„NEOTERM“ žurnalas ir terminologijos tarptautinimas

LKRS —Lithuanian spelling and punctuation. II pat. I'm sorry. V., 1989. Dictionary of the English Language. V., 1966. T. 7 (and its abbreviations). L—LKZ —Balkevičius J., Kabelka J. Dictionary of Latvian—- Lithuanian Languages. V., 1977. L—LV —Bojate A., Subatnieks V. Lithuanian—Latvian wordbook. Riga, 1964. LP —Ivanauskas T. Lietuvos paukščiai, V., 1955. T. 3. Lp —Logminas V. Lietuvos paukščiai. V., 1979. LPV —Ivanauskas T. Handbook of Lithuanian Birds. K., 1931. Dictionary of the English Language. Heidelberg, 1932–1968. T. 1-5. L—RKŽ —Lyberis A. Lithuanian—Russian Dictionary: L—RKZ,. V., 1971; L-RKZ,. V., LTE" 4 1988. —Lietuviškoji sovietinė enciklopedija. V., 1980. T. 6; 1981. T. 7; 1984. T. 12. Little Soviet Encyclopedia. V., 1968. T. 2; 1971. T. 3. MRKZ —Lithuanian Language Spelling and Pronunciation Vocabulary /Compiled by P. Kniūkšta and A. Lyberis. II leid. K., 1986. PP —Ivanauskas T. Birds of the World. V., 1971. R—LKZ" —Dictionary of Russian-Lithuanian Languages. V., 1982. T. 1 (Compiled by Ch. Lemchen); V., 1983. T. 2 (Compiled by Ch. Lemchen); V., 1985. T. 4 (Composed by J. Kardelytė, Ch. Lemchenas, J. Macaitis, A. Mankevičienė). Dictionary of the English Language. K., 1948, TLE —Lithuanian Soviet Encyclopedia. V., 1986. T. 2; V., 1988. T. 4. TZ —Mastauskis St. Applied Zoology. 1947. pp. 47. "Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba" (in Lithuanian). V., 1941. The International Organization for Unification of Terminological Neologisms (IOUTN) was founded in Warsaw in 1982 and is the leading international organization for the unification of terminological neologisms. Its founder is the writer, linguist and translator Z. Stoberskis. The organization brings together philologists, linguists and other specialists from various fields interested in the problems of terminology internationalization. The main principles and objectives of the organization are outlined in the special publication “All about IOUTN”. Often even the most famous linguists hold the opinion that terms neologisms should be created only in the mother tongue; and foreign — international — terms are replaced by words of one's own language. The IOUTN, following the principle of “science – property of mankind”, proposes to unify the form and meaning of the term. According to IOUTN, internationalization of terms would accelerate the exchange of scientific and technical information, which in turn would accelerate economic development. IOUTN cooperates with international organizations, term banks and terminology centres, with academies of science and universities, establishes its committees in various countries of the world, prepares and publishes multilingual dictionaries of special terms, provides information on terminology issues. One of the most important tasks of this organization is to promote the use of international terms through public information and special periodicals. 186 Main IOUTN publication — 1984 m. The magazine ir “NEOTERM” was published once every three months. The editor-in-- chief of this publication is IOUTN President Z. Stoberskis. The articles published in English and French address theoretical and practical issues of terminology and various aspects of its internationalization. The theoretical nature of the articles gu in the publication is more unpractical. Iš the latter can be mentioned Z. Stoberski’s article “Theory and Practice of International Terminology” (5/6 —1987, pp. 24—28), K. Lukaszewicz’s “Physical Terms in Polish” (K. Lukaszewicz, 5/6 —1987, pp. 38—41) and others. The journal publishes lists of international terms and neologisms in linguistics and physics. Linguists and terminologists from different countries present international terms used or created in their own language, or their equivalents. Head of the terminology group of the Lithuanian Language Institute, PhD candidate Thanks to K. Gaivenis, we will find Lithuanian terms in these lists. NEOTERM also informs readers about upcoming congresses, seminars and symposia, briefly introduces the authors of articles. In the first issue of NEOTERM, Z. Stoberski’s article “The global process of internationalization of scientific terms” (1 —1984, pp. 3—9) examines the problems of the proliferation of special international terms. When examining the history of the development of language and symbols, it became clear that the process of disintegration and integration of all language signs has deep roots. The processes of nature, society, as well as language as a means of communication, follow the eternal law of disintegration and integration. As an example, he gives the history of digital development. Numerals—linguistic signs, once expressed in certain symbols, evolved, after many modifications, into the Arabic numerals system, understandable to speakers of all the languages of the world. The proliferation of international scientific terms is the result of the increase in the volume of scientific and technical information and the speed of its change. T. Kożybski, a professor of the Polish Academy of Sciences and biochemist, in his article "Uniformization of scientific terminology" (T. Kożybski, 1 —1984, pp. 16—20) notes that the efforts of scientists to create an artificial international language have not yielded the expected results. Such a language cannot form a logical, national, as well as phonetic, morphological