Ypatybės stiprinimo vediniai su priesaga „-itkas“, „-ickas“ pietrytinėse lietuvių kalbos šnektose

LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XXXVIII (1997) Aloyzas VIDUGIRIS INTENSIFYING DERIVATIVES WITH THE SUFFIX -itkas, -ickas IN THE SOUTHEASTERN LITHUANIAN DIALECTS Adjectives with the suffix -itkas or -ickas are used quite frequently in the dialects of the southeastern Lithuanian linguistic periphery. Derivatives with these suffixes intrigue many researchers not only through their form (expression), but also through their meaning. The aim here is to examine somewhat more extensively the formation and usage of these derivatives, especially since a good opportunity has arisen to do so: to remember one of the greatest specialists in Lithuanian word formation, the linguist Pranas Skardžius. P. Skardžius has firmly taken his place among the most renowned Lithuanian linguists, alongside his teachers J. Jablonskis, K. Būga, J. Balčikonis, his fellow scholar A. Salys, and others. Having written a celebrated trilogy (the doctoral dissertation “Die slavischen Lehnwörter im Altlitauischen” 1931, the habilitation thesis “Daukšos akcentologija” 1935, and the fundamental work “Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba” 1941), P. Skardžius, still a young man, had already become a classic of Lithuanian linguistics. We, as scholars of Lithuanian, have each come to know or become connected in different ways with the names and works of this linguist, as well as of other linguists dear to us. Fate decreed that I would hear the surname Skardžius from my earliest childhood. However, I learned about Skardžius as a linguist and scholar only as the war was drawing to a close in 1944, when I moved from Panevėžys Gymnasium to study at the newly established Subačius Progymnasium. More than once, as we walked by, we admired the neatly yellow-painted house on the main street of the town of Subačius, where Pranas’s elder brother Antanas Skardžius (born 1896) lived. In 1958, while studying the Subačius dialect under the Lithuanian Language Atlas program with Antanas Balašaitis and interviewing A. Skardžius, who spoke in the characteristic Subačius dialect (with rhotacism), we learned that he and his brother Pranas had both been born away from the street, at an old homestead situated on the beautiful left bank of the Viešinta River. And some 200–300 m away, on the right bank of the Viešinta, stood the very well-kept, truly ethnographic birthplace of another of our linguists, the lexicographer Domas Lukšys (1912–1979), where both his parents were still living at the time. At that time there was a political “thaw.” According to his brother Antanas, P. Skardžius had written that he had high hopes of meeting Juozas Matulis, then president of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, during his visit to America, and hoped to return to Lithuania. We, too, looked forward to this no less. Sadly, in vain. Derivatives with the suffix -itkas or -ickas are used primarily in the far southeastern reaches of the Lithuanian language area, both within and beyond Lithuania’s present-day borders. They are mostly adjectives and adverbs with emphatic (diminutive, endearing, sometimes derogatory) meanings, e.g.: ašt-ritkas, -à or aštrickas, -à ‘very sharp, extremely sharp’: aštras, -à, aštrùs, -ì; aštrìkai or aštrickai, aštrickai ‘very sharply, extremely sharply’; aštriai; gražìtkas, -à, gražìtkai or gražickas, -à, gražickai: