Veiksmažodiniai galūnės „-a“ vediniai sinchroniniu ir istoriniu požiūriu

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XXXVIII (1997) Daiva MURMULAITYTĖ VERBAL END -a VEDINIAI IN A SYNCHRONIC AND HISTORICAL VIEW 1. Relationship of Vedic with base verbs 1.1. When selecting the verb derivatives of the -a ending from the DLKZ, determining the oppositions of the verb and the base Words, we were guided by the relation of the verb in the present language (not the origin of the words), i.e. the object of the work are the derivatives that have retained the relation of the verb with their base Words. First of all, into the group of the Words being studied did not fall the former Vedic, whose basic Words have disappeared, e.g., unfortunately: * dieti (BEE 56tt)'. In addition, there are some common words that are not considered to be Vedic, such as those based on ZodZis or dialects that are rarely used today and are found only in ancient writings. For example, the noun wave comes from binigti "to prevail" (Būga II 397, LEW 34, LKL 203). However, MRLs; 82 bifigti 1. „to take hold, to become established“; 2. "save" is presented as a dialect, whereas wave is widely known in common language. Thus, from a synchronic point of view, the latter is not a derivative, but the plain Word (cf. 1.2. Sometimes the present language has retained the base words and the meanings on which the derivative was based, but the latter is now semantically far removed from the base verb, i.e. completely lexicalized- *. Today, the hand is no longer a “means of gathering- ”, the thread is no longer associated with gyti, and also the bow, Iėšos, labi, riba, sala, skara are distant from Jefikti, 16stis (LEW 359), laūbti, (LEW 388), ribėti (LKŽD 41), salti “flowing” (Būga II 305; LKL 162), skirti (LKZD 41). In both LKZD 43 and Akc 15, nuoma is not considered a derivative, but based on the opposition pérnuoma: pėrnuomoti (Keinys 1979: 169) it is possible to imagine an analogous opposition ndoma: nūomoti in contemporary language, i.e. to take a noun from an adverbial verb. Historically, the direction of action is the opposite, and rent, like la. noma, associated with la. pemt “take” (LEW 512; LKL 180; Karulis 1992: 630, 632). Thus, it is sometimes difficult to determine whether the Word in question is a derivative in terms of the present language, or has already passed into the class of ordinary words. “Intuitively, based on their sense of language, each person distinguishes the derivatives. Just that "LKŽD 69 claims that this is quite an isolated adverb -and a noun. ? For this term, see. DDR 13 on lit. 138 sensation of formations is subjective, not always the same. The linguist can still be harmed here by the knowledge of the actual formation of the word, its etymology” (ŽDT 66). Due to the above mentioned subjectivity, the same word can be considered derived in one place, and ordinary in another, for example, in Ake 16 stringa is listed in the list of ordinary Words, but its connection with threading “to go around, to turn” (LKZ XIII 581), apparently, is not completely broken. In Akc 239 it is stated that the connection between the case of the words and prabilti is no longer clear, although this noun is still considered a derivative. In fact, some meanings of the word, for example, 1. ‘judicial proceedings’; 2. “a certain set of writing documents” is more distant from the base verb, but the third sememe — “speaks, talks” — is a clear bilti, govoriti abstract, e.g. : Everyone listened to that case. The case to testify. This may have led to the development of the above-mentioned more special meanings, whose semantic connection with the base verb is no longer so pronounced due to partial lexicalization. Sko/a is no longer a derivative of skelėti "due to be" (cf. LKŽD 47; LEW 812). This word is no longer used in the English language. LKŽ XII 797-8 gives examples of it only from writings, mostly old, although it is mentioned as DLKZ;, DLKZ, with a certificate of tarm. "The Banks of the World's Debt: The Debt of the World". These two nouns differ in their meanings: debt —that which is borrowed, from the position of the one who borrows, e.g., debt not Wound, etc., and loan can mean both the result of the action (:borrow) and the object (:borrow) (Keinys 1979: 159). In the latter sense, the word debt is more commonly used. However, from a formal point of view, such a changed direction of action (debt: to borrow) is hardly possible, because it prevents the interpretation of the action of the verb, it is not known what is its base word. Thus, sko/a, historically a derivative of the -a ending from skelėti, is no longer considered a derivative, and in turn it is the base word of the verb borrow (see the opposition ndoma: nūomoti already mentioned — in this case, apparently, we can talk about a changing direction of action and a tendency to motivate the noun with an adverbial verb, based on the opposition of the prepositioned words of the co-roots pérnuoma: pėrnuomoti- ). 