Leksinės gudų lietuvybės

LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XXX (1993) PERIFERINĖS LIETUVIŲ KALBOS TARMĖS Vytautas RIMŠA LEXICAL LITHUANIANISMS IN BELARUSIAN K. Būga, having studied the place names of Belarus, concluded that before the arrival of the Dregoviches and Krivichs, Balts lived in present-day Belarus1. In the book "A Linguistic Analysis of the Upper Dnieper Region," V. Toporov and O. Trubachev likewise concluded that, from ancient times, the Balts were the principal ethnic component of the Upper Dnieper Region2. V. Sedov argues that most of the inhabitants of the upper reaches of the Dnieper and Daugava are assimilated Balts, rather than descendants of Slavs who migrated there3. The Valdai–Upper Dnieper anthropological complex, which includes eastern Lithuanians, Belarusians, and Russians of the Upper Dnieper Region, essentially coincides with the Baltic complex, located along the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, that is, in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and the ancient Prussian lands. According to V. Sedov, more than 1,000 hydronyms of Baltic origin have been found in the Belarusian ethnographic area. In ancient Russian written monuments, most Belarusian river names are of Baltic origin. Several thousand Belarusian personal names of Baltic origin have been found. The Belarusian language has numerous phonetic, morphological, and syntactic features that are not characteristic of other Slavic languages but are found in the Baltic languages. In addition, Belarusians and Balts share many ethnographic, archaeological, and other commonalities. Sedov defined the cause of the formation of the Belarusian people as "a homogeneous Baltic substrate throughout the entire territory of Belarus"4. Thus, the view that Belarusians are essentially Slavicized Balts is confirmed. Particularly many Baltic features are found, and remain to be found, in northwestern Belarus (mainly in the Grodno and Minsk regions), where the Balts were Slavicized relatively recently. The Baltic features found in these regions are generally considered undoubtedly Lithuanian. Many linguists, especially those studying common Belarusian words of Baltic origin, quite reasonably regard essentially all Belarusian Baltic features as Lithuanianisms. This is because many Belarusian Baltic features have characteristics that, among the known Baltic languages, are specific only to Lithuanian; for example, they have the sounds š, ž, which correspond to s, z in the other Baltic languages, and so on. There are quite a few such Lithuanian-type Baltic features even in the Moscow region, as well as in the languages of the Volga region and elsewhere. Thus, one may suppose that Lithuanians once lived across the broad territory of the eastern Balts. 1 Būga K. Selected Works. V., 1958-1961. Vol. 1. P. 526; Vol. 3. P. 499, 729-730. 2 Топоров В. Н., Трубачев О. Н. Лингвистический анализ гидронимов Верхнего Поднепровья. М., 1962, С. 232. 3 Седов В. В. Славяне Верхнего Поднепровья и Подвинья. М., 1970. С. 5. 4Ibid. P. 192. 110 The historian K. Jablonskis identified about three hundred of the oldest Lithuanianisms found in the written Belarusian language used in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania⁵. Common words of Baltic or Lithuanian origin are also abundant in modern Belarusian. Valuable studies of common Belarusian words of Baltic origin have also been conducted by G. Cychūnas, E. Grinaveckienė, M. Grynblatas, J. Karskis, J. Laučiūtė, V. Martynov, A. Nepokupno, J. Otkupščikov, V. Sedov, V. Toporov, V. Urbutis, A. Vanagas, A. Veržbovskis, A. Vidugiris, and other scholars. J. Laučiūtė lists about 1,000 Belarusian word families of Baltic origin⁶. This article discusses only some lexical Lithuanianisms in common Belarusian that entered the “Belarusian-Russian Dictionary”⁷. Belarusian (Bel.) боўдз-іла “a scatterbrain, a fool,” cf. dialectal боў-дз-і-ла “a pointed rod used to drive fish into a net” (: Lith. bal-d-as “a kind of stick or pointed rod for scaring fish away,” bál-d-yti “to knock, bang,” bél-s-ti; cf. also bal-d-uonis “one who makes a racket, a night wanderer,” etc.; the Belarusian suffix -ила is also of Lithuanian origin, cf. Lith. -ila); Bel. бразг-аць “to crackle, crunch,” cf. Lith. bražg-inti “to make crackle, crunch,” brážg-inti “same,” etc.; Bel. браздж-ыць, cf. Lith. brazd-ėti, etc.; Bel. брынд-аць “to wade, splash along” (: Lith. brend-a, bris-ti); Bel. брыс-ці (Lith. bris-ti); Bel. брын-яць (Lith. brin-k-ti); Bel. бур-л-іць “to bubble, boil,” cf. Lith. bur-l-yti “to bubble, with the snout immersed; to stir up mud, to roil,” bur-l-ióti “to eat messily, spilling food; to smear, dirty,” bur-l-ùs “easily dirtied,” bur-l-iùngė “1. liquid mud; 2. poor soup,” bur-l-ėkt (describing a fall into water), bur-l-énti “to make a bubbling sound, bleat,” bur-l-ỹs “one who makes a bubbling sound (usually of a ram),” etc.; Bel. варв-оль, ворв-ань (: Lith. várv-al-is, várv-el-is “melted whale or seal fat,” varv-ėti, cf. vaŕv-al-as, varv-én-ti, vaŕv-in-ti, vaŕv-as “a drop,” etc.); Bel. віц-ін-а (: Lith. vy-t-in-ė “a switch, rod,” vy-t-is “same,” vý-t-i “to make by twisting (a rope)”); Bel. грэбл-ень “ungainly, awkward; conceited” (: Lith. grebl-ys “an awkward person; one who lisps,” grebl-uóti “to speak awkwardly, lisp,” grėb-ti “to seize, grab”: gréb-ti; for the meaning of the Belarusian word, cf. grėbl-ióti “to paw about clumsily; to rake unwillingly; to rake about”); Bel. грэбл-я (: Lith. grėbl-ius “a raised road across a bog; an embankment,” gréb-ti), Bel. грэб-ці (Lith. gréb-ti), аб-грэб-ці (: Lith. ap-gréb-ti, ap-gréb-styti); Bel. гуг-ель “pretzel” (: Lith. gùg-ti “to bend,” cf. gug-ėlis “1. hair twisted into a bun at the nape; 2. a cap visor,” etc.); Bel. жваг-к-аць “to smack one’s lips,” cf. Lith. žvan-g-s-ėti, žvan-g-ėti, žvén-g-ti); Bel. жуд-а “horror, frightfulness” (Lith. žud-ýti); Bel. за-дры́н-а “a dirty, slovenly person,” за-дрын-аць “to wear out, wear down” (: Lith. drib-ti “to sag, become mushy, slump,” cf. drib-s-ą “a slovenly person, idler,” drib-k-us “someone who is flabby and slumped; a slovenly person,” etc.); Bel. за-kăuk-аць (: Lith. kaúk-ti, cf. už-kaúk-ti); Bel. какл-юц-ка “a knitting needle” (: Lith. kăkl-as, cf. kăkl-is “a device for lifting heavy objects and loads,” kakl-iùk-as, etc.); Bel. кал-д-юбаць “to limp” (: Lith. kul-d-uóti, cf. “Hey, you lame one, where are you hobbling?!”; kul-d-ùnkst “thud, clatter,” kùl-ti); Bel. кал-ёць “to freeze,” cf. Latvian at-kal-a “freezing rain, glaze ice,” ap-kal-a “same,” Lith. kal-énti (of teeth chattering from cold); Bel. kėy- 5 Jablonskis K. Lietuviški žodžiai senosios Lietuvos raštinių kalboje. K., 1941. D. 1. 6 Лакуните Ю. А. Словарь балтизмов в славянских языках. Л., 1982. 7 Беларуска-рускі слоўнік (под ред. К. К. Крапівы). М., 1962. 111 3-ацә “terti, teršti, murzinti” [“to soil, dirty, make filthy”], cf. Lith. kiau-ž-alai “rotting matter, rubbish,” kiau-ž-óti “1. to become convex; 2. to become porous, crumbly,” kiaũ-z-eris “a gaper, ignoramus,” kiau-z-is “a stick, cudgel,” kiau-l-joti “to defile, soil,” etc.; Belorussian киж-л-аи “a sleepyhead,” cf. Lith. kėž-l-ỹs “1. a stunted person, runt; 2. a lanky, awkward person,” kež-l-óti “to be awkward,” kiž-as “a person who gets angry over trifles,” etc.; Belorussian кил-з-дуб “to (re)strain, bridle,” cf. Lith. isi-kil-p-auti; Belorussian kiu-зуб “to teem, whisper, rustle,” cf. Lith. kuš-ėti, kiš-ti, kiš-inys “something stuffed full,” etc.; Belorussian klik-ýн (: Lith. klyk-ūn-as “a screamer,” klỹk-ti); Belorussian клыг-ацъ “to limp,” cf. Lith. klig-žti “to wobble,” klig-ždėti “1. not to hold firmly at the point of attachment, to wobble (usually of a knife); 2. to walk unsteadily,” etc.; Belorussian клыг-ацъ (: Lith. klyp-úoti, klỹp-ti); Belorussian клиш-а-ноги (: Lith. kliš-a-kõjis, the second component of the Belorussian word is translated; kliš-as); Belorussian krų́-ш-ня (: Lith. krú-s-n-is “a heap of stones,” cf. the meaning of this Lith. word, “a heap of something piled or thrown together”; krų-š-ą “1. a heap, multitude, 2. a crush, congestion”; kráu-ti, cf. krū-v-ą, etc.). Most Belorussian Lithuanianisms are to be considered substratal. All the Lithuanianisms presented here have already become part of the Belorussian literary language. LITHUANIANISMS IN THE BELORUSSIAN LANGUAGE Abstract The article presents several Lithuanianisms in the contemporary Belorussian literary language. It concludes that most of them in the Belorussian language are substratal. LITHUANIANISMS OF THE BELORUSSIAN LANGUAGE Abstract The article presents several Lithuanianisms used in the contemporary Belorussian literary language. The conclusion is drawn that many Lithuanianisms in the Belorussian language are of substratal origin. 112