gražùs, -ì, gražiài; márgitkas -à, margitkai or márgickas, -à, margickai: márgas, -à, margai. The basic form of this suffix is considered to be -itk-. It occurs in the Lithuanian dialect of Zietela, which has preserved a more archaic sound system. The suffix -ick-, which is most widespread 207 along the margins of the southern Aukštaitian dialect, is probably a secondary, Dzūkian variant of the first suffix. Derivatives with the suffix -ickas are most commonly used around Armóniškės, Benekáinis, Dievėniškės, Lazūnai, Nóčia, Pelėsa, Ródūnia, Varenáva (Bálatna), and less often around Butrimónys, Eišiškės, Kalesninkai, Rūdnė, and elsewhere. In other words, Zietela, together with the other dialects in the southeastern corner of the Lithuanian language area, is one of the main centers where this suffix is used. Farther to the northwest, that is, deeper into the main Lithuanian dialects, instances of derivatives with this suffix become less frequent. The boundary of active use of these derivatives reaches Gervėčiai, Šalčininkėliai, Merkinė, and Rudamina (Lazdijai district). However, similar derivatives with suffixes formed by the consonant clusters -ck- or -čk- also occur considerably beyond this boundary, e.g.: dvynickas, -à ‘someone born together with another’ (LKŽ II: 980), pagìrckas, -à ‘someone who likes to boast’ Krs, Sb, plikùckas, -à ‘someone who is bald or has had their hair cut short’ Pg, NdŽ, pri-déckas ‘appendix’ Jns, Jrb, Krs, KzR, Vdk (LKŽ X: 236, 611). Linguists do not all explain the origin of the suffix -itkas, -ickas (-itskas) in the same way. E. Fraenkel, the first to survey the formation of suffixal derivatives in the southeastern Lithuanian dialects, considers the suffix -itkas or -itskas foreign, borrowed from the Slavic languages. He compares the Polish and Belarusian diminutive derivatives maciutki/malutki ‘very small’, milutki ‘very dear, darling’, raniutko ‘very early’, niziutko ‘very low’ with the corresponding diminutives of the Lithuanian dialects of this region, mācìtkas, mýlitkas (mýletkas), ankstìtkai Zt, žemetskài Dv. The consonant s in the latter derivative may have been inserted on the model of Slavic nizko (Fraenkel 1936: 55–56). In P. Skardžius’s view, derivatives with the suffix -itka-, -icka- have different origins. “Adjectives with the suffix -icka- may be formed not only on the model of Slavic loanwords with icka- (e.g., katalickas ‘Catholic’ and others), but also on the model of reanalyses such as Zietela grāžìtkas ‘very beautiful’, mýlitkas ‘very affectionate, loving’, and others, which, after the consonant s was inserted between t and k, may eventually have yielded the retracted suffix -icka-“ (Skardžius 1941: 123). For J. Otrębski, the suffix -itkas (and its variants -ickas, -uckas) is compound: its first element, -it-, is purely Lithuanian; compare baltìtelỹs, mažìtelỹs (common words in Daukša’s Postil), mažutėlis, while the second, -kas, was later borrowed from the Slavic (Belarusian or Polish) languages, after the “yers had disappeared”; compare Polish maleńki < *mal-en-bkъ, dobrutki < *dobr-ut-bkъ. The ickas variant of the suffix (cf. núogickas, plikùckas) arose when the consonant cluster -tk- developed into -ck- through Dzūkian affrication (Otrębski 1965: 273). Without going further into the process by which this suffix developed, it is certain that its emergence was shaped by the close and long-standing contacts of the southeastern Lithuanian dialects with the Slavic languages. Today, the spread here of derivatives with variants of this suffix is encouraged by the fairly frequent use of Belarusian diminutive adjectives and adverbs of corresponding meaning, e.g.: bélɛn’ki ‘very white’, blízen’ka/blizútka ‘very near’, dóbran’ki ‘very good’, čórnen’ki ‘very black’, mílen’ki ‘very dear, darling’, nìzen’ki ‘very low’, tónen’ki ‘very thin’ (cf. Zietela báltìtkas, -à, artìtkai, gérìtkas, -à, júodìtkas, -à, mӣelìtkas, -à, plónìtkas, -à, žémìtkas, -à), and others. 