Regresyvinė balsių asimiliacija kretingiškių šnektose

PROBLEMS OF LITHUANIAN LEXIC AND TERMINOLOGY QUESTIONS OF LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE, XXIX (1991) ZOFIJA BABICKIENĖ REGRESSIVE BALSIAN ASIMILATION IN KRETINGIŠKIŲ ŠNEKTOS.1. Introductory notes*. The law of vowel assimilation is a very important phenomenon of the Žemaičių dialektas: it is even the basis of the classification of the northern Žemaičių — Kretingiškių and Telšių — dialects (Girdenis, Zinkevičius, 1966, 142; Zinkevičius, 1978, 112—114; Grinaveckis, 1973, 13, 142—145, Girdenis, 1981, 42, 50). The assimilation of vowels has been studied more extensively only in the Telšiai and Varniai dialects (Girdenis, 1962; Rokaitė, 1961; Vitkauskas, 1963, 1974; Skirmantas, Girdenis, 1972). More careful observations and experiments showed that assimilation is also present in the dialects of Kuliai, Budriai and Darbėnai, belonging to the northern Žemaites of Kretinga. In the Kretingiškių parish, vowel assimilation is not as pronounced as in the Telšių parish. Almost in all positions where the Telšiai have i, # (e.g.: vns. noun. vėnės „vinis“, mosæs—>musis „musė“: dgs. gal. vinis „vinis“, mûsis —musis „muses“ Mžk?*) the Kretingiškiai pronounce the closer e, o variants, cf. such minimal pairs: vns. ward. bėtės — bit ‘bee’: dgs. gal. bėtis — bit ‘bees’; es. I. vns. 1 a. knėso „knisu“: 2 a. knėsi „knisi“; dgs. ward. rogé ‘rugiai’: dgs. kilm. rūg'ū'm ‘rye’; es. 1st vns. 1 a. pl'g.rpo— pliurpū "pliarpiu": 2 a. pl"d.rpi "pliurpi". In the second pair of examples, the vowels e, 0 are more closed and of higher elevation (for transcription see p. 24). The tendency of assimilation is easily noticed when the e is prolonged in the Kretingians' conversation. Let's compare, I rē.šo —aš rišu "I bind": to r'ē.ši "you bind"; I patė.kso —aš patiksu "I will like": to patė.ksi "you will like"; dré.skes ‘driskės- ’: drié.skis ‘driskis’; žlė.be „Žžlibę“: žl'ė.bi „žlibį“; "Spider-- Man: Homecoming" (Spider-- Man: Homecoming). In this case, a very narrow tense vowel, reminiscent of the literary ¢, is pronounced before the upper-rising vowel. In the investigated speeches, this vowel is strongly diphthongized, quite similar to the diphthong ie. Comparing the assimilation of vowels in the dialects of Kretinga and Telšiai, we see that the fundamental difference is that in the dialect of Telšiai the phoneme changes due to assimilation, while in the dialect of Kretinga new variants of the same phoneme appear — narrower allophones e and o. It seems that the people of Telšiai could have passed this stage (cf. Kazlauskas, 1969, 32), but later for some reason they replaced the intermediate sounds with clear ones. If this assumption is correct, then the phenomenon of vowel assimilation in the Kretingians’ dialect should be older. * The author sincerely thanks Prof. A. Girdenis, who encouraged her to write this article, and who also provided many valuable critical comments, which she tried to take into account. 1 Place abbreviations are the same as in the academic Lithuanian language dictionary. 