P. Arumos įnašas į pietrytinių lietuvių kalbos šnektų tyrimą

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS, XXX (1993) PERIFERICAL DIALECTS OF THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE Aloyzas VIDUGIRIS CONTRIBUTION OF P. ARUMA Į Peteris Arumaa (hereinafter referred to as Aruma) is the most famous Estonian Baltist to date. Į the history of Lithuanian linguistics he entered firmly with his works, the most iš famous of which are "Lithuanian texts of Vilnius region dialects with grammatical su notes" (1930) ir "Lietuvių kalbos asmeninių įvardžių istorijos tyrinėjimai" (1933). Ne less important ir other greater (e.g., "Pra-Slavic grammar"). 1964) ar smaller works. jo However, the most valuable for Lithuanian dialectology, as for Lithuanian language science in general, are Aruma collected ir published ir and unpublished iš texts of South-Eastern Lithuanian dialects, which are po now travelling to non-existence extremely į quickly. It is only a pity that the researcher, who has worked so much for Lithuanian studies, is still not well known in Lithuania and Estonia. A visit to Tartu in the spring of 2007 prompted me to become more interested in Aruma’s work and personality, where I found many (about ir 900 pages of a notebook) 1988 dialect texts written by his hand in Lithuanian. Aruma well understood the miserable situation of the Polish-occupied and brutally destroyed southeastern Lithuanian dialects and their extraordinary significance for linguistics. The southeastern edges of the Lithuanian language area are distinguished by an extraordinary variety of dialects, fascinating archaism and the specificity of novelties resulting from close contacts with Slavic languages (first Belarusian, then Polish and now Russian). Here every parish, and sometimes even the whole village, differs with a different spoken dialect. Suffice it to mention the unique historically formed mosaic of šnekų in present-day eastern and south-eastern Lithuania (in Zarasai, Ignalina, Švenčionys, Molėtai, Vilnius, Trakai, Šalčininkai, Varena and other districts) and north-western Belarus (Wrocław region). Apso, Breslaujos, Pelekonių, Vidžių aps., Pastovių raj. Jardvo, Kamojų, Lentupio aps., Astravo rajon. Gervėčiai, Rimdžiūnai, Kliukščionys district, Vijos rajon. Boksto, Dūdų, Lazūnų aps., Varenavos raj. Armėoniškių, Asavoės, Balatnds, or Varenavo, Benekdiniy, Kaulčliškių, Nočios, Pelesės, Rodūnios, Žirmūnų apylinkės. Gafdino how many remaining neighborhoods in Belarus, where until the 20th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were more or less Lithuanian speakers, but until then either they were not studied more consistently, or even the foot of a linguist had not stepped into them (e.g., Astravo raj. Bistryčiai, Kiemėliškių, Mikailiškių, Varnionių aps., Ašmenės raj. Graužiškių, 8 Klevgčios, Palionių aps., Smurgainių raj. Island, Sniegoniai district, Vijos raj. Gerandiniy, Lipniškių, Subatninkų, Surviliškių, Takėriškių apylinkės. and others). Hardly anywhere else, at least not in Europe, is there a similar language with such a variety of speakers. This is a phenomenon not only of Lithuanian language, but also of our culture in general. But also hardly anywhere else, as here, were and basically still are destroyed and destroyed for the second century Lithuanian schnecks both in the north-west of Belarus and in the south-east of Lithuania, where Lithuanians remained a minority. Each little word spoken here is a living document of the ethnic belonging of the Lithuanians of those places. Unfortunately, the history of the south-eastern edges of the Lithuanian language area is also a living history of not only the demise of our dialects, but also the decrease of the Lithuanian ethnic area, which is usually determined by the policies of the more powerful neighbors and our denationalized or denationalizing tribesmen affected by those policies. In this respect, the work of the linguist Arumas is worthwhile. He left an indelible mark in the history of the study of these Lithuanian dialects not only as a scholar and researcher, but also as a kind of chronicler and diplomat of this region. Aruma was a broad-ranging and well-prepared linguist. He was born on October 11, 1900. (old style September 28th) in Estonia, near Tartu, Piltsama town (now district center), in a craftsman’s family. 