Ypatybės stiprinimo vediniai su priesaga „-itkas“, „-ickas“ pietrytinėse lietuvių kalbos šnektose

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XXXVIII (1997) Aloyzas VIDUGIRIS FEATURES STRENGTHENING WATER SU PROMISE -itkas, -ickas In the dialects of the south-eastern edge of Lithuanian, adjectives with the suffix -itkas or -ickas are quite often used. The Vedas of this adverb intrigue many researchers not only with their form (expression), but also with their meaning. Here we want to look at the making and use of these Vedas more broadly. All the more so that a good occasion has arisen for this — remembering one of the greatest specialists of word formation in the Lithuanian language, linguist Pranas Skardžių. P. Skardžius has firmly entered the ranks of the most prominent Lithuanian linguists alongside his teachers J. Jablonskis, K. Būga, J. Balčikonis, his fellow researcher A. Salis and others. After writing a famous trilogy (a doctoral dissertation “Die slavischen Lenhnworter im Altlitauischen” in 1931, a habilitation thesis “Daukšos accentologija” in 1935 and a fundamental work “Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba” in 1941), P. Skarddžius, still a young man, became a classic of Lithuanian linguistics. With the names and works of this, as well as of other linguists dear to us, we Lithuanians are each familiar or related in a different way. Fate so determined that the name of Skardžiai had to be heard from a very young age. However, I learned about Skardžius as a linguist and scientist only at the end of the war in 1944, when I moved from Panevėžys Grammar School to the growing Subačius Progymnasium. Many times, passing by, we admired the beautiful yellow-painted house on the main street of Subačius town, where Prano older brother Antanas Skardžius (born in 1896) lived. In 1958, under the “Atlas of Lithuanian Language” program, while researching the Subačius dialect with Antanas Balašaitis and speaking with the beautifully sub-Athenianized (rotininkuojantis) A. Skardžius, we experienced that both of them and their brother Pranas were born away from the street in an old farm, located in the beautiful left bank of the Viešinta river. About 200-300 years ago, on the right bank of Viešinta, there stood a very neat, ethnographic homestead of another Lithuanian linguist and lexicographer, Domas Lukšys (1912-1979), where both his parents lived at the time. At that time, there was a "political retreat". Mr. Skardžius, according to his brother Antanas, wrote that he had great hopes of meeting the President of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences at the time, Juozas Matulis, who was visiting America, and hoped to return to Lithuania. That is what we were waiting for. Unfortunately, in vain. Vedic names with the suffix -itkas or -ickas are mainly used in the southeastern edges of the Lithuanian language area, both beyond the current borders of Lithuania and beyond them. These are mainly adjectives and adverbs of emphasis (deminutive, minor, graceful, sometimes derogatory- ), e.g.: 4stritkas, -a or astrickas, -a ‘very sharp, sharp': astras, -a, aštrūs, -i; aštritkai or astrickai, aštrickai ‘very sharp, sharp': sharp; grazickas, -a, grazickai: beautiful, -i, beautifully; margitkas -a, margitkai or margickas, -a, margickai: margas, -a, margai. The main form of this suffix is -rtk-. It has a more archaic sound system than the Lithuanian dialect of Zietela. And the suffix -ick-, which is most common on the edges of the southern Altay dialect, is probably a secondary, Dzūkian variant of the first suffix. Vedic suffix 207 su -Ickas usually used about Armoniškes, Benekainis, Dievėniškes, Lazūnus, Nėčią, Pelėsą, Rėdūnią, Varenavą (Balatnu), less often about Butrimėnis, Eišiškes, Kalesninkiai, Rūdna ir elsewhere. In other words, Zietela and su other dialects of the southeastern corner of Lithuanian are the most important sources of use of this