208 Viewed from outside, derivatives with the suffix -itkas or ickas lend the southern dialects a certain exotic quality, although from the perspective of those dialects they are commonplace. The suffix usually intensifies the property expressed by the base word, e.g.: Aštricka, plonickà, alnė (vos ne) visų svietų díngia (ms. ãdata) Lz: cf. ãštras, -à, plónas, -à. O aghė aukšticka buvo Lz: aukštas, -à. Ak, Dievèli, aũlkštitkas, kas gi táu pasakė Zt: aukštas, -à ‘important, distinguished’. Dróbe balticka kap sniegas Rod: bãltas, -à. Krivãunẏkas (yarrow) žalickas, o jo gėláite (little flower) bacicka Lz: žãlias, -à. Reikia rassiaut bãsitkas Zt: bãsas, -à. Gėrickos abì dukterys Vrnv: gėras, -à. Atãj juódzickas nug dárbo Dv: júodas, -à. Vaikėli tu mãno, kokiós távo akėlės gražickos Lz: gražùs, -ì. Papraũstai kojykas (little feet), būtų langvitka Zt: lengvas, -à. Macitkų ridikūtų reikėtų pasėt Zt: mãckas, -à ‘small, tiny’. Da aš mãzickas buvau, šìli óžkas ganiau Grv: mãzkas, -à ‘small’. Pìlnickas kap akis Rod: pìlnas, -à. Visì maišūkai šlapicki Nč: šlapias, -ià. Giesmelãs trumpickàs gieda Dv: trumpas, -à. Usually the stem of the derivative does not agree with the stem of the base word: masculine forms have an ō stem, while feminine forms have an ā stem. Exceptions do occur, however. In the Lithuanian dialect of Zietela, the stem of derivatives with the suffix -itkas is sometimes made to agree with that of the base word, e.g.: Gražitkùs nãto vaikūtas bìt (was) Zt. Bìt gražitkì tój mergýtė Zt: gražùs, -ì. Sometimes the neuter form is also used, e.g.: Tai jiemì visa gražitkù čia Zt: gražù. Otherwise, ō- and ā-stem forms predominate, cf. Ach mãnas mielitkas, mãnas gražitkas Zt. Tokės gražitkõs mergýtės daugėst neragėjau Zt. Aš gražitkái sa jáis apsėdinėju (behave) Zt. Derivatives with the suffix -itkas, -ickas can be formed equally from Lithuanian base words and from loanwords, e.g.: Ánas savisù (very) biėdnitkas bìt Zt: biėdnas, -à ‘poor, destitute’. Drabnickų litaru (letters) nèragių Lz: drãbnas, -à ‘small, fine’. Mãnas gãdnitkas, kap tū suradai manè Zt: gãdnas, -à ‘good’. Mergėlė krùlickà, gražickà, raudonickà, kap un jós pažūri, vėrkce noris (ms. cibulià ‘onion’) Lz: krù/gllas, -à ‘round’. Every derivative formed with this suffix—an adjective—usually also has an adverb, e.g.: Kap mãn mergėlai aukštickai nėšókce, keciño manì bocìa (father) ažù jáu no dúoce (d.) Lz: aukštickas, -à. Būsta biėdnitkai, savisù biėdnitkai Zt: biėdnitkas, -à. Jau gerickai (considerably) grew dark Vrnv: gėrickas, -à. Gražickai (completely) fell into poverty, down to the beggar’s bag (a beggar’s basket or pouch) Mrk: gražickas, -à. Jau senickai žmogùs (man, master of the household) pãmirė Dv: šėnickas, -à and others. There are also adverbs with this suffix for which the dialects have no corresponding adjectives, just as their base adverbs also lack them, e.g.: Kap prisikéliau ankščickai, tai vis darbì ir darbì ik pačiai vėlùmai