1920 graduated from Tartu gymnasium in 1921. enrolled in the Faculty of History and Philology of Tartu University, which he graduated in 1927. graduated with a master's degree. He studied Indo-European linguistics and Slavic-Finno-Ugric philology at the university. ir The professor of Slavic languages was L. Masingas, whose linguistic works of his youth were interested in the nine-talented į man Antanas Baranauskas, who was immersed in linguistics at the time. Indo-European Languages taught by Prof. E. Kiekers. He's dead. 1938m. Aruma was destined to occupy the chair of the former professor’s ir department of Indo-European languages. Ever since high school Aruma was interested in Finno-Ugric ir languages: Estonian and its dialects, later Finnish, Hungarian, Ural Finns, ir Lybians, etc. O most importantly, at the University of Tartu he began his path as a Baltist, writing a diploma "O thesis CJ10B B JIATOBCKOM Afi3HIKE, MECTO IJIaro/ia B Ha4aJIbHOM Npe/UIOXx€HHH“". Po studies, received a foreign scholarship, for three years trained In Berlin, where he asked Schultze's taught Greek, German, Lithuanian ir Sanskrit. Slavic philology — by M. Vasmer, Sanskrit by H. Lūders, Celtic — languages by J. Pokorn, — Persian languages by J. Marchwart. — Spent four years in Lithuania, collecting material for his doctoral dissertation ir In Poland. 1931-1932 m. improved in Prague, attended lectures on Slavic languages with professors Smetana, M. Weinhart, J. Torak, O. Hujer. Worked Dancigo (Gdansk), Karaliaučiaus, Kaunas ir In Vilnius libraries, he also studied the dialects of the southeastern edge of the Lithuanian language area. From 1933 m. P. Aruma At the University of Tartu he studied Russian ir literature and Slavic philology. 1934 m. defended the doctoral ir dissertation was appointed University of Tartu Slavic Philology Extraordinary Professor. 1939 m. Aruma is awarded the title of ordinary ir professor of Slavic philology and 9 Indo-European comparative linguistics. During his time at the university, he studied Russian dialects in Estonia and participated in Slavist congresses abroad. He was the secretary of the Estonian Scientific Society, edited a Swedish-Estonian dictionary, compiled and edited a collection of Estonian scientific works ("Liber saecularis"), etc. The fact that Aruma was valued as a Baltist is also shown by the fact that in 1938 the Latvian Philological Society in Riga elected him as a corresponding member!. In 1940-1941, having experienced great dissatisfaction of Soviet officials with his person (this is evident only from several autobiographies written in beautiful Russian language), as the front approached, P. Aruma emigrated to Sweden in 1944, where he died in 1982. Fortunately, a large number of dialect texts collected by P. Aruma have survived. Most of the texts were written in dialects of the southeastern edge of the Lithuanian language area: Gervėčiai, Lazūnai, Dievéniskiy, Zietelos, less in Rėdūniai apylinkės. The villages of Kargaudai and Klaišiai, in the vicinity of Kamojai. Some texts are also written from the so-called main dialects of Lithuanian language about Jurbarkas, Utena and others. There are mainly connected tales, fewer songs, various narratives, sometimes separate sentences, words, mockery and personification paradigms. The texts are interspersed, written in pencil with even beautiful handwriting, simplified transcription. Thus, the dialectal texts collected by Aruma are important not only for Lithuanian dialectology and linguistics in general, but also for folklore, ethnography, etc. Aruma quickly prepared some of the dialect texts and published them in a short time with an introduction written in German and extensive grammatical notes in "Litauische mundartliche. Texts from the Vilnius region. With grammatical notes" (Dorpat, 1930). It is the first scientifically prepared collection of Lithuanian dialect texts. There are po almost as many texts iš Dieveniškių, Gervėčių, Lazūnų ir Zittau district. The texts are written relatively well, although the transcription is quite ir difficult. The Baltists were enriched with a favorite book, whose importance has not diminished to this day. On the contrary, its significance is even increasing. Juk Aruma wrote the texts at a time when traditional schnekts were still functioning naturally in all the mentioned places. In many of the surrounding villages, Lithuanian was still spoken in families by people of all tų generations. It's