prefix. Further į northwest, i.e. deep into 1 the main dialects of Lithuanian language, the use of these adverbs decreases. The active consumption limit of these derivatives reaches Gervėčius, Šalčininkėliai, Merkinė, Rudaminą "Lazdijas raj." However, similar Vedic suffixes su forming consonants -ckar -dkjunginiais occurs far ir beyond that limit, už e.g.: dvynickas, ‘someone born -a together with another' su (LKŽ II: praise, 980), ‘who likes -a to brag' Krs, Sb, plikūckas, “someone -a bald or bald-cut’ Pg, NdZ, prefix ‘appendix’ Ins, Jrb, Krs, KzR, Vdk (LKZ X: 236, 611). Adverbs -itkas, -ickas The origin of ne (-itskas) is interpreted equally by all linguists. E. Fraenkel, who was the first to review the construction of the adverbial vedic of the South-Eastern Lithuanian speakers, considers the suffix -itkas or -itskas to be foreign, borrowed from Slavic languages. He compares the diminutive Polish, Gudi derivatives maciutki/- malutki ‘very small’, milutki “very cute, sweet’, ranrutko “very early’, niziutko ‘very low’ with the corresponding deminutives of the Lithuanian speakers of this region macitkas, mylitkas (myletkas), ankstitkai Zt, žemetskai Dv. The latter's Vedic consonant s could be inserted following the example of the Slavic nizko (Fraenkel 1936: 55-56). In the opinion of Mr. Skardzis, the Vedic suffixes -itka-, -icka have different origins. "Adjectives with the suffix -icka can be formed not only from Slavic borrowings with /cka (e.g., katalickas 'kataliSkas', etc.), but also from such processings as Zietelos gražitkas'- very beautiful', mylitkas'very tender, meilingas', etc., which, by inserting the consonant starp fir K, could eventually give the digressive suffix -icka-" (Skardžius 1941: 123). For J. Otrembski, the suffix -itkas (and its variants -ickas, -uckas) is a compound, whose first accent -ff is purely Lithuanian, e.g. baltitelys, mažitelys (frequent words of Daukša Postila), mažutėlis, and the second -kas was later borrowed from slavy (Guds or Poles) languages, already “disappeared after the Iers”, e.g. Polish ma/eriki < *mal-enBk, dobrutki < *dobr-ut-pks. The variant of the adverb ickas (e.g. nūogickas, plikūckas) appeared for the consonant combination -£fKkišvirtus to -ckbecause of dzūkavimas (Otrębski 1965: 273). Without going further into the course of the formation of this suffix, it is undoubted that its emergence was caused by the close and long-standing contacts of the speakers of southeastern Lithuanian with Slavic languages. Today, the spread of the derivatives with this suffix is encouraged by the relatively frequent use of Gudi deminutives of adjectives and adverbs with the corresponding meaning, e.g.: bė/en'ki'baltutis, baltutelis’, blizen'ka/bliziūtka ‘the white’, dobran'ki ‘the sweet’, cornen’ki ‘the black’, milen’ki ‘the sweet’, nizen'’ki ‘the low’, tonen’ki ‘the thin’ (cf. zieteliskiy bd/titkas, -a, artitkai, géritkas, -a, juoditkas, -a, mielitkas, -a, plonitkas, -a, Zémitkas, -a) etc. 208 Vedic su suffix -itkas ickas ar adds a certain exoticism to iš the southern dialects from the country's point of view, although from the tų point of view of the speakers it is a familiar phenomenon. Ši The suffix usually reinforces the characteristic expressed by the main word, e.g. : Astricka, plonicka, alnė (vai ne) visų svietų dingia (ms. adata) Lz: plg. astras, -a, plonas, -a. O aglé auksticka buvo Lz: aukštas, -a. Oh, God, dufkjstitkas, who told you Zt: Aukštas, -a ‘important, honorable’. Drobé balticka kap sniégas Rod: baltas, -a. Krivdunykas (kraujazole) Zalickas, o jo gelaite (žiedelis) bacicka Lz: žalias, -a. Reikia rassiait basitkas Zt. basas, -a. Gérickos abi dūkterys Vrnv: géras, -a. Ataj juodzickas nug darbo Dv: juodas, -a. Vaikéli tu mano, kokios tavo akéfés grazickos Lz: gražūs, -I. Papraistai kojykas (kojytes- ), būtų langvitka Zt: lengvas, -a. Macitkį ridikuty reikėtų pasét Zt: mackas, -a “small, little one’. Da aš mazickas buvaū, šili 6zkas ganiaū