system that corresponds to the complex level of modern thinking of Humanity. In the absence of universal tools suitable for international use, with English not yet acquiring this status and Greek and Latin already losing it, T. Kožibskis believes that this function could be performed by internationally standardized scientific and technical terms. They are characterized by universality — an important condition for internationalization of terms. The terminology of the humanities, which tends to be limited to one nation or culture, is more individual and therefore more difficult to unify. The author emphasizes in his article that the standardization of the terms of a special branch of science depends not so much on the number of users of the terms as on the popularity of that special branch. Sometimes, due to great interest in a concept or object, the term that denotes it exceeds the boundaries of a narrow circle of specialists (this happened with the term isotope). The internationalization of terms also depends on the position of the discipline in terms of accuracy. Terms in the exact sciences, such as mathematics, are being standardised much faster than those in sociology or other humanities. In his speech “Internationalization of Terminology” (5/6 — 1987, pp. 11—18), given at the International Terminology Seminar in Addis Ababa, Z. Stoberskis tried to explain the essence and advantages of this process to all opponents. To writers and philosophers who, appealing to patriotic sentiments, claimed that international terms polluted the national language, the inviolable cultural heritage of the nation, he reminded that special terminology was not the scientific heritage of one nation, but of all mankind. In the exchange of scientific and technical information, standardised terminology is particularly useful for developing countries with several national languages and many dialects. For linguists who believe that international words are not compatible with national language rules, especially phonetics, Z. Stoberskis presents the IOUTN principles. When borrowing a neologism, it is necessary to maintain the same concept, root and definition. Each language has the right to use foreign words according to its own phonetic and grammatical rules. When a new term appears, the question arises what to use in one’s own language: whether a direct loan, a “ready” neologism, or a valuation made according to the example of another language. This problem is discussed in the aforementioned article of Z. Stoberski 187 “The Global Process of Internationalization of Science Terms” (1 —1984, pp. 3—9). In his opinion, valuations are often inaccurate, distort information and cause false associations. International terms with one root and one definition are more universal, easy to recognize when reading scientific literature in a foreign language, even if you do not speak it well. ; The article “Neologism or borrowing in the own language” by B. Walczak, a linguist at the University of Poznań (B. Walczak, 5/6 —1987, pp. 48—56) deals with the same problem from a linguistic and extralinguistic perspective. From a linguistic point of view, it is impossible to determine which term – international or local – performs the terminological functions better. From an extralinguistic point of view, international terms gain an unquestionable advantage. However, even here they should not be used indiscriminately, attention should be paid to the following facts: the traditions of terminology in the field of science and technology, the nature and purpose of the text in which the term is used (scientific text, popularization of science, school textbook). It is also important to remember that our own terms are adopted much faster than foreign ones. “The same B. Walczak in his article “Development of Polish Terminology” (3/4 — 1985, pp. 15—25) notes that a new word appearing in the language can be: 1) a new word (a word-word or a word-word), 2) a loanword (direct or indirect), 3) a neosemantic word, 4) an onomatopoeia. According to B. Valčakas, the origins of scientific and technical terms, except for onomatopoeia, are the same. Furthermore, the author distinguishes 2 main sources of lexical units: internal — for creating new and neosemanticisms and external — for borrowing. Professor O. A. Voitasevičius of the University of Warsaw describes the syntactic structure of compound terms using simple rules in his article „Structure of terms in science and technology“ (O. A. Wojtasiewicz, 11/12 —1988, pp. 6—9). Word formation methods are a favorite subject of linguistic research, the problems of syntactic structure of terms are often forgotten. 