Priebalsiai „s“ ir „š“, „s“ ir „z“, „s“ ir „c“, „š“ ir „ž“, „š“ ir „č“, „z“ ir „ž“ bei „c“ ir „č“ skoliniuose iš vokiečių kalbos

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XXXVI (1996) LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE: RESEARCHERS IR STUDIES ae A Nijolė CEPIENE VOCALS s IR §, sIR z, s IR ¢, šIR ž, 5 IR č, 2 | IR ž bei ¢ IR ¢ IN DEBT IS GERMANY LANGUAGES | In Lithuanian old writings in dialects ir there are germaniziny variants of consonants su sir sir sir | šir šir zir and cir š, z, ¢, ž, č, ž č. It has already been written | that the German consonaš nt has become Lithuanian sounds in the s, German language z > let. zir in s, German c > let. sky č, o no other options provided (Giriūnienė 27—29). | Variants su s ir š. Common variants su with s ir š, consonants especially before p, t, e.g.: spykėrė "grain store, barn" (East Prussian Lithuanian | writings from XVI a.), spyker (Prk) ir špykėrė (East Prussia in Lithuanian writings from 16th c., Rsn, Plšk), špykėrė, špykerė, špykėris (western southwestern ir Lithuania), plg. v.v.g. spiker "t.p. " (MndW), Pr.vok. Spiker "t.p." (Alm(PrW)); stundas "hour" (East Prussian Lithuanian writings from XVII a., JV 518, Kdl), stūnda (from 18th century, Shlu, Vlkv) ir stund (JV 16), stūnda (Prk), plg. | v.v.g. hour "t.p. " (Sehwers 126), Pr.vok. stund’t.p. ", n.o.s. Stunde "t.p.75 stalker ir stalker "fence structure; table fence? (common in northern, western ir southwestern In Lithuania, plg. v.v.g. stacket "fence made of boards, poles", Fr.vok. Stakét "rod for fences, table fence" (Fr II 360), n.a. It's just a static fence. Even the words written in the same sources (Bretkūno A. Bible, Juškos songs) may ; have ir s, ir š. he Boriniy su sounds of the beginning of the word sir ir shyra before other consonants, e.g., before v, I, m, n: depth "threshold" (N, NdŽ) K, švielis/šveliir js "fencer, log” (East Prussia in Lithuanian writings from XVIII a., Pgg, Lkš, Jrb), sveliai (Br, Lks, Snt), plg. n.v.a. wave (Kluge 691), Pr.vok. swelling "threshold, foundation beam, log" (Alm(PrW)); svėbelis "mattukas" widespread in Žemaitija (Dr, Krtn, Zd, Mžk, Kl) sulphur ir (LB 166, KŽ, Plk, Smln, Vn, Prk), sulfur (NdZ), 4 sulphur (Br, Brt, Grj, Vjg), plg. n.v.a. Sulphur "cheese" (Kluge 691), Ms. vok. “šwebel” means “matchstick”; presses "horns for logs" (J) Slates ir (S.Dauk, 1 Šlu, Klp, Skd, Pln), plg. v.v.g. sľade "t.p. " (Sehwers 110), Rt.Pr.vok. millet "t.p. " ; sand is "wheel grease" (N, /K/, KZ) Smurf ir (Q, KZ, Vv, Mrj, Krs), dust 4 (P, Ps, Krs, Vks), plg. n.v.s. smer’t.p.’ (Sehwers 112), Pr.vok. smear | "t.p." (Alm(PrW)). Thus, the question arises, ar the German š consonant turned into Lithuanian sounds šir s. The German base words presented next to the borrowed ones already allow this statement to be doubted. a 156 The German consonant s before I, m, n, w from the 13th-14th centuries began to turn into the sound š. This process, which began in southern Germany, later took place in central Germany, and in the large area of German Samogitian the s remained unchanged (Paul I 348, Lasch § 333). According to H. Paul, the change of the beginning s of the word before all consonants occurred at the same time, and only for graphical reasons in the spelling "sp and st remained, since these compounds