15 Pra | | g |; Tests | ska |; Eil. No. | Voice volume | Position | Parameters F, | | X+s 345+ 14 | | | | | | | v 4,14 | 1 | ė | 6 —-C’ la mi | | = | 330+360 ol X+s | 400 + 35 2 ę 11 -C | V | 8,45 | = | 380 = 420 | 2. Methodology of research. The recordings of the Kretingos snakes were analyzed only in an auditory way, but the instrumental-spectrographic method was applied quite ne widely?. ir This method was used to investigate the ir acoustic properties of diphthongs of individual vowels, especially phonemes /e|, Je|, |o| poziciniai variantai. For the first time the following text was taken: até't drė.skis onta, ate't drė.skes Onta', tūoki dréski atvės, tūokę dréske atvės, tioke drėskę lauko, aš tum drėsk'u Ilūuko...* The second time the following text was selected: aš peldus jeu alaus, patė.ks'o aš pūonams, atė't dré.skis onta, jeu nudrė.ska Stapuons, to palė.ksi vėsūs, lauk tuo plé.ke šėtū', peles tuo to aldus, atė't dréskes onta, jeu pėli šėta, jeu to nuplė.ka Stapuons, that's all that's left. ... Diktoriai® read the texts from the tape recorder į in affirmative intonation. Tiriant Bullet sniff texts, one record made Vilnius University Audiovisual Laboratory on tape recorder ‘Tembr’ (ribbon speed 190,5 mm/s). Kito — Kaunas, apartment, tape recorder „Orbita“ (tape speed —97.5 mm/s), using directional microphone MJ/Į-52-A. Dynamic “Visible speech” type spectrograms were filmed in the Laboratory of Experimental Phonetics of Vilnius University. Kaunas Polytechnic Institute KPI-69 spectrograph was used. Frequency range of spectrograms — 50—10000 Hz, tape speed mm/s, 63,3 analysis time — 4 ms, timestamps — 20 ms. Vowel and diphthong forming centers in spectrograms measured at the beginning, middle and end by microfilm reader „Mikrofilm“ with 2 Their native Kulių schnektos, including Blidakiai, Reiskiai, Paalantos, Unkuriai, etc. texts were studied by the author of this article, and the Darbėnai schnektos by A. Mountain. * Two men who knew their dialect well were chosen as narrators. * See page 24 for the notation of diphthongs. 16 1 lens, dial 0 Middle | End F, F; F, F, F, 1830+ 28 380+ 28 1855 +29 400 + 20 1855+ 19 | 1,56 7,55 1.58 517 1,04 3 1800 +1860 | 350-410 1820 +1825 380 +420 1835-1875 1725 + 60 | 445 + 35 1780 + 60 465 +35 1725+ 50 | | 2 3,54 | 7195 | 3,2 7,16 3 1685 +1765 | 420 +465 | 1745 +1815 445 485 1690 +1760 dining ten times. In spectrograms, duration is measured by time stamps. The sequence number of the forming middle filter or two adjacent filters was recorded during the measurement, which was later converted into hertz according to a special table (HZ). This is measured and examined ir through spectrograms. 200 After all measurements have been taken, the following statistical parameters are calculated: arithmetic mean (x), dispersion (S?), standard deviation (s). 9594 confidence interval coefficient (+), of variation (v). The significance of the results was evaluated by the Student criterion 1975). (Vp6ax, All parameters ir criteria calculated according to the formulas presented in the book (Vp6ax, 1964, 131—133, 166—171). 3. Results of spectrographic investigation 3.1. Voice e The "i" 1 table shows a fairly pronounced ¢ assimilati- — on of the vowel vns. ward. glē.bis “Žlibis” : vns. kilm. g.without a ‘g’. The data of forms with k (dré.skis: drė.ske) were excluded from the calculation because it was observed that the soft consonants k’, š* modify the quality of the vowel e. The confidence intervals for the beginning, middle and end of the second formants do not overlap. The interval difference is greatest at the end. Table 2 also shows the assimilation of the semilong accented vowel e "i". The following examples are