Asv. Gyvì (livestock) vãrom un gãniavos unscickai, dábar (still) saulė netekėjì Lz: early. Kám artìkai, tai nebėdà, o kam tolì, tai blogai Zt: near. Lydón mùmi toulìkai (very far) Zt: toulì/tolì. Derivatives with the suffix -itkas or ickas are usually formed from primary adjec- 209 …forms, but derivatives made from secondary, i.e. suffixed, adjectives also occur, e.g.: Macintulnikas dar bit anas Zt. Macintulniką dviejų nedėnių (weeks) pãmetė (bare) berniuką Zt: macintulis, -ė, cf. Dar anà neütarino (did not speak) nothing, macintulė bit Zt. Iškasė sáu sožaukėlą (a small pond) nedidelitką Zt: nedidelis, -ė. The suffixal formation of these adjectives, as of other adjectives (e.g. yellow, red), is still sometimes recognized by speakers, cf.: Gelatės maškos medži tokios geltonickos Lz, greta Ruduškos (such mushrooms, chanterelles) gelcickos Lz: geltas, -à ‘yellow’. Similarly, the derivative with this suffix artipilnickas has also arisen from a compound word, e.g.: Pridariau artipilnickų bliūdų (bowls) smetuonos (sour cream) Arm. Įnvertė artipilnickų sėtuvių rugių Arm: artipilinis, -ė. Sometimes the suffix -ickas is replaced by -uckas, e.g.: Pãmetė vaikus mažučkus kap mešlūs Dv. This was most likely formed on the model of the derivatives mažutis, mažutėlis. The suffix -itkas or -ickas can be added not only to positive-degree adjective forms, but also to comparative forms, e.g.: Da mánas vyrãlis, da mánas gražãsnickas, da mánas mėlasai, kám tu nùmirei (a lament) Lz. Mažãsnickámp bernáicip duntáicei radõs Lz. Sometimes the comparative adverb viekikčiau < viekiau ‘rather, as soon as possible, faster’ also has this suffix, e.g.: Vi(e)titkiau nùmire Zt. Ánas v(i)ekitkiau izdėj (put on) an jós ražõnčį (a rosary) Zt. In general, derivatives with the suffix -itkas/-ickas differ in usage hardly at all from ordinary adjectives. In individual dialects, several of these derivatives can also have definite forms, e.g.: Maną tu duktaite gražickój, maną tu mielickój Lz. Jáuickasai bernėliau, aik manis(p) Lz. Ko, mergėla, ko, jaunickóji, staláliop priguldinėji (you are weeping) Lz. Paduõj (hand me) paduškėh (a small pillow) mažickuju Dv. Kó gegužėlė, ko, mėlynickóji, sesėhes(p) padbėgdinėji Lz. Mūsi (perhaps), gegužėlė, mūsi, mėlynickóji, blógu anytų pajausdinėji Lz. Kòč’ (though, perhaps) blógu, kòč’ neblógu, nebūs momùlė, nebūs radnickóji (the real one) Lz. Sausickóji pieva Lz. Nebūs [žemelė] šilcickóji, nebūs šviesickóji (a lament) Lz. Like ordinary adjectives, these derivatives have definite forms only in certain cases. Most often this is the singular nominative, which, following the example of Slavic languages, often also substitutes for the vocative; less often, the singular accusative, instrumental, etc. These secondary derivatives usually retain the lexical meaning of their base adjectives, e.g.: aštritkas, -à / aštrickas, -à adj. (³ᵇ) 1. ‘very well sharpened, sharp’: Náta aštritkas peilùkas Zt. aštritkai/aštrickai adv.: Aštritkai pagelāsk peilį Zt. Aštrickai išgáląsdin peilį Lz. 2. ‘very pointed’: Nosùkas [ežio] yr tokis aštrickas Zt. Aštrickà plonickà, alne visų svietų dîngia (probably a needle) Lz. 3. figurative ‘very hot, quick-tempered’: Kumelýka bit žìki (nimble), labãi aštritkà Zt. màcitkas, -à / màzickas, -à adj. (³ᵇ) 1. ‘very small, of small dimensions’: Lėkė macitkà bitėlė Zt. Sãvą peilùką macitkà mūmi pãmetė (left behind) Zt. Ános pìna macitkùs vainikùs Zt. Krùlickà (rather round), maskickà visų svietų