were common in Latin as well" (Paul I 348). In the 20th-century East Prussian German, the West Germanic word beginning s was replaced by the sh before consonants (Mitzka 161—162, Natau 39). However, the work of K. Alminauskas, which used the manuscript dictionary "Preussisches Worterbuch" by W. Ziesemer, presents words with the consonants šir s, cf. 3pil and spil "spike", špunt and spunt "barrel for barrel". In East Prussia, the language was mostly spoken by Germans. Middle German was only an "island", but the latter was the literary language of Prussia. Thus, the s-borrowings probably originated from the German Samogitian dialects and are older — the German š has not become s in Lithuanian. Later, in the 16th—17th centuries and especially in the 18th century, the words were elevated, especially in the spelling, due to the influence of the German Highland language. In the 18th century, due to the increase in the number of immigrants from the German Highlands, more words with the consonant š appeared. However, in the dialects the s. it remained and the old German consonant combination sk has been preserved in Skolini, e.g.: skijvis "plate" (N, K, TP 1880, 42, LC 1879, 38, Rsn, Kin, Prk, Krg, Klp), skijvas (Prk, Klp), skyvė (K, Rtr, NdZ, KZ), plg. v.v.ž. shiv "t.p. " (ME IV 50); skindelis/skindelijs "malksna, shavings for roofing" (in East Prussian Lithuanian dictionaries from the 17th century, Adm,Skp, Grž, Krč, Vb, Vkš, Gr, Kdl), skiūdulis (R II 94, MZ II 123, N, K, NdZ, KZ), skiridelius (SD63, N, K, Ndz, Sut, I, KZ), see v.v.ž. shingles "t.p. " (ME IV 41); the distinction between "bad, weak beer, gira" (Lex 74a, C II 412, Q 442, R II 305, MZ II 409, N, LsB 285, K, K.Donel, Jn), cf. v.v.z. schenkebér "beer that is given away" (Mnd W); skutule "wooden dish with an attachment for putting butter, curd, etc." (K, NdZ, S.Dauk., KZ), skutulas (NdZ, Kos 210 (Sl), KZ), cf. v.v.z. schuttel ‘t.p.’, v.g. scutala (Alm); skūpas "spina" (N, /K/, KZ, Klp), skdpis (Klp, Kin), skūpė (BzF 169, KZ, Shu, Klp, Sg, Prk,), plg. v.v.z. schap(-pp-) "t.p. " (Sehwers 106). However, there are also later words of the same meaning with the sound §, e.g.: indelis (K I 274, LC 1887, 21), škutūlė (Mžš). The Old German sound combination sk in the German Highlands from about the 12th-13th centuries became the sound sch /š/. In the Middle German, the IPA is IPA: /ʃ/, while in the Latin it is IPA: /ʃ/. At the end of the 16th century, G. Rollenhagen in his Niederdeutsches Jahrbuch reproached the Westphalians for not being able to pronounce the sound sh. This sh was a muffled palatal sound, lighter than s. In some German Samogitian dialects the initial sk of the word is still preserved (Lasch § 334). The aforementioned data show that there were nearby variants with the consonants s and š in German. Lithuanian borrowings with the sounds s and š originated from different German dialects. Borrowings with s before consonants mostly came from German 157 Žemaičių dialects and are older, and with š — from German Vysočė dialects or from elevated Žemaičių words and are later. Variants with s and z. In Lithuanian there are variants with the word beginning | sounds s and z before vowels, e.g.: supd "sūpis" (N, K, Rtr, KZ), sūpė (R II | 347, MZ II 464, N, KZ) and zupa (K), zūpė (KZ, in