect ir jų use of figurative meanings, sometimes somewhat narrowing the scope of use of their direct meanings. It should be noted that in different times, the terms of different fields are used more with figurative meanings. It is often used in mathematics, physics, biology, and medicine. ir scientific terms. International terms used in the lexicon ir of common language are often deterministic. In the "questionnaire" there was a question: you Ar can nespecialia (not a term) to use the words accumulate, ballast, diagnosis, range, orbit, vacuum. These words were presented in sentences, in which our su indicated terms are determinologistized, the informants had to write a word at the end of the sentence ir yes orba ‘no’. Part of informants In the “questionnaiir re” he wrote more su sentences in our terms, used in figurative meanings. It was also attempted to clarify whether international terms are ar used in the sentence in figurative meanings in order to give the thought a humorous tone. If so, then the terms we mentioned should have been underlined. It emerged that informants with incomplete higher education tend to use the terms mentioned in figurative terms more often. — 48,094, — 23,6794, the terms used in their transposed meanings give the idea a humorous touch special middle — 289%), (in figurative terms in — 28,72%,, literal terms — 19,9394, figuratively used terms give the sentence a humorous tone viduriiššvietimas (in figurative — 16,2%), terms nį — 23,3394, literal terms used in — 10%, figurative meanings give the sentence a humoristic touch nį — 109%). The above-mentioned international terms are more likely to be (determinologizuoja 46,839%,, uses literally uses figuratively, to give a humorous tone to 15,559,, the thought health care uses literally uses figuratively, to give a humorous tone to the thought social-political uses literally uses figuratively, to give 12,529), a humorous tone to the thought culture (38,4994, uses literally uses figuratively, to give a humorous tone to 26,9594, the sentences employees of spheres. 10,279%), (33,3794, 19,079, 33,37%), (33,3294, 18,03 96: 31,4594) 124 Of the presented international terms, the most commonly used are diagnosis (used by 27 = 28.49, out of 95 respondents), vacuum (25=26.3%, out of 95), range (21=22.19%, out of 95), e.g. : He characterized me as selfish, petty, and dominant — he simply made a complete diagnosis. We used to be so good friends, and now the relationship between us is a complete vacuum. Physics teacher and organizer of literary evenings — that’s the range I understand. Informants who have not finished secondary education (mainly from the production sphere) tend to use these terms in figurative terms more often, aiming for a humorous effect (33.3794, in literal meanings 18.294, in figurative — 13.659). The informants with higher education are more likely to use the mentioned terms in the literal sense (36.479%, in the figurative —31.7594; use the figurative meanings in order to give the sentences a humorous tone —10.439). In the direct sense, they are more often used by informants in the spheres of mass communication (55.5894; figurative —33.3394; humorous —16.794), education (23.639; figurative —14.694; humorous —16.6794). The “questionnaire” also contained a similar question concerning the usage of international terms of figurative meaning: anatomy, artery, barometer, incrustation, potential. : The data of the survey show that informants who have finished higher education (48.28 94; 19.449 do not use the terms in a figurative way), secondary education (45.9694; 27.6% do not use them in a figurative way) and special secondary education (44.129%, 40.169 do not use them in a figurative way) are more likely to use the terms indicated in figurative terms. This is most commonly done by workers in the agricultural sector. The most commonly used figurative meanings in this case are the words potential (53—55.894% of 95 respondents use it), barometer (50—52.69% of 95 respondents), anatomy (45—47.4% of 95 respondents), e.g. : The intellectual potential of society is constantly growing. The production barometer is demand. Very complex anatomy of ethical, social worldview problems. In part, the trend is evident: informants who tend to use international words more often are also prone to determinologize international terms. The questionnaire authors wanted to know in which sense the respondents are more likely to use the international word atelier: whether it is “garment sewing workshop” or “high-end garment sewing workshop”. The answers show that the most common meaning of this Zodiac is “clothing sewing workshop” —61 (64.29%) of 95 respondents, and the meaning “high-end clothing sewing workshop” —20 (21.19%). Only workers in the production sphere are more likely to use atelier with the meaning of “high-class clothing sewing workshop” (45%); “in a sewing shop” — 8.29). In the current period of scientific and technological revolution, the enrichment of international vocabulary is particularly characteristic of the languages of developed countries. It is worth mentioning that the attention of scientists, technicians and cultural workers to international terminology increases every year. This is due to the need to exchange international information, on the one hand, and the prevalence of multilingualism in the present world, on the other. With many scientific problems being solved on an international scale and with direct scientific contacts between various disciplines, the usual means of overcoming the language barrier — language learning and use 125 (and the volume of translations in our times increases by 15-20% each year) — cannot sufficiently satisfy the spheres of international communication. This must be taken into account when preparing the terminology of each national language: when evaluating one or another term, it is necessary to take into account not only the system of one’s own language, but also the international context of the scientific language (Anuroxnrox, 1985, 9). The examined material shows that international words are used quite often by people of different education and professions, although they should not be used without great necessity. It often shows the unjustifiable use of international words. We find a lot of them where our own Lithuanian words would be enough. In fact, the data of the Survey also confirm that international words are used too often in the colloquial language. Both in scientific literature and in colloquial language, in our opinion, it is not necessary to abuse difficult to understand international words, especially when it has no meaning of the term. It is necessary to consciously avoid unnecessary or inaccurately used international words in the language. Too frequent use of international words complicates the communication of people, language, thought. And we, as K. Gaivenis correctly observes (1987, 19), “we often still wear thought in foreign clothes. Thule even says that when you say or write in another language, you can neither add nor subtract.” This idea, as we have seen, is beautifully supported by the analysis of the “Anketa” answers. It shows that there is a lack not of own words, not of own terms, but of respect for the mother tongue. Lithuanian words can express the most complex thoughts, formulate the most significant problems. International words, as the answers to the survey show, are usually justified in colloquial language only when we do not have a Lithuanian equivalent or when the meanings of the international and Lithuanian word do not coincide at all. The use of International Words is also justified when their Lithuanian synonyms have a different emotional-- expressive or functional-- stylistic shade. In addition, if a Lithuanian word is not a term and an international word performs this function, it is better to use it. The analysis of the survey’s data shows with concrete examples the not always justified penetration of some more widely used international words and terms into the colloquial language of our intelligentsia. LITTERACY Gaivenis K. Saying logically and in Lithuanian //Language Culture. 1987. Sas. 5. P. 19-21. Skardžius P. Lithuanian equivalents of international words. Chicago, 1973. Akyjenko B. B. Bonpocsi HHTepHaLHOHajIH3alLIHH CJIOBapHO1975. TO COCTaBa A3blka. XapbKoB, Anroniokx JI. A. JImarBHCTHYeCKOE yrnopsaao4YeHHe Benopycckoif HayYHOH TEDpMHHOJIOTHH H npobJieMsl HHTEpHALHOKHAJIH3AaLIHH TEDMHHOJIOTHH4ecKOH nexcuku [/Problems of the culture and terminology of scientific language /Questions of Lithuanian linguistics. V., 1985. T. 24. P, 5-10, 126