2. The question of work homonyms 2.1 When analyzing the verb derivatives of the -a ending, it was observed that a considerable part (about 4096) of the polysemantic words (according to the presentation of DLKZ;) could be considered as homonyms of the verb. They are divided into groups according to several criteria.” The following MRLs would constitute one group of functional homonyms: “For the views of Russian (as well as Polish, Czech) linguists on the relationships and direction of action of similar verbs and nouns see Zverev 1972: 75–76. “First of all, we looked at whether the language parts of the Vedic reference words coincided (see Urbutis 1955: 194-195), e.g., vaisa 1.,fertility, fertility“ vestinas from the adjective vaisus, -1, 0 2.„all, breeding“ —from vist, breeding). The other two groups consist of the meanings of different base verbs. Words whose semes differ morphologically 139 (in this case a — relative), e.g. 4imana 1. "wailing, moaning" ir 2. b. "who constantly moans, groans". About them a little more. 2.2. The names of the actors of the common genus as ir tų homonyms of the abstract forms of the verbs themselves could be considered only from a synchronic point of view. Diachronically, these would be the meanings of multi-meaning words, since it is known that action names are a quite mobile category of action, they can acquire the meanings of action results, actors and other meanings characteristic of verb nouns (Paul 1920: 99; DDR 20). However, over time, the relationship between the words changes. It often happens that one meaning of a polysemic word, historically speaking, originates from another meaning of the same word, and now that origin is no longer felt (cf. Kėzytė 1961: 248). Therefore, from the point of view of the present language, the word in that meaning could already be connected simply with the basic Word, rather than derived from another meaning." 2.3. DLKZ; there are 39 polysemantic words, verb endings -a derived, considered homonyms of this type of action. They can be further divided according to the categories of work to which these homonyms belong, more precisely, the derivatives of which categories of work form pairs of homonyms (groups). First of all, it is said that in almost all cases (87.18%) homonyms belong to different categories of action. MRL for instances where homonyms of different genders are names of characters; there are only 5 (12.82%), e.g., Vedic; In one case, the different meanings of the vedic may be motivated by the different common verbs (see Urbutis 1955: 190t., in Russian linguistics —Achmanova 1957: 126; 1986: 6; Shmelev 1973: 102), e.g., footnote 1. „iškeisti, išdėvėti drabužiai, išdėvos“ (: išnešioti), 2. „kas vande išnešta, išplauta į krantą“ (: out of the water, washed to the shore), in another —the reference verbs are homonyms (see Urbutis 1955: 104t, in Russian linguistics —Achmanova 1957: 127; 1986: 6), e.g., atkaita 1. "place before the sun or fire" (: to melt, -sta, -o) and 2. „the second time heat, cooked food“ (: to cool, -čia, -tė). Semes derived from the same verb could be considered homonyms if a) some of them are completely lexicalized (see Urbutis 1955: 169-171, 184, in Russian linguistics — Akhmanova 1986: 7), e.g., 1. ‘hiding, pretext’, 2. ‘proga’, pg. 3. ‘conduct; single-breed livestock, single-crossing birds’ (: cool); LEW 1176 presents it as a pair of homonyms; b) some rely on the simple, others on the lexicalized recursive verb (see in Russian linguistics Achmanova 1957: 126, 128; Shmelev 1973: 102), e.g., issue 1. ‘sunset’ (: /chistis) and 3. ‘(newspaper) issue’ (: /clean)); c) they are measured by different verb meanings (see Urbutis 1955: 197-199), e.g., sova 1.,dreve, izduba, uoksas“ (: $4utr „explode“) and 2. „skląstis, velkė“ (: sdutr „to fold, to push“). One pair of homonyms consists of derivative and value (see Urbutis 1955: 203) —influence 1. “the significance of authority, the influence of some force” (cf. Russian BIHAHHE, |. wplyw, German Einfluss, English infJuence) and p. 2. ‘river mouths’ jtekétr). “True, nouns denoting action (: ir jo result, in ir synchronic studies are considered polymorphic, here semantic construction is seen (Barauskaitė 1979: 42; Apresjan 1974: 193-200; Babickienė 1981: 92-94; Liaudanskaitė 1980: 89. Only the results of actions that are semantically very distant and have become terms can be considered homonyms of action names (Achmanova 1957: 126-127). 140 patarška" 1. b. šnek. "who talks a lot, tarška" (: (pa)tarškėti "to talk nothing or a lot, to tell" and patarška" 2. zool. "tarški, dotted raiba nedėsli višta (Numida)" (: (pa)tarskéti "to make a chirping sound (about non-native birds and some insects) LKŽ XV 930), as well as k/ūika"', padraika, kanranka, vambra. In three out of five cases (padraika, patarška, kanranka) homonyms are motivated by different meanings of the base verbs, cf. kanranka“ 1. kar. ‘Projectile-firing artillery gun’ (; knock, knock(s) 1. „belsti(s), daužyti(s)“) and cannon“ 2. b. šnek. „padauža, nenuorama“ (: pasitrankyti, trankytis 2. šnek. „bastytis, daužytis“)“. In the example of LKŽ (IX 53) it is possible to distinguish three homonyms padrdika® 1. menk. „istrūdusi moteris“ {fuck, fuck 5. „to behave unseriously, to commit fornication“ LKZ II 627), padraika" 2. b. menk. „neseriatas žmogus, vejavaikis, pliuskis“ (: pasidraikyti, draikytis 4.,valkiotis, daužytis“ LKZ II 627) and padriika® 3. bot. „į pataisą panašus ilgas, išsidrėkęs, vedokle iSsisklaidusiomis Sakūtmis augalas (Diphasium- )“ (: pasidriékti, driéktis)’; It is clear that the third homonym, compared to the first two, can be semantically motivated by another (relative) verb. 2.4 Thus, in most cases, the name of a general gender agent can form pairs (groups) of homonyms with female gender derivatives of other categories of action. In this regard, several groups of the words in question are formed. 