dîngia (probably a needle) Lz. Vìre momà košėh maskickai puodėly Lz. 2. ‘not fully grown, tiny’: Dù paršukù pìko macitkù Zt. Bit macitkà mergýtė ir macitkas vaikùtas Zt. O tai macitkái mergýteip 210 gėras bōčis bit Zt. 3. ‘very sparse’: Satėmo ir mačitkas lytūkas nuvėj Zt. 4. ‘very short’: Vāsarai dienā didelė, naktis mačitkā Zt. 5. ‘affectionate, darling’: Vaikūtas tu mānas, māčitkas tu mānas Zt. Sometimes the suffix -itkas /-ickas is added even to other parts of speech, such as: a/ to the demonstrative pronoun niekas ‘nothing’, e.g.: 1 niekickas noun (1) ‘a trifle’: A tai niekickas, nėr kō ir atsiprašinēć Grv. 2 niekickas/niekitkas definite pronoun (1) ‘nothing at all’: Iš savų niekicko nėra Dv. Nėra nė kunōdos (potato), nė dūonos, nėkitko, visa nuplūko Zt. Nėko niekicko (nothing at all) nėra Rod. Ānas tokis, kad nenorėjo pasōgos (dowry) nėkitko Zt. b/ to individual nouns (or their adverbialized forms), e.g.: krūpitką ‘a little crumb’: Saldienis krūpitka rūlg|štūs Zt. skūlāćitka (a small blister, pimple): Pazdāro vo tokiā mačitkā skūlāćitka, mačitkà tokiā, kaip kokis grūdūkas Zt. vaikitkas ‘poor little child, little boy’: Nēkap išsilāižė (recovered) vaikitkas Zt. c/ to the numeral vienas ‘one’, e.g.: Va, vienitka (alone, all by oneself) satikțų an ūlyćios (street) dōr (< still) prikūltų Zt. In some dialects, derivatives with the suffix -itkas/-ickas can also be extended with further suffixes or formatives, which likewise convey intensifying meaning, e.g.: Ankstic-kutēlis rītas Rdm. Išāj ankstिकutēliai kārvių šērc’ Grv. Ankstickutēliai dār niēkur nei kūkšterē(jo), nei trikšterē(jo), išvažiavāu Rod. Šienpjoviāi ankstic-kutēliai suskēši pievas gūldo Rod. Mān rōdos, kad artickutēliai šāudo Nč. Liz-dūkas articcutūkai prie ārklio kūolo ir nesumindžiotas Rdm. Dar tamsickutē-liai būvo, kap aš paskēliau Nč. Adverbs with the prefix pa- can also have this suffix, e.g.: Nebēk, pamacit-kū (slowly) aīk Zt. Pamacitkū būstam Zt. Rassidailēm (we shared) mēs pa-macitkū, be žmonių, be nyko Zt. Padirbo kastili (a crutch) ir vaikščioju be amo-rų (supports, braces) pamaskitū Zt. Ataik tu manīp pamaskickāi Lz. Aš Joskū-nuos vienā aimū pamazićkai Lz. Pōkōl neprigērė, sēdēj patyćhitku (quietly, very quietly) Zt. Jiemi šieno šienāvo ir krōvē kūgīuosna patīesitkai (truly, really) pasakyt Zt. Adverbialized derivatives with this suffix can sometimes also be used as prepositions, e.g. Jau vilkas būvo artickēleliui (very close, extremely near) manī Grv. Vilkas jau artickōs (very close) manī būvo, kaip aš jį užvydau Grv. When speaking Belarusian, bilingual speakers of these dialects sometimes use the borrowed suffix -itkas/-ickas instead of the hybrid suffix -enkas/-iankas, that is, they seemingly translate only the root of the Belarusian adjective with the corresponding meaning, as in the Gervečiai dialect raudoniánkas (cf. Belarusian krasnen’ki ‘very red’): O kokiā raudoniánka visā žēmē; sauslánkas (Belarusian suchen’ki ‘very dry’): Sausiánkas šienas; šlapiánkas (Belarusian mok-ran’ki ‘very wet’): Kap anklōjo manī vyras, tai aš paskēliau šlapiánka. Kōlei atvažiavāu miestēlin, tai arklys šlapiánkas būvo Grv. The variety of derivatives with the suffix -itkas /-ickas also attests to their vitality and, evidently, considerable age of use. This suffix often pushes other diminutive 211 the suffixes that intensify a property. As a result, in areas where adjectives with the suffix -itkas /-ickas are more widespread, fewer diminutive adjectives