Žemaičių dialektai), cf. n.v.a. Soup "t.p. " ; shish "Saxon resident" (N, K, NdZ, Rtr) and zux (B 1032, K), cf. n.p.a. Sachse "t.p. ". | In Prussian German, the consonants s and z in this position were also pronounced-| mi, e.g. salwt, zalwij bot. "sage"; sip, zip "mud" (Alm(PrW- )). Vakarų | germanų priebalsis s buvo duslus, tačiau vokiečių žemaičių žodžio vidurio s prieš skardųjį priebalsį suskardėjo. Today it is partly tinned and at the beginning of the word before the vowel (Lasch $ 329). Thus, words with s could be older, originating from v.z. dialects. However, the consonants of the southern and central German dialects were not characterized by sharpness (Paul I 343). Therefore, it is possible to say that the borrowed s and z probably originated from different German dialects, i.e. z | has not been converted into lit. s. Variants with sir c. In scripts and dialects there are variants of Germanisms with the consonants s and c, e.g.: dyselis/dyselijs "rodiklis, grazulas” (in East Prussian Lithuanian dictionaries from the 17th century, in western Highland and Žemaitijos dialects) and dijcelis (BzF, KZ), dycelė (Šlu), dycelė (Prk, Plik, Klp, Šlu), dicėlė (Klp), plg. v.v.ž. dissel ’t.p.’ (Sehwers 27), Rt.Pr. v.g. diesel (Mitzka 162); syrup "sugar solution" (O), syrup (NdZ, Adm) and syrup (Grg, Sts), syrup. (K), plg. v.v.z. syrup, syrup (Sehwers Lw), n.e.s. Sirup "t.p.: and Pr.vok. Syrup "t.p. " (Fr 495); swikis "roller, barrel cork" (S.Dauk., J, KZ, YI, Led Mik, Prk, Stk) and cvikis (KZ, Jns, Graz, Kr), cvikis (Sl), cf. n.v.s. swick (ck) (Sehwera 128) and Rt.Pr.vok. zwicke (Alm(PrW)). in Thus, as the examples show, the borrowings with sir ¢ sounds probably came from different German dialects, with s — from German Low German, and with ¢ — from Prussian German Upper German. There are borrowed words with the consonants š and ž, e.g. štūrštas "apron" (Bb 1 Mos 3, 7, MŽ, N, K, KŽ, Jms), dem. RD 12, KlvD 249) and the widely spread sighted, cf. Pr.vok. shorst, shorst "e.g." (Alm(PrW)); "The name of the carriage bracket? (Klp, Shlu) and the grey-tailed snake (Vgr, Akm, Žml), cf. n.v.a. Schwengel "a device that swings, vibrates, rotates", v.v.z. Swengel, n.nl. Swivel (Kluge 692). In Prussian German there were also words with sh and ž sounds, cf. brūša, brūza "to squeal, to squeal, to squeal" (PrW 845); Pr.v.ž. brošor, bražer (Klp), Bratscher "flatter, boast” (PrW 766). Borrowings with the sound šir ¢ have also been found, e.g.: šėrė "wheel's wing" (in Lithuanian dictionaries of East Prussia from the 18th century, used in dialects (Klp, Krtn, Pln, Dr, Kal, Šlu, Ms, Skd, Sl, TI/.../) and čėrė (Klp), cf. Rt.Pr.vok. in "e.g." (Alm(PrW- )); sharpened "sharpened, pointed" (N, K, NdZ, KZ, J, Klp) and éer-weaving "pointed" (J), cf. n.p.a. schūrfen "t.p. " ; See the above-mentioned Pr.v.z. Bratscher brochure. | 158 Since there were variants of Prussian German with the consonants šir ž, šir č, the borrowed words with these sounds could have entered Lithuanian from Prussian German dialects. There are variants with the consonants žir 2, e.g.: zūk(a)s "maišas" (PVG 239 (1765), B 543) and žak(a)s! (In Lithuanian writings of East Prussia from the 18th century, Klp, Šlu), cf. n.v.a. Sack "t.p. " ; zdgas "saw" (B 136, R, MZ, N, K, NdZ, KZ), zéga (B 1033, N, NdZ, KZ) and