Grv: mazkas, -a ‘small, -a’. "A.C.M.A.: All the Way Down" "A.C.M.A.: All the Way Down" "A.C.M.A.: All the Way Down" The root of the Vedic words is usually not compatible with the root of the base words: the masculine forms of the genus are of the d root, and the feminine forms of the genus are of the a root. However, there are sometimes exceptions. In the Lithuanian dialect of Zietelos, the base word is accompanied by the stem of a vedic word with the suffix -itkas, e.g. : Gražitkų nato vaikūtas bit (was) Zt. Bit gražitki to] mergytė Zt: gražūs, -i. Sometimes the form of the impersonal (no second) gender is used, e.g. : So they are all beautiful here Zt: beautiful. It consists mainly of the O and 4-trunk forms, plg. Oh my sweetheart, my beautiful Zt. I didn't want to have so many beautiful girls. I'm pretty good with them, Mr. Vedic words with the suffix -itkas, -ickas can be formed both from Lithuanian base words and from borrowed words without any distinction, e.g. : Anas savisū (visai) biédnitkas bit Zt: biédnas, -a “poor, destitute'. "Drabnickį litaru (liters) néragiu Lz: drabnas, -a'mažas- '" (in Lithuanian). "There's a thing I've learned from my father: he's a good man. Mergélé krulicka, gražicka, raudonicka, kap un jos paziri, verkce noris (e.g. cibulia ‘swogin’) Lz: krifg]las, -a ‘circular’. Each derivative of that suffix —an adjective—usually has an adverb, e.g. : Kap man mergėlai aukštickai nešokce, kecino mani bocia (father) ažu jauno dūoce (d.) Lz: aukštickas, -a. Būsta bičdnitkai, savisū biednitkai Zt: biėdnitkas, -a. Jau gerickai (gerokai)- pritemė Vrnv: gérickas, -a. Gražickai (visiškai) nusigyvečno iki tarbos (elgetos krepšys, maišelis) Mrk: gražickas, -a. Jau senickai Zmogus (vyras, šeimininkas) pamiré Dv: sénickas, -a ir kt. There are those suffixes adverbsmiy and having no corresponding budvardziy in those Snekts, just as there are no longer jy and basic adverbs, e.g. : As I said earlier, it's all work and work until the very end of Asv. Gyvy (cattle) varom un ganaavos unscickai, dabar (dar) saulė netekéjj Lz: early. For those who are artfully, it does not give, and for those who are far, it is bad Zt: near. Lydon mimi toulitkai (very far) Zt: touli/far. Vedics with suffix -/fkas or ickas are usually made from primary adjectives, but there are also vedics made from secondary adjectives, i.e. 209 iš iš adverbial adjectives, e.g. : Macintulitkas still bit anas Mr. Macintulitką two nedéliy (weeks) lost (naked) boy Zt: macintulis, -€, plg. Dar ana neutarino (non-damaged) niéko, macintulé bit Mr. Iskasé myself sožaukėlą (curl, pond) nedidelitka Zt: small, -é. These as well as ir other adjectives (e.g.: yellow, red) prepositional creation of speakers still sometimes distinguished, cf. : Gelafes masks among such geltonickas Lz, greta Ruduskos (such as mushrooms, overaites) gelcickos Lz: geltas, ‘yellow’. -a Similar iš compound word (diirinio) is derived from that suffix ir artipilnickas, e.g. : You added artipilnicky bliūdų (bowl) cream Arm. Inverse artipilnicky sétuvy rugiū Arm: artipilnis, Sometimes the -€. suffix -ickas is replaced by -uckas, e.g. : Pameté vaikus mazuckus kap mėšliai Dv. This is probably done according to the Vedic mažutis, mažutėlis. The suffix -itkas or -ickas can be added not only to the non-comparative forms of adjectives, but also to the forms of adjectives of higher degree, e.g. : Da manas vyralis, da manas gražasnickas, da manas mieloji, kam tu nūmirei (cries) Lz. Mažasnickamp berndicip duntdicer rados Lz. Sometimes this suffix is also used in the upper-order adverbs viekitkiai < viekiau‘- more, as soon as possible, as quickly as possible’, e.g. : Vi(e)titkiaū nūmirė Zt. Anas v(i)ekitkiaū trezorėj (uždėjo) an jos razoncj (rožinį) Zt. In general, the derivatives of the suffix -itkas/-ickas are almost identical in usage to ordinary adjectives. In some cases, the same person may have different names, e.g. : My beautiful daughter, my lovely daughter Lz. "Jauickasai bernéliau, aik manis(p) Lz. What, girl, what, bridesmaid, you're lying on the table? 