Enklitinių veiksmažodžių formų „mi“, „ti“ vartojimas kai kuriose pietų žemaičių šnektose

LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XXXVII (1997) LEKSIKOGRAFIJOS IR LEKSIKOLOGIJOS PROBLEMOS Adelė JUDEIKIENĖ USE OF ENCLITIC VERB FORMS mi, ti IN SOME SOUTHERN SAMOGITIAN DIALECTS* The aim of this article is to pause, at least briefly, over a very old and interesting linguistic phenomenon—the use of the enclitic verb forms mi, ti. This phenomenon has already been analyzed in their dialectological works by Prof. V. Grinaveckis (Grinaveckis 1960: 41–110), A. Salys (Salys, 1992: 337), and Prof. Z. Zinkevičius (Zinkevičius 1966). Numerous such examples, taken from the works of K. Sirvydas, M. Daukša, J. Bretkūnas, and other authors of our early writings, are also presented in the volumes of the LKŽ. Linguists from other countries were also interested in this ancient feature of our language: the German S. Hermanas (Hermann 1926: 15) and the Norwegian Ch. S. Stang (Stang 1966: 253–254). It was thought that the enclitic verb forms had now completely disappeared. This view must be challenged: they are still used by older speakers of the Southern Samogitian (Dūnininkai) dialect. It is true that younger speakers, although they know their dialect well, are no longer familiar with these forms at all. The aim is to examine further the utterances containing these surviving enclitic forms, as found in early writings, recorded in the Dictionary’s card index, or heard in the dialects. The enclitic forms are thought to have arisen from a verb + personal pronoun. Since the pronoun, attached to a stressed verb, was unstressed, it changed as it was shortened: mun became mi, and tau became ti. This may also be demonstrated by examples from early writings: dokly duomi SD 72 “duoklę duomi” [‘I give tribute’], afch iemus dūmi ambina giwenima BP II 83 “Aš jiemus duomi amžiną gyvenimą” [‘I give them eternal life’], galwa sawa dūmi ūbu awis mana BP II 74 “Galvą savo duomi užu avis mano” [‘I lay down my life for my sheep’], dūkem nauie tikra Dwaje BP II 301 “Duokem (duok mi) naują tikrą dvasią” [‘Give me a new, true spirit’], padūmi ing twirtas rakas tawos βweczeusios meiles DK 180–181 “Paduomi į tvirtas rankas tavos švenčiausios meilės” [‘I entrust [myself] to the strong hands of your most holy love’]. We find examples of this kind in the works of our linguists, too. There are quite a few in J. Jablonskis’s writings: duokiam (duokia + mi, i.e., duokiam) duonos kasnelį Ky (J. Jabl), tylėk, vaikeli, tuoj duonelės duosiut (duosiu tau [‘I’ll give you’]) (J. Jabl 1957: 256), paskum ir savo veidą pamirodė (parodė man [‘showed me’]), dantį svembiam, dantį geliam * I sincerely thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. V. Vitkauskas for suggesting the topic and for his help in writing this article (preparing the map and editing the transcription). 201 (swembia man, gelia man) (J. Jabl 1957: 255–256). Profesoriaus Z. Zinkevičiaus teigimu (Zinkevičius 1966: 300), keletas panašių pavyzdžių yra pateikta K. Jauniaus Lietuvių kalbos gramatikoje. Galima būtų paminėti tokius sakinius: suspauskiam (= suspauskim) galvelę “сожми мне головушку”, dantį skaudam “у меня болит зуб”, ar dantį skaudat? (= skauda tau) “болит у тебя зуб?”, tylėk, ryškė paimsiuot (= paimsiu tau) “молчи, возьму тебе розгу”(Zinkevičius 1966: 300–301). F. Kuršaičio manymu (KGr 1876: 299), tokios formos Prūsų lietuviams buvo žinomos iš senųjų giesmynų, o gyvojoje kalboje beveik nebevartojamos. Vis dėlto pietų žemaičiai varniškiai, laukuv iškiai, kvėdarniškiai, švėkšniškiai, žvingiškiai, pajūriškiai ir kiti seni tų kraštų žmonės dar kartais pasako