with purely Lithuanian suffixes generally remain; for example, around Lazūnai, it seems that only isolated derivatives of the latter have survived (e.g., mažūkas, -ė, mažūtis, -ė), or individual forms of pronominal adjectives that serve an emphatic function. Derivatives with the suffix -ickas /-itkas are most widespread along the southeastern edges of the Lithuanian-speaking area. In some places they are used more often, elsewhere less often. Often, some families favor these derivatives more than others. They are encountered only rarely in the speech of speakers of monolingual dialects. They are most commonly used by bilingual or multilingual speakers of these dialects. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the vitality and use in these dialects of derivatives with the suffix -itkas or -ickas are sustained by Slavic diminutives with corresponding meanings and derivational patterns, especially those in Belarusian. LITERATŪRA F r a e n k e l E. 1936: Der Stand der Erforschung des im Wilnagebiete gesprochenen Litauischen. – Baltico-slavica 2. Wilno. LKŽ I–XVI: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1–16. Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla (3–6), Mintis (10–15); Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla (16), 1956–1995. Po pavyzdžių duodami gyvenamųjų vietų vardų sutrumpinimai yra tokie pat kaip LKŽ. O t r ę b s k i J. 1965: Gramatyka języka litewskiego 2. Nauka o budowie wyrazów, Warszawa: Panstwowe wydawnistwo naukowe. S k a r d ž i u s P. 1941: Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba. Vilnius. ABLEITUNGEN MIT DEM SUFFIX -itkas, -ickas ZUM AUSDRUCK DER VERSTÄRKTEN EIGENSCHAFT IN DEN SÜDÖSTLICHEN LITAUISCHEN MUNDARTEN Zusammenfassung Die Ableitungen mit dem Suffix -itkas, -ickas sind besonders verbreitet in den südöstlichen Randgebieten des litauischen Sprachraumes diesseits der heutigen Grenzen Litauens (um Dieveniškės, Šalčininkai, Eišiškės, Dubičiai u.a.) wie auch jenseits (besonders in dem Belorußland angeschlossenen Bezirk Varenavas, im Bezirk Vija, in der Umgebung von Lazūnai, in der Umgebung von Zietela, oder Diatlov u.a.). Seinem Ursprung nach ist das Suffix -itkus (besonders gebräuchlich bei den Litauern aus Zietela) oder seine dzükische Variante -ickas – unter Einfluß der nahen Kontakte zwischen den litauischen südöstlichen Dialekten und den slavischen Sprachen (Belorussisch und Polnisch) entstanden. Mit ihm werden vorwiegend Adjektive und Adverbien gebildet. Dieses Suffix dient gewöhnlich dazu, die durch das Grundwort das ausgedrückte Eigenschaft als verstärkt zu bezeichnen, z. B.: ā́štritkas, -à /ā́štrickas, -à ‘sehr scharf, ziemlich scharf’: āštrūs, -ī; ā́u(k)štitkas, -à / ā́ukštickas, -à ‘sehr hoch, ziemlich hoch’: ā́u(k)štas, -à; mielitkas, -à / mielickas, -à ‘sehr lieb, ziemlich lieb’: mielas, -à; artitkai / artic kai ‘ziemlich nahe’; tolitkai / tulickai ‘sehr weit, ziemlich weit’. Diese Ableitungen verdrängen in vielen Gegenden Ableitungen von ähnlicher Bedeutung – gebildet mit anderen litauischen Suffixen – und verdrängen dabei pronominale Adjektivfor- 212 men, die dort nicht mehr gebraucht werden.Die Gebräuchlichkeit und Verbreitung der Ableitungen mit dem Suffix -itkas oder -ickas in den südöstlichen litauischen Dialekten fördern die Diminutiva entsprechender Bedeutung in den slawischen Sprachen, besonders im Belorussischen mit dem Suffix -en'ki (vgl.: bélen'ki, dóbran'ki, ćórnen'ki, blízen'ka / bliziútka) 213