zidgas (O, R, MZ, KZ, Graz, Dbč, Gdl, Lzd, Mrk, Pjv), zidga (KZ), cf. Pr.vok. zége ‘t.p." (Alm(PrW- )), v.v.g. sage (ME IV 695). The consonants z and ž can also be in the middle of the word, e.g. kėzas "cheese, quark" (Lex 53, Q 292, B 880) and kėžas (in Lithuanian writings of East Prussia from the 17th century, J, Kv, Snt, Skr, Bt, Ar), cf. Rt.Pr.vok. kėz "cheese" (Mitzka 129), Pr.vok. Alm(PrW) In Prussian German, the s at the end of nouns and adjectives had a squeal after the vowel (Fr II 240—241). In the old geminate and at the old end of the word, the East Prussian German Samogitians pronounced a muffled sound, and at the new end of the word — usually a skardy sound, cf. yas "street- ", réz "rose" (Mitzka 162). In Prussian German there were words with the consonants z and ž not only at the end of the word, but also at the beginning, e.g.: briz, břež "breeze, strong gusts of wind" (PrW 807), zok, žok "shorts- ", zéle, žėle "(picked-- up) belt, pléske" (Alm(PrW- )). The sound ž in the East Prussian German Samogitian language is evidenced by examples given in the works of W. Mitzka and O. Natau, although the sharp ž was rarely used in Germanic words, mostly in borrowed words. W. Mitzkai was unclear about the origin of the sound z in East Prussian German. He doubted whether this sound originated from the West Germanic sk or s, or whether it was influenced by Lithuanian, Polish or French. Since there were words with the consonant zir ž in East Prussian German, Lithuanian borrowed words with these sounds may have come from Prussian German dialects. There are also borrowed words with cir č sounds, e.g.: akcizė "indirect tax on goods" (PVG 188), akcizas (Kp) and akéyzé (C 1175, B 43, MZ 2, PVG 112, A 1884, 190, N, K), akčyžia (K I 37, PVG 341), cf. Pr.vok. Excise "tax, especially on beer, mead, other beverages" (PrW 104); the "liquid" mark; stain" (Kel 1881, 183, Mrj, Vdzg, Rdm, Zgc), "device to mark someone" (PVG 446, Mrj) and éékis/ciekis "sign" (in East Prussian Lithuanian writings from the 17th century, BsP III 117), "device to mark someone" (from the 18th century), cf. Pr.vok. zézen "mark" (Alm(PrW)); hybrid. cimernink(a- )s "carpenter" (in East Prussian Lithuanian dictionaries from the 17th century) and čimerninkas (C 1054, R II 413, MŽ II 71, N, K, KŽ), cf. n.v.a. Carpenter, carpenter “t.p. " (Alm.) In the dictionaries of W. Ziesemer and H. Frischbier there are German words with the consonants ¢ and é, e.g. : Pritsche and pritze "divers, couches- ", pratsch and pratz interj. "shock" (PrW 771), Brudergrucz "porridge for the brothers of the order" (PrW), cf. n.v.a. Grūtze; Zetschke and Tschezke zool. ” ¢ivylis (bird) Fringilla can1 Furthermore, there is a borrowing with the word beginning §: slogan LB 185 (Grl), KZ. 159 nabina” (Fr II 414, 492). In the language of the Crusader Order there were words su cz /č/ instead of n.o.s. z /c/, e.g. : herrengrocze, -pelcz, -smalcz (Ziesemer 115). So, already Eastern The Prussian Germans pronounč ced the c, sound instead of therefore vok. c probably not turned into liet. č. | Since in German dialects, especially Eastern Prussian, buta word variants with su consonants sir sir § sir šir šir z zir žbei cir c, It is Z believed ¢, that Lithuanian borrowings č, with these sounds may have originated from su German: dialects. iš LITTERACY IR SOURCES SANTRUMPOS į AlmAlminauskis K. Die Germanisms of the Lithuanian. Part I: The Germans Lehnwėorter im Lithuanian, K: Sv. Kazimiera d-ja bookshop, 1934 Giriūnienė — Girūniemn ės. A Phonetic Adaptation of German Pronouns in Lithuanian Literacy in the XVI—XVIII Centuries. East Prussia. 