būsimojo laiko I asmens formas su priaugusiu t (< ti) arba gretutines (esam. I asm.) formas, net prie veik. rūšies dalyvio prideda tą -t (< ti) (bovâu os'ek'ėšos'ít “buvau užsikišusi”, bova žad'iejøs'it “buvai žadėjusi”). Tai netekęs reikšmės datyvas. Prof. V. Grinaveckis states that in his dialect (around Laukuva), verbs in the indicative future tense are often pronounced with a t at the end of the first- and second-person endings, and gives the following sentences: d'ėrpsūt špuok'ė.n'ę ~ dirbsuot špok inę “I will make a nesting box”; asût nòmin ~ eisuot numien “I will go home”; važ'úsūt i š'el'al'ę ~ važiuosuot (“I will go”) to Šilalė; v'ėrsūt v'ėč'er'ė pōtra ~ virsuot (“I will cook”) porridge for supper; ar ės'it' i jėž'era “or will you go to the lake”; a dūs'it mon p'itos ~ or will you give me lunch; je jės'it, gàus'it ~ if you are (“you are”), you will get (“you will get”) (Grinaveckis 1960: 109). The first-person future form with the ending t is used more often than the second-person form. Sometimes t is also pronounced at the end of other verb forms, e.g.: ož'b'l'õskas bov'âu os'ę k'ėšos'ít ~ behind my blouse (“shirt”) I had tucked [a handkerchief] (Grinaveckis 1960: 109). It is thought that the endings t of the aforementioned verbs are a remnant of the dative case of the enclitic pronoun ti (to you). Having lost its meaning, ti fused with the first-person verb form and came to be regarded as an ending. Later, by analogy with the first person, t also began to be added to second-person verb endings. Sometimes, according to the data I have, it is also added to other verb forms. It is often fused with the ending of first-person present-tense verbs; occasionally, it has even become attached to participial endings. This could also be demonstrated by examples recorded by me and in other neighboring Samogitian dialects (some were taken from the LKŽ card index, while others were recorded by Dr. V. Vitkauskas). Here they are: būsūt naž'ėnos nuv'erc'au jūkās Pj (LKŽ K) “I would be, not knowing—I'd have knocked it down as a joke”; kon dar'īs'it Šv “what will you do?”; kon p'ėrks'it torgū Šv “what will you buy at the market?”; mos'iet tor'ies'it t'ik p'ėn'ingu, ka tūok'os dal'ik'os p'ėrkal'ūoje Šv (LKŽ K) “You must have so much money to buy such things?”; ka to l'ie ks'it pro dor'ės Grdm “that you’ll dash out through the door”; kaž'ė ar aš tau it'ėksūt Šv “I wonder if I’ll appeal to you?”; dā nū galvùos tabl'ieč'o tòruūt Kv (LKŽ K) “still have some headache tablets”; làukūt làukūt, vọ ànūo jau nàb'ie (deceased) Šv “keep waiting, keep waiting, but they’re not there anymore”. 202 Distribution map of the verb forms mi, ti in the Southern Samogitian dialects (dūnininkai) List of settlements from which material was collected 286 – Judrėnai (Klaipėda district) 288 – Kvėdarna (Šilalė district) 254 – Laukuva (Šilalė district) 322 – Pajūris (Šilalė district) 289 – Šiauduva (Šilalė district) 323 – Šilalė 285 – Švėkšna (Šilalė district) 321 – Tenэнiai (Šilalė district) 356 – Vainutas (Šilalė district) 357 – Žvingiai (Šilalė District) 203 to plough, but that one is gone now”; I’ll skin it, and you’ll know Jdr (LKŽ K) “I’ll skin (the hide), and you’ll know”; to have barley, wheat Šv “to have barley, wheat”; you’ll drive to the market Šv “you’ll drive to the market”; I’ll go to Raibys Šv “I’ll go to Raibys”; I’ll finish sewing right away Grdm “I’ll finish sewing right away”; give back what you had promised Lkv (LKŽ K) “give back what you had promised”; I’ll bring it in Žv (LKŽ K) “I’ll bring it in”; what could I pour out of it (from that drink), I have eaten Tn (LKŽ K) “what could I pour out of it, I have eaten”; she