only a pity that Aruma did not publish all of her Lithuanian dialect texts. The question arises į why the publication of the texts did not include iš also nearby dialects Rėdūniai ir Texts written in the vicinity of Kamojus. Maybe they had too little, jų they o couldn't collect more. O maybe there were other motives? It should be recalled that Aruma at the same time wrote a doctoral dissertation "Untersuchungen ir zur History of Lithuania Personal pronoun", 1933 m. published Tartu. (This work Aruma dedikavo Vilniaus Lithuanian Science Society. On one jį way or ar another responded K. Oatmeal, P. Skardžius, Chr. S. Stangas, F. Spechtas). In this large, more than p. 300 in the study, mainly examined rare forms of personal pronouns, of which the author abundantly collected 1 : Data sampled iš Aruma's autobiograpš į is hy lacks variety, | | graphics written in Russian and ir Estonian for various certificates 15%im, sa My fay kitam The Manuscripts Department of the Scientific Library. More A logralijal still exists Tartu Central State History Arch 2 Ap. 2. B. 662) ir Tartu Kreicwald Eo Museum, BORA Me lorita The archive See, 10 of ancient Lithuanian writings. It is surprising how well he had studied the old writings — not only Mažvydas, Bretkūnas, Daukša, Sirvydas, Morkūnas, but also the third verses of the 19th century. monuments of Lithuanian writing. The most interesting thing is that Aruma found most of the corresponding forms of personal pronouns collected from the old writings in the dialects of Gervėčiai, Lazūnai, Zietela and less in Dieveniškiai. Apparently, this led the author to limit the publication of the collected texts to the conversations of the mentioned places. It would appear that the dialect texts published by Aruma and the frequent comparisons of these dialect forms with the corresponding data of ancient writing monuments in the grammatical notes are only a kind of supplement to the dissertation and the first solid publication on the topic of the dissertation. | The texts collected by Aruma, especially those of marginal Lithuanian speakers, are extremely important. The former full-fledged Lazūnai and Zietela schnekts were already dying in the post-war years when Lithuanian linguists began to study them. Today, the language of Zietela has completely disappeared, and the last days of life are spent by a few grandparents of Lazūnai neighborhood who speak Lithuanian. On the threshold of extinction Camois and Rēdūnas schnecks. The areas of Lithuanian language use are decreasing around Dieveniškiai, Gervėčiai, Pelesai. In addition, not only Lithuanian-- speaking people are dying here, but the local dialects are also deteriorating. Even people who have spoken Lithuanian from a young age have often forgotten their language and speak a deformed dialect. The erosion of traditional dialects, mostly due to assimilation of the population, is manifested in all areas of the language: phonetics, morphology, lexis and syntax. Therefore, comparing the material recorded by Aruma and collected by later researchers, it is possible to determine how the parts of these schnaps have changed. True, to do this, without special studies, would not be easy. The complex transcription of Aruma's printed texts should be deciphered in detail. The differences between the morphological and lexical deposits are somewhat more obvious. The changes in the morphological layer have been more or less touched by almost all the linguists who wrote about these dialects later (J.Senkauskas, Z.Zinkevičius, E.Grinaveckienė, A.Jonaitytė, J.Kardelytė, T.Sudnik and others). More can be said about the lexicon. “We will be satisfied with mentioning one more word of the Zietela schnekt written by Arumas, which is the only one in the Zietela dictionary, i.e. not recorded by other researchers, not witnessed. In this way, from the texts written by Arumas we learn about few heard words or their meanings (e.g., kliunikti "to talk, to sing (about a leaf)": salaujys kliuūkia; métinykas "being that manages the seasons", slėgulys "sleeping", plėstelėti "to splash", etc.), simple or rarer prepositional or adverbial derivatives (e.g., iškloti, pralėkti, insilipyti "to get in", blulynumas, etc.), various borrowed or hybrids (e.g., kalina "putinas", karanėūcija || karanavonė "croning, crowning", karanavotis "croning, crowning", karona "crown, crown", machtelėti "to mostelėti", etc.). There