11. Consonantism. — Linguistics 29(4), 26—31, 1978. and. Kluge — Kluge F. Etymological Dictionary of German Language. 17. A flage, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. & CO, 1957. 3 Lasch — L a s ¢ h A. Middle Low German English grammar, Halle: Verlag von Max Niemeyer, 1914. ME-Miulenbach aK. The Latvian language. Edited, added, completed J. Endzelins, from Riga: Edition of the Cultural 1929—1932. Foundation, Mitzka — M it z k a W. East Prussian Low German north of Ermland Marburg: N. G. Elwert'sche publishing bookstore, 1919. 3 MndW — Schiller K.,Libben A. Middle Low German Worterbuch Minster in Westf: Aschendorffsche Publishing bookstore, 1931. Natau — Nat au O. Dialect and Settlement im northeastern East Prussia, Königs berg; Berlin: Ost-Europa-Verlag, 1937. Paul — P a ul H. German Grammar 1, Halle (Saale): VEB Max Niemey Publishi1956. ng house, PrW — Ziese mer W. Preufisches Word book, Konigsberg: Counts and U 1935—1944. (PrW) — W. Ziesemium ” Prussian Worterbuch” found by K. Alminauskis. PVG — The Prussian government gromates, the gruesome tales ir of Lithuanian stets. Compiled by P. Pakarklis, V. (?): State Political Mol ir Literature Publishing House, 1960. | Sehwers — Se h w e rs J. The Germans Lehnwärter im Latvian language, Zurich: Bue rukerei Report house, 1918. rE Sehwers — S e h w e r s J. Linguistic and cultural history investigations vornehmi túber the German Influence im Latvian language, Berlin: Commission World: Otto Harrassowitz Wiesbaden, 1953. 8 n.nl. — + the new Dutch language. n.a. — the new high German language. Ms. — | Prussia. Rt. == East. n.v.a. — Middle High German. V.V.Z. — middle German Samogitian language. v.g. — in the German language. Other abbreviations are the same as in the capital Dictionary of Lithuanian Language. 160 CONSONANS s AND š, s AND z, s AND c, š AND ž, š AND ¢, z AND ž, c AND č IN BORN WORDS FROM GERMAN Summary In Lithuanian old scripts and dialects there are variants of Germanisms with the consonants s and §, s and z, s and ¢, š and ž, š and č, z and ž, c and č, e.g.: spykére and špykėrė “storage”; saksas and zaksas ‘Sachsen’; dyselis (dyselys) and dycelis, -e ” tiller”; štūrstas und Ziurstas ‘Schirze’; Sere ir éére ‘Schere am Spinnrad’; zakas and žakas ‘sack’; ciekis (ciékis) and &ékis (čiekis") ”characters; Gerat zur Drawing”. The borrowed words with s come mostly from the Low German dialects and are old, and with § — from the High German dialects or High German Low German words and are younger. In borrowed words, the old German consonant combination sk, which later became §, has been preserved, e.g.: skapas, -¢ »Schrank«; skindelis, -ys ‘Dachschindel’; skyvis, -as, -e" Teller"; skinkis ”bad, weak beer”; skutule, -ulas ‘Schatulle’. The Lithuanian variants with the consonants listed above could have been derived from the basic words of German, because in German dialects, especially in East Preußen, there were variants of the same lexemes with consonants. 161