188 — o All the more so that in Polish according to approximate calculations even 95 94 iš 1 2010-2011: 1.0 million science ir and technolonų gy terms iš consist of a few words. Polish scientist A. In the article "Defining Terms", Topulas states that the term "neologism" (3/4 — 1985, p. 12—15) is very often given a completely different meaning. Such uncontrollable changes in meaning can only be prevented by the deliberate activity of terminologists. The reader (the recipient of the information) sometimes perceives the concept differently than the author (the sender of the information) tries to ją present. This can happen both because of the fault of the reader and ir the author. A. Topulos, investigatišį ng the process iš on the “information sender” side, considers that the terminological flaws arise because the definition on which the term was based also had flaws. Furthermore, the author distinguishes 3 types of definition: synthetic, analytical indirect ir regulative. The most commonly used definition is the synthetic one. With the development of new theories, new concepts emerge. In some cases they are first defined and then iš named, in others vice ir versa. — In another ir case, it is important that the definition corresponds to the concept. The author, in order to define the concept, can describe a completely different meaning. This happens because a person, meaning his thoughts in written word, translates them into ar his semantic language, in iš such a translation o (and only in ne such) it is difficult to avoid mistakes, Very * rarely the creator of a new term is the author of the ir definition. Most often the creator is unknown. Today it would be impossible to find the author of the concept of spaceship. Spacecraft builders are by no means the creators of the concept. The concept arose along with the oldest su human dreams of flying into space. į After some time, the term "spaceship" appeared in various literatures, especially in science fiction. In fiction, these ships are usually controlled by humans. Perhaps this is why the later definition reflected the concept of spacecraft only partially, without touching the fact that spacecraft iš can be unmanned. The to author of the definition simply did not analyze all cases of use of this term. ir Although the production of the very first spaceships had just begun, the concept of spaceship itself was already established in the consciousness of the people, so to such a term had to be applied to a synthetic but regulated definition. ne V. Akulenka, Vice-President of the Terminology Committee of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Ph.D., in his article “International lexical elements and internationalization of terminology” (7/8 — 1987, pp. 11—15) defines international lexical elements as homologous (i.e., of similar meaning and form) diamorpheme, dialecteme, diaphragme. This is how he calls similar morphemes, words and phrases used in two languages. Polyelements (i.e. polymorphs, etc.) are international lexical elements used in several languages. V. Akulenka points out that in terminology the identity of the meanings of international elements is necessary. Similarities in form can be expressed in terms of external or internal sign of speech, so it is necessary to distinguish written sound forms, as well as various types of motivation structural, semantic, phonetic. Having examined the possible combinations, Akulenka concluded that in common language, terminology, there are types of international elements: 189 ir — V. ir ir 7 | Similarities: Types of meaning in auditory form, written form, motivation I 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 i. 0 III 1 1 0 1 IV 1 0 1 1 V 1 1 0 0 VI 1 0 1 0 VII 1 0 0 1 In the table we see that the highest degree of internationality has the type of international elements, the I lowest o — IIL In modern international communication, especially in the field of science and technology, similarities in ir written form are much more important than in oral form. The ir phonological characteristics of the written form are important when a language has a distinct alphabet (Armenian, Georgian). or hieroglyphic writing. Modern languages have all kinds of international elements, 2 iš jų — IV ir VI — agreed Remote In Eastern languages. Examples of these types are given below. I. Angl. airport, france. airport, isp. aeropuerto, it. airport, rus. a3poropT left. Airport, let. aeroportas ir t. t. Words of this type have the same tą meaning, similar phonological written ir forms, as well as a common motivation (‘air’ — ‘port, harbour’). II. 1998-1999 Angl. atom, pranc. atome, vok. Atom, sp. atom, it. atomo, rus. atom, left. atom. II international elements type words have a common meaning, similar external form (auditory ir written), but do not have the same motivation. III. Angl. telegraph, Georgian (telegraphi), Hindi (telegraf- ), Urdu (telegraph). Words have the same tą meaning, similar sound form, common motivation, but completely differentwritten form. gą IV. Chinese (bai van), Japanese. (hyaku man), Korea. (per male) ‘million’. The words of this type of international elements have the tą same hieroglyphic form, motivation, but different pronunciation. V. Russian. Merp, Georgian metri, Armenian metr, Hindi mitar. All aspects, except for the written form, are similar. VI. Chinese (fucking) Japan. (budo) ‘grapes’. The words of this type of international elements have a common unmotivated hieroglyphic form. VII. Vok. Lufthafen, Danish lufthavn, Japanese. (Kuko), Urdu (havai bandargah) words have the same tą meaning ‘airport’ ir tą the same motivation (‘air’ — ‘port, harbour’). 