compared here: vowel ¢ —vns. ward. drė.skis 'driskis' and e dgs. ward. dré.skes "driskės". We see that the largest difference in the confidence intervals of the second forming is at the beginning — 105 Hz, significantly lower in the — 65 Hz ir middle end further decreases. These statistically significant results also show a fairly pronounced diphthongization of the vowel ¢, which has occurred in the Kretingiškiai dialect due to the softness of the consonants. The beginning of the vowel, reminiscent of i, is more easily compatible with this softness. 2. Issues of Lithuanian Linguistics 29 t. 17 Pra Eil. No. Voice Sample Position Parameters F, kits | 430+19 1 ę 6 -C’i V 4,5 + 410-450 I X+s 435+ 39 2 ę 6 —C'e V 7,1 = 400--470 Pra Eil. No. Voice Ai i Position Parameters F, | X+s 360+ 56 | 1 ę 6 —C'i V 15,7 + 300-+420 | X+s 355+53 | 2 ę 9 —C'e V 14,75 x48 400 + 60 table dzia Middle End table > 310+ 400 dzia Middle End 3 € 8 —Ca y 15 + 350+450 18 2 F; Fy Fs Fy F. 2250 + 67 425+ 18 2275+ 38 445+ 14 1900 + 65 2,98 4,27 13 32 3,42 2180-2320 405 — 445 2235-2315 430-+460 1920-2060 2030+42 430+19 2095 + 69 445-27 1925+ 44 2,0 4,5 3,29 6,2 2,3 1985 — 2075 410+=450 2020-2170 415+475 1880 +1970 3 R F F, F, Fa 1805 +45 355+31 1875+ 62 375+33 1840+ 88 2,49 8,7 33 8,96 8,4 4 ri Go 1755 +1850 320-390 | 1810 +1940 340-410 1750=1930 Fn Si | or 1790+49 380+55 | 1845+ 52 395 +60 1815+95 2.75 14,5 2,8 15,3 5,24 1750-1830 330+425 1800-1890 345-445 1735 + 1895 1590+65 470+39 1675+35 470-+ 63 |-1590+48 4,14 8,4 2,12 13,5 FrOT3 1535-1645 435 + 500 1645 + 1705 415-525 1550+1630 2% 19 In fact, the softness and hardness of consonants significantly modify the spectrum of vowels. Before the soft consonant, the voice gets a higher timbre (Girdenis, KubiliūtėKliukienė, 1982, 36). The difference between assimilated and unassimilated vowels is particularly noticeable when the latter is followed by a hard consonant, cf. žlė.bis „Žžlibis“: apžlė.bes „apžlibęs“: apZle.ba „apžlibo“, drė.skis „driskis“: dré.skes „driskės“: nudre.ska „nudrisko- “. In the third pair of examples, the vowel e is very similar to the Russian 2 or Eastern e, used after the hardened 7. Even the pronunciation of consonants differs. In the case of an upper vowel in the end, the consonant before e¢ is clearly soft. The consonant before e, which goes before e-type vowels, softens very slightly. And a very hard consonant is before €, which is before the hard consonant, cf. spė.tris Hz „spitris“, spė.tres „spitrės“: spe.tra 2100 „spitro“. Table 3 presents the results of calculations obtained by measuring the spectrum of the semilong A vowel g „i“ in such words as drė.skis „driskis“, tré.- B | dis „tridis“, in 2000 the second —dré.ske „dris18004 kio“, tré.de „tridžio“, in the third —nudre.ska- ,,nudrisko- ®, sotre.da 1900- „sutrido“- “. Statistically significant results were obtained by comparing the confidence of the second formants16004, mo intervals in the first (1755 Hz, 1810 Hz, 1750 Hz) and third (1535 Hz, 1645 Hz, 1700 Hz) 1500 Hz, 1550 Hz) or in the second (1750 Hz, 1800 Hz, 1735 Hz) and third lines. Obvious Kuliški snickets voice e Pr Vid Pab i’s assimilation is shown in the graph, where Balsio ¢ "i" assimilation. A — ę — Ci; the frequency of the spectrum B—2=~CgagC- —~e—Ca grams (Hz) is shown on the vertical axis, and the points je — of the horizontally forming — centers at the ir beginning, middle