had promised me long ago Lkv (LKŽ K) “she had promised me long ago”; if you don’t wake me, he’ll curse me Vn (LKŽ K) “if you don’t wake me, he’ll curse me”; I would have brought it back from the neighbors (the tube) Šv “I would have brought it back from the neighbors”; perhaps I won’t risk it – I’m going to the hospital Kv “perhaps I won’t risk it – I’m going to the hospital”; keep licking until you get your tail in Šv (LKŽ XVII 469). As the examples show, the enclitic ending is used not only with future-tense verbs. Verb forms tòriūt, l’àukūt and other similar forms show that present-tense verbs, and even participles, take enclitic endings. It is thought that the enclitics mi, ti, having lost their original meaning, began to be attached to other verb forms. The available linguistic data suggest that this is a very old, vanishing linguistic phenomenon, yet one that is certainly important for linguistics and still lives on in the speech of the elderly. On the basis of the examples provided, the map shows the boundaries of this phenomenon’s use: in the west, they run through Ramučiai and Inkakliai and along the western edge of Skomantai; in the north, through Pežaičiai, Petraičių, Judrėnai, and along the southern edge of Šiuraitis; in the east, through Požerė and along the eastern and southern edges of Šilalė; and in the south, through Žvingiai, Bikavėnai, and Gorainiai, ending again at Ramučiai. LITERATURE AND SOURCES BP II – Postilla tatái esti Trumpas ir Prastas Ischguldimas Evangelin... By J a n a B r e t-k u n a... Königsberg... 1591. Parts I and II. DK – Catechism or instruction necessary for every Christian. Written by D. Iakvba Ledesma, theologian of the Society of Jesus. Translated from Polish into Lithuanian by the priest M i k a ł o j u D a u g s z a, canon of Samogitia. Printed in Vilnius... 1595. G r i n a v e c k i s V. 1960: Šiaurės vakarų dünininkų tarmių fonetinės ypatybės ir jų raida. – VVPI Mokslo darbai, Lietuvių kalba ir literatūra 11, 41–110. G r i n a v e c k i s V. 1957: Šiaurės vakarų dünininkų tarmių vokalizmas. Balsiai a, e. – VVPI Mokslo darbai 3, 161–174. H e r m a n n S. 1926: Litauische Studien, Berlin. J.Jabl – J a b l o n s k i s J. Selected Writings 1, Vilnius: State Publishing House for Political and Scientific Literature, 1957. J o n i k a s P. 1939: Pagramančio tarmė, Kaunas: Švietimo ministerijos knygų leidimo komisija. KGr – Grammar of the Lithuanian Language by F r i e d r i c h K u r s c h a t, Halle a. S., 1876. LKŽ I–II – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 1, Vilnius, 1941; 2, Kaunas: State Publishing House for Encyclopedias, Dictionaries and Scientific Literature, 1947. LKŽ XVII – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 17, Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedias Publishing House, 1996. 204 LKŽ K – the card index of the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language.” Salvys A. 1992: Raštai 4, Roma: Lietuvių Katalikų Mokslo Akademija. SD – Sirvydas K. 1713: Dictionarium trium linguarum, In usum Studiosae Iuventutis. Avctore... Constantino Szyrw id... Qwinta editio... Vilnae... M DCC XIII... (žodyno penktasis leidimas). Stang Ch. S. 1966: Vergleichende Grammatik der Baltischen Sprachen, Oslo [ir kt.]. Zinkevičius Z. 1966: Lietuvių dialektologija, Vilnius: Mintis. THE USAGE OF THE ENCLITIC VERB FORMS mi, ti IN SOME DIALECTS OF SOUTHERN SAMOGITIAN Summary The paper analyses a very old phenomenon of the Lithuanian language - the enclitic verb forms mi, ti and their usage in old writings and the Southern Samogitian (dūnininkai) dialect. Appended is a map indicating the spread of these forms. 205