190 V. Akulenka divides the most advanced languages of the world into 5 regions: European —American, USSR, Middle ir Medium East, South Asian, Eastern Asian. The greatest influence on the formation of international terms in the 1st region had Greek Latin, in the 2nd Russian, in the ir 3rd Arabic Persian, in the 4th Sanskrit — Pali, in the 5th Japanese Old Chinese. — ir — ir — ir k. University of Warsaw terminologists H. Jadacka's article “On the Role of a ir Linguist Terminologist” (H. Jadacka, 11/12 — 1988, p. 9—16) — about the role of the linguist in the term formation process. The creation ir of scientific and technical terms is a — ne spontaneous process, but a conscious activity of a group of specialists. The word ar grammatfonė rma, when it enters the į common language, follows the principle: usus linguarum tyrranus. Here any efforts of a linguist are fruitless. In terminology, a linguist's activity begins as soon as neologism appears. H. Jadacka is based M. Mazuros article "Technical terminology", which distinguishes 4 the terms of correctness (correctness) criteria: 1) adequate term connection su jo marked item (referent), 2) terminology system of a su particular branch, linguistic form perfection, effectiveness (operativeness). 3) The principle of adequacy means: conformity of the form of the 4) meaning of the term, unambiguity of the term, uniformity. 1) ir 2) 3) It is important that the linguistic form has only one meaning ir and vice versa. Otherwise, there may be defects in terms such as ambiguity synonymy. ir The relationship of the new term to the su terminology system can be examined from a linguistic point of view, according to the principles of reproducibility t. y. homogeneity. The term ir reproductive is used when iš jo we can make other derivative words. According to the second principle, the new term must be consistent with terms in the same branch of science. The perfection of su the form of the term, as the author states, requires an emotionally neutral attitude of the user to the represented object. Neutrality can be achieved by choosing words well, by trying not to use word į formations that are suitable for spoken language, for minor augmentative derivatives. Professor at the University of Warsaw, President of the Polish Translators’ Union ar J. In Pienkos’ article “Is terminology a new branch of science?” (J. Piénkos, 7/8 —1987, pp. 25—37) it is noted that terminology plays a particularly important role in the translation of both fiction and scientific literature. The translator, often in a hurry, tries to create neologisms or valuations himself. When creating new terms, a linguist must adhere to the principles of universality, internationality, uniformity, adequacy, effectiveness, accuracy and comprehensibility. Concluding a few words about ir NEOTERM advantages ir disadvantages. The magazine introduces the reader su IOUTN, its activities and tasks, ir defines the principles and methods of international terminology. In my opinion, the publication avoids presenting as many contradictory opinions as possible, provoking discussions. The opinions expressed in the journal are rather one-sided, focusing mainly on the propaganda of terminology on international issues. mo ir 191 NEOTERM should interest linguists and terminologists. They will agree with some of them, they will disagree with some of them, but they will definitely think about how to preserve the national specificity of Lithuanian terminology in this global flow of internationalization of terms. Rosita Pundyté 1985—1990 m. GLOSSARY This annotated index contains 1985—1990 m. The dictionaries of terms published in Lithuania. Material collected iš "Press release". (1985—1990 and library catalogues. All dictionaries presented here are reviewed. The description of each dictionary contains the 1) following information: which 2) languages the dictionary covers; of what type (explanatory, translating, ar etc.); the 3) volume; order 4) of presentation of terms (clustered—non-clustered; 5) systemic—alphabeticaar l); pronounced 6) ar unpronounced; viewed Lithuanian Language Institute (previously Institute of ir Lithuanian Language and Literature) Terminology Groups; whether it does not contain incorrect terms, literal values, ir barbarism7) s, etc. ; dictionary ar The purpose of Zodynel. Note. There is a variation in the wording of the words. ir In some places, a publication (220 ir of a considerable volume (more pages) is o called a dictionary, in others, conversely, a small publication (about 40 pages) is called a dictionary. In dictionaries and dictionary descriptions, these terms have been tried to be differentiated. 1985 m. Explanation of the terms of dialectical ir materialism: (Method. measure for LVKKI students) / Lietuvos valst. Institute of Physical Culture, Department of Marxism-Leninism, Sud. J. Jaselskis. London: LVKKI, 1985. 32 p. This monolingual glossary contains more than the most commonly used terms in 180 philosophy. The glossary does not limit itself to a brief explanation of the term, it provides a lot of data from the history of one or another — phenomenon, the most prominent representatives are listed, etc. Many terms are accompanied by their origin and original meaning. The terms in the glossary are listed in alphabetical order. The dictionary is not created; Terminology group not viewed. It is awarded to students of the Lithuanian State Institute of Physical Culture studying dialectical materialism. Dictionary of Electrical Engineering, Electroplating and Corrosion Terms (Lithuanian, Russian, English, German and French): Draft for consideration /LTSR MA Chemijos ir chem. technologijos inst. South. A. Bernotas, J. Bubelis, J. Matulis, V. Skominas, R. Sližys, G. Tomkevičius, R. Višomirskis. V.: [ChChT1], 1985. [D] 1. 208 p. The dictionary is in five languages (Lithuanian, Russian, English, German and French); translating. 192