and end. The graph used data from several tests, obtained by averaging them. Confidence intervals for curve A: Pr. —1962+47; Avg. —2002+43; Pb. —1865+ 57; curve B — Pr. —1848+50; Avg. —1906+ 60; Pb. —1822+ 64; curve C — Pr. —1590+ 65; Vid. —1675+ 35; Pab. —1590+ 48. Balsio e "i" assimilation is present ir Darbėnų $nektoje. Especially significant spectrographic results were obtained when the vowel e „i“ is compared in positions against the vowels of the front and back row. The confidence intervals for the second form of the vowel e “i” before the frontal vowel are as follows: at the beginning — 2540 Hz, in the middle — 2300 Hz, at the end — 2250 Hz, and before the voice of the back row, significantly lower results were obtained: at the beginning — 2170 Hz, in the middle — 1870 Hz and at the end — 1970 Hz (Kalniūtė, 69). 20 Here to describe the vowel e The laws of assimilation of “i” can be seen by changing words: rė.štę “to bind”, bėtės bitis ~ "Bee", trē.dis "Tridis". 1. The exact time in la. Kulių Darbėnų Kulių The Worker. reso reso re.fo re.shu 2a. Reshi Rishi Re.shi Re.shi 3a. rēš really really really 2.2 Singular Plural V. betes tre.dis bié.tis trédé K. béteis tré.de bėt'ū'm triė.d'u N. bétéi tred’éu betims trédéems G. "ben red bétis tréd' iis In. beéte trēd'o bėtėmis trēdės See bétié trēdie bėtiės trēd'ūs Extremely clear diphthong ei the assimilation of “ie” in syllables that are not pronounced in literary o language, sometimes acquiring a degressive accent in the spoken language, e.g.: kvęštis ‘wheat’ : so wheat; reibibe "fatnes- : s" reibės "fat"; steipis ~ stiepies ‘Stiebiesi’: steibdus ~ stiebuos "I'm growing". Diphthong ei The assimilation of “ie” is facilitated by the effect of the second sando: after all, even in words like keimė “in the field”, keim'ū “in the fields” the vowel ę ir otherwise is narrower than, for example, k&.rmes ~ kirmis "worm", pé.rma "first". 3. Singular Plural Kulių Darbėnų Kulių 2010. 2011. V. 2012. 2013. 2014. 2015. 2016. 2017. 2018. 2019. 2020. 2021. 2022. 2023. 2024. 2025. 2026. 2027. 2028. 2029. 2030. 2031. 2032. 2033. 2034. 2035. 2036. 2037. 2038. 2039. 2040. 2041. 2042. 2043. 2044. 2045. 2046. 2047. 2048. 2049. 2050. 2051. 2052. 2053. 2053. 2054. 2055. 2056. 2057. 2058. 2059. 2059. 2059. 2059. 2059. 2059. 2059. 2059. 2059. 2059. 2059. 2059. 2059. 2059. 2059. 2059. 2059. 2059. 2059. 2059. 2059. 2059. 2059. K. Akyveitę kvėite (kviiti) kvéit’ itm kviit’i kvéit’ou N. kvéit’éu kveitéms kveitéms kvéiti G. kvéiti kveit’us kviit’us In. so_kveit’o so_kveit’o so kveitės so_kveités See kveitiė kvéitié kvéit’iis kviit’ iis Balsio ¢ "i" alofony variation kretingiskiy $nektose have only common, but ne some different characteriir stics. In the Darbenan $nekto, a short pre-type vowel is used, e.g.: bitims i i “bees”, kisses “kiši”, lynx ‘rishi’. The mouth is slightly wider than the ¢ body. 3.2. Voice e ‘‘e’ In this case, the assumption ir of e assimilation is true. Let's compare such pairs Kulių Snektoje: vns. gal. s'ēni 'senį', 'eži ‘hedgehog’: séne ‘senę’, ee ‘ežią’, vns. ward. good.sn ‘better’: vns. kilm. geré.sne ‘better’, p.n. gal. Kid ~ * These are: Bullet sniff paradigms. 