are different root or pronunciation words (e.g., klonis instead of now usual klonis ir etc.). It is only a pity that not all the texts written by Arumas have come to us, not having escaped, like the author, the troubles of war. And it took so little for all these texts to be lost. 11 They were saved by Paulius Aristė, an academician of the Estonian Academy of Sciences and professor of the University of Tartu. Po war left empty Aruma's apartment was robbed. The entire floor of the ir hallway was covered with pages of books torn from the notes of the suddenly retired ir professor?. Tą The tragedy is witnessed ir by dialect su texts preserved in good spaces and mixed pages, one page is wrinkled. ne ir For example, alone Zietela’s texts, scattered in five places in the manuscript folder, are numbered by the author’s own hand to p., about p. 141 20-30 Lazūnų schnekta texts according to the new numbering (apparently, as Mr. Aristė collected them from the floor) found themselves in four places, Dieveniškių ir Texts of Gervėčiai — in two. Only fragmen- — po ts a few pages — left iš Kamojų ir Texts collected in the surroundings of Rodūniai. In general, reading texts written by Arumas in clear and beautiful handwriting, one cannot be surprised how well he knew Lithuanian. You wouldn't say it if you didn't know that they were written by a Lithuanian. ne Therefore, all the more grateful to this ir enviable diligence Estonian scientist, who Baltic (as to ir Slavistics) remained faithful to the end of his life”, to, Aruma, riding Be į Southeast Lithuania, which was part of Poland, often played the role of Lithuanian envoy and Vilnius ambassador. It is said that To help the Vilnius ir cultural education and society, he often handed over the donations collected in Lithuania, transporting them through Czechoslovakia, Gdansk, Latvia, because there were no direct diplomatic relations between Lithuania and Poland at that time. And now the name of Arumas is still warmly mentioned by the grandparents of Dieveniškiai and Rodūniai neighborhoods. He was frequently mentioned by the teacher K. Juodienė. And this is not surprising: the Lithuanian language is banned, persecuted and despised by Polish officials, and the young foreigner who arrives speaks to the persecuted in their native language. Here Aruma had acquired sincere friends and helpers. This is shown by correspondence of Gervėtis peasant Petrikas and dialectically written notebook of stories. Mr. Aruma is here called a very respected, dearest friend of Lithuanians, a benefactor and intercessor. These are indeed moving words. Mr. Aruma, as a broad-profile linguist, Baltic and Slavic languages. specialist, Indo-Europeanist had gained international recognition. However, as a Baltist, he built the greatest monument for himself by studying the dialects of the southeastern Lithuanian language. Alongside such scholars of other nations as E. Voltaire, O. Broch, Chr. S. Stangas, J. Rozwadowskis, V. Porzezifiskis, J. Otrebskis, G. Gerullis, E. Fraenkelis and Lithuanians K. Būga, J. Jablonski, J. Balčikonis, J. Senkauskas and others. According to the importance of his works, Mr. Arumaa undoubtedly occupies one of the most prominent positions. This was in 1988. 14 April the author of these lines told Prof. P.Aristė. This is partly evident from the entry on the first page of the text folder /Signatūra ERA Leedu 3/. "For more information about P. Arumas's linguistic works see. A. Sabaliauskas. History of Lithuanian Language Research to 1940m. V., 1979, P. 233-235. 12 ARUMAA’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE RESEARCH OF THE SOUTH-EASTERN MOUNTAINS OF THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE Summary The article analyses the research of the Lithuanian language by the most renowned Estonian Baltist Peter Arumaa. The greatest attention is drawn to his written texts from Dievčniškės, Gervėčiai, Kamojai, Lazfinai, Rédiinia, Zietela and other rapidly disappearing, but very important for linguistic research eastern dialects of the Lithuanian language (P. Ariste, the other trusted friend of the Lithuanian language, saved a large part of these manuscripts from destruction during the Second World War and handed them over to the Kreitzwald Literature Museum in the city of Tartu). The cultural and diplomatic activities of P. Arumaa, which were important for Eastern Lithuania, are highlighted. 13