2000: "Padudj (paduok) paduškėtį (paduškelę) mazickyjų Dv. 2000) 1918 – A. P. Blavatsky, Russian philosopher (d. 2000: The Blue, the Blue, the Blue, the Blue, the Blue, the Blue, the Blue, the Blue, the Blue, the Blue. Koc' (although, maybe) bad, koc' neblogy, nebūs momude, nebūs radnickoja (tikroji) Lz. Dry meadow Lz. There will be no [emele] šilcickoj, there will be no sviesickdj (red) Lz. These Vedic words, like ordinary Budvardziai, have noun forms only in certain syllables. The most common is the singular noun, which in the example of Slavic languages often substitutes the vowel, less frequently the singular adjective, conjunct, etc. These secondary derivatives usually retain the lexical meaning of the base adjectives, e.g. aštritkas, -a /aštrickas, -a adj. (3?) 1. “very well sharpened, sharp': Nata sharp knife Zt. aštritkai/aštrickai adv. : Ašstritkai yellow knife Zt. Sharply sharpen the knife Lz. 2. “very sharp': Nosūkas [ežio] yr toks astrickas Zt. Astricka plonicka, alne visų sviety dingia (ms. adata) Lz. 3rd Prk. “very hot, sharp': Kumelyka bit žitki (vikri), very aštritka Zt. macitkas, -a /mazickas, -a adj. (3?) 1. “very small, small dimensions': £éké macitka bitéfe Zt. The blade of his knife macitka mumi lost (left) Zt. Anna's pins small wreaths Zt. "Krūlicka (round), maskicka visų pasaulių dingia (ms. adata)" (in Lithuanian). The mouth of the mouthpiece is covered with a glossy skin. 2. ‘not grown up, little one’: Dū paršukū pirko macitkū Zt. Bit macitka girl and macitkas boy Zt. And this macitkai mergyteip good bocis bit 210 Mr. 3. ‘very sparse’: Satem's ir little monster is gone Mr. 4 very short': Vžsarai diena didefé, naktis macitka Zt. 5. ‘dear, sweet’: My little tu ones, my little tu ones Mr. Sometimes suffix -itkas /-ickas is added even to other parts of the language, such as: to the demonstraa/ tive pronoun niėkas, e.g.: ničkickas sm. 1 (1) ‘menkniekis’ : A is niéicky, nei ko ir atsiprašinéc’ Grv. 2 ni€kickas/niékitkas pron. def. (1) ‘ni¢niekas’ : I$ own nothing is not Dv. No nė kunoda (potatoenė s), dionas, nothing, all peeled Zt. Nothing at all is not Rod. Anas such that he did not want a bride for anything Mr. b/to individual nouns (or subordinate you forms), e.g.: kripitka “a crumb”: Sa/diénis krapitka rūfg]štūs Zt. skūlacitka (votele, spuogelis): A little little macitka ro vo skūlacitka, macitka such as a grain puppy Mr. vaikitkas “poor little child, childish': Nékap issilaizé (iSgijo) vaikitkas Zt. c/ next to the stationary number one, e.g. : Va, vienitka (apart from one, the only one) satikty alycios an (street) dor (< do (i) attached Mr. The -itkas/-ickas derivatives of the adverbs in individual Snekotse can also be overgrown with suffixes or formants, which also provide a reinforced meaning, e.g. : Early morning Rdm. "Iššaj ankstickutéliai kiaulių šėrc' Grv. Ankstickutéliai dir niékur nei kuksteré(jo), nei triksteré(jo), isvaziavai Rod. Sienpjovial ankstickutéliai suskélj mevas guido Rod. It seems to me that artickutély shoot Nč. The nest is attached to the horse's hoof and is not minced Rdm. There aš were dark-haired ones, dig deeper No. This can be done by using a prefix, for example, pa-. : Don't run, pamacitkū (slowly) aik Zt. Pamacitkū būstam Zt. Rassidailėm (pasidalijom) més pamacitku, bez žmonių, be nyko Zt. He worked as a kastilis (farmer) and vdikscioju without amorū (supports, ramens) pamaskitū Zt. Come on, you're gonna get me to Lz. I'm going to be a little bit of an LZ. He didn't drink, sitting patychitku (quietly, quietly) Zt. They were hewing hay and loading cones patiésitkai (in fact, in fact) to say Zt. Sometimes, the same word may be used as an adjective, e.g. Already the wolf was near the artichoke (very close, artichokes) of my Grv. The wolf was already artickos (very close) to me, as I saw him Grv. Instead of the hybrid suffix -/tkas/ -ickas, the speakers of these dialects sometimes use the borrowed suffix -enkas/-iankas, i.e. they translate only the root of the Gudish adjective of the corresponding meaning, such as the Gervėtiškiai raudoniankas (see g. krasnen'- ki ‘raudonutélis’): O kokia raudonidnka visa Zéme; sausiankas (g. suchen'ki ‘dry hay’): dry hay; šlapiankas (g. mokran’- ki ‘Slaputélis’): Kap anklojo mani' man, so I raised šlapianka. When Cole came to the town, the horse was hidden by Grv. The variety of derivatives of the suffix -itkas / -ickas shows their abundance and, apparently, a considerable age of use. This suffix often pushes out of use other demi211 nutive attribute- -enhancing suffixes. For where to more common adjectives suffix su -itkas /-ickas, there are usually less left deminutyviniy adjectives with purely Lithuanian suffixes, for su example, about Lazūnus iš of the latter remained, it seems, only separate Vedic (e. g. : little brother, -€¢, little sister, -€) or separate forms of noun adjectives with an emphasis function. Vedic suffix su -ickas /-itkas are mainly found in the southeastern edges of the Lithuanian language area. Sometimes they are used more often, — elsewhere less often. Often, some families like these drinks more, others less. — Monolingual (monolingual) dialects are rarely used. They are jų usually used by bilingual multilingual speakers. ar tų Therefore, it must be assumed that the su Vedic suffix -/tkas or -ickas abundant ir use in these dialects of Palaeo-Slavic languages, ko especially Gudi language, corresponding meaning action deminutive. ir LITERATŪRA Fraenkel E. 1936: The state of research of Lithuanian spoken in the Vilnius area. —Baltic-Slavic 2. Vilnius. LKŽ I-XVI: Dictionary of Lithuanian Language 1-16, Vilnius: State Political and Scientific Literature Publishing House (3-6), Mintis (10-15); Science and Encyclopaedia Publishers (16), 1956-1995. The abbreviations of the names of places of residence given after the examples are the same as LKZ. Otrebski J. 1965: Grammar of Lithuanian Language 2. The Science of Expression, Warsaw: State Scientific Publishing House. Skardžius P 1941: Lithuanian language word making. Vilnius. DERIVATES WITH THE SUFFIX -itkas, -ickas TO EXPRESS THE STRENGTHENED PROPERTY IN THE SOUTHEAST LITHUANIAN MOUNTAINS Summary The derivatives with the suffix -itkas, -ickas are particularly common in the southeastern peripheral areas of the Lithuanian language area on this side of the present-day borders of Lithuania (around Dieveniškės, Šalčininkai, Eišiškės, Dubičiai, etc.) as well as beyond (especially in the Varenavas district, which is annexed to Belarus, in the Vija district, in the vicinity of Lazunai, in the vicinity of Zietela, or Diatlov, etc.). According to its origin, the suffix -izkus (especially used by Lithuanians from Zietela) or its Dziikian variant -ickas —arose under the influence of close contacts between Lithuanian southeastern dialects and Slavic languages (Belarusian and Polish). It is used mainly to form adjectives and adverbs. This suffix is usually used to indicate that the characteristic expressed by the base word is strengthened, e.g.: dstritkas, -a /astrickas, -a ‘very sharp, quite sharp’: aštrūs, -i; du(k)stitkas, a /dukstickas, -a: ‘very high, quite high’: du(k)stas, -a; mielitkas, -a /mielickas, -a ‘very dear, pretty dear’: mielas, -a; artitkai /artickar ‘quite close’; tolitkai /tulickar ‘very far, quite far’. These derivatives displaced in many areas derivatives of positive meaning —formed with other Lithuanian suffixes — and thereby displaced pronoun adjective forms that are no longer used there. The usability and 212 Distribution of Derivatives with the Suffix -itkas oats -ickas the in sūdėstiniai Lithuanian dialects demand the diminutives of meaning corresponding in to the Slavic languages, especially im Belarusian with the Suffix -en'ki (see: bėlen'ki, dobran'ki, čornen'ki, blizen'ka / bliziūtka). 213