21 | | [ro Pra Eil. No. Vowel | This Position Parameters F, | it | | | | ; | X+s 400+ 28 | | i | | ie 10 £ | kamai v | 7,1 | igang ge | | | | | | - | 380420 | EREDAR ORIEL SE a Te about Tit r PLS | | | | | | | XS 430+ 40 | | | | Ę Ši gpa’ | | | 2 e | 10 —Co V 9 | | | | | | | | ] + 400 +460 baby love, berniuka- ®, etc. kilm. vaikéle ‘vaikelio’. The diphthongs pronounced before the uppercase vowels are similar to the literary diphthong ie. This is confirmed by the results of the spectrographic analysis of the vowel e, presented in Table 4. The vowel e was studied in the following pairs: mié.di "tree": méde "tree"; p'é.ti "shoulder": péte "shoulder"; vaik'ė.li "child": girl "child"; "Lap'ė.li "lapelį"". lap'ė.li "lapelį": lap'ė "Japelio". The greatest difference between the confidence intervals of the assimilated and non-assimilated e is at the beginning of the vowel pronunciation: 1760 Hz: 1615 Hz, and is almost insignificant at the end of the vowel pronunciation. A. Kalniūte’s data on the assimilation of the vowel e in Darbėnai dialect are quite significant. Confidence intervals for the second formants of the assimilated vowel e: initially — 2330 Hz; 2270 Hz in the middle; 2110 Hz at the end; unassimilated —initially —2140 Hz; in the middle — 1990 Hz; at the end —1910 Hz (Kalniūtė, 78). Significant statistical results show that in Darbėnai dialect the e vowel forms, which are before i and before e type vowels, are arranged in different consonants. In the Kretingan dialect, the vowel e, like e, has several distinct variants: before the hard consonant there is a very open e, e.g.: būs. I. vns. la. ne.šo ~ nėšu „I carry“, nume.so ~ numėsu „I will throw“. In the case of a consonant that precedes a ¢-type vowel, the e is pronounced similar to the literary e, e.g. numėtės "lost", nutės "stained- ". The narrow e, reminiscent of the short international e (nėši "to carry", gėri "good", kėpi "to bake") and the distinctly diphthongized 'e (num'é.si "to numesi", nut'ė.psi "to nutepsi") are used when there is an upper case vowel in the ending. The long ę (gréZzo ~ gręžu "drilling", grė'šo ~ gręšu "drilling") differs from the narrow, tense ¢ that precedes the i-type vowelism (grėži "drilling", grėši "drilling"). The investigated schnecks are characterized by the hierarchy of allophones of the assimilated vowel e: ‘e, e, eg, etc. 22 4 Jentelė gia Middle End Vid ip | | F, F, | Fy | F, F, 1810+65 495 + 69 | 1750 + 71 | 580 + 69 1695 + 80 3,6 14 | 4 12 4,7 — | — 1760 + 1860 440-545 | 1695-1805 | 530630 16351755 slang Spopilijaiel si 1700 +116 545 +58 | 1690+ 72 | 605 + 71 1665+ 53 | | 6,86 10,75 | 4,26 | 11,8 3,2 || 1615 +1785 500+ 585 | 1640-1740 | 555 +655 1625-1705 Similarly, the hardness and softness of consonants are distributed: before e-type vowels the consonant is quite hard, before e — slightly softened, before e or 'e-type vowels — quite soft. 3.3. Vowel 0 „u“ Observations confirm that w-type vowels are also assimilated in the Kretingians’ speech. The diphthongs oi < wi, ou < uo, used in an unpronounced syllable that has received an accent from the pronounced ending, are the most affected by assimilation. This is confirmed by the paradigm kgudis 4 ir 5 ~ Cody, the squeaky ~ Truikys (surname). 4, Singular Kuliy Darbėnų V. koudis kūūdis K. koude koude N. koud ou koud’ du G. koudi kuudi In. so_koud’o so_koud’u S. kéudi kuudi 5. Singular Kuliy Darbény V. troik truik K. troike troike N. trėik'0u troik’ ou Plural Kuliy Darbėnų koudė koudė kuūd'ū'm kuud’ i koudéms koudéms koud’ us kiud’ us 50_koude's so profile Plural Kulių Darbėnų troiké troiké troik’ i'm truik’ troikéms i troikéms 23