1. Names of common family members DLKZ; are presented together with the names of feminine gender actions (21 cases —53.85% of homonyms of different genders in general or 61.76% of homonyms of this group belonging to different categories of action), e.g., the aforementioned 4imana, as well as blausa, blevyzga, išira, išjooka, išskyra, nėjauta, nėjėga, nenūovoka, nepakantybė, neprieranga, nerėpa, nūobaiga, nūoboda, 1 renta, snauda, snuda, snūdąa, tauza, uZzmarsa, zauna. In five cases, the homonyms are based on different meanings of the base verbs, pvZ., izra“ 1. "separation, selection" (: izslēgti 1. "separated from the heap, pack") and "izšķirra" 2. b. mink. „who very much prefers food or eating“ (: delete 21. „choose something better, more suitable, choose" LKŽ XII 935), nūobaiga“ 1. „pabaiga, galas“ (: finish) and nūobaiga® 2. b. mink. ‘deceased person or animal’; 3. b. "who has passed away" (: finish 3. * Homonyms, DLKZ; presented as polysemantic words, in this work are marked with lowercase letters in the degree ***... after the word. For the sake of visibility, the numbering of the meaning of the multi-meaning word is also left. DLKZ; homonyms are marked as in the dictionary, with Arabic numerals 1, 2... before the word. 7 For definitions not included herein for lack of space, see paragraph 1. DLKZ;. ® LKZ IX 628 are two homonyms patrdnka. ? LKZ IX 53 are three homonyms padrdika. 141 "To melt, to vanish")" (it is noteworthy that in this case one of the homonyms is based on the lexicalized conjugation, the other on the simple verb-word), as — well as illusion, intolerance, zauna. It consists of all derivatives 23,81% of this group, in other cases homonyms motivated by the same meaning form (76,1996) of the verb. ir 2. The names of the general gender actors are given su together with the names of the female gender action (6 results — cases 15 38% respectively 17,65%), or e.g. atmata’ ppr. 1. dgs. “rejected, unnecessary item”: see below. 2. „užleista dirva, dirvonas“ (: atméstr ) ir atmata” 3. b. prk. Niek. “A man who is useless and harmful to society” (: is “thrown ), away” 1. "atplyšusi shaveldra, atskala" "atplysti (: atplaiša" ) ir 2. b. prk. Niek. „who does not fit into the environment, leaves, betrays the native (: land, )“, home” to tear away also scratches, kevérza, stains, stuffs. In all cases, except for plampa, the formation of (83,33%), homonyms was influenced by the use of conjugative or ir ordinary verbs, as mentioned in the examples, see also. be sgvela” 1. "who suvelta ar susivėlę" (: su(si)velti ) ir sąvėla" 2.b. Menk. "Spider-Man: Into the (: Spider-Verse". ). Draska® 1. "bark, chip" (: moisten ) ir draska" 2. b. “the raper, the robber (of clothes, books)”; 3. b. "fanciful man, backslider" (: scratch * and plump® 1. Homonyms of the groups „dalgio ašmenų Bsikreipymas, susimetymas“ (: plarūipinti šnek. 1. „mušti, tvoti®) and plampa® 2. b. šnek. „storpilvis“ (: plarfipti, plafipinti 2. „srėbti, pliaupti“) can be associated with different verbs of the same word formation nests (formally such measurement is also possible, because the verb-ending -a derivatives are not alien to the change of root vowels, and they can also rely not only on primary verbs). In two cases (kevérza, plimpa) the meanings of the base verbs do not coincide. 3. names of general gender characters are presented in the dictionary together with names of female gender tools (2 cases — 5.13% and 5.88% respectively). 1. b. šnek. "who speaks a lot, talks; 1. "unserious man" (: (pa)tauškėti, (pa)taūkšti šnek. "to talk nothing, to chatter") and patauška "rope tied at the end of a stick to play with" (: (pa)tauškėti 1. „poškėti, plaauškėti“) and svilpa® 1. ethnogr. “a long wind instrument with one hole, made of bark” (: whistle) and “whistle” 2. b. “which whistles” (: whistle). 4. names of general gender actors are given together with names of feminine gender actions and results of action (objects) (2 cases — 5.13% and 5.88% respectively). It's a cut" 1. ‘for autumn cut meat 10 CPC VIII 904 there are two homonyms niobaiga. 11 Unless it is a metaphor. 12 Draska "a fanciful man, akiplėša" is also semantically related to draskytis šnek. "bartis, rietis", not only with draskyti (eye). 142 913 livestock; Animal slaughter- (: ing’ papjduti 2. "to take life by cutting with a sharp tool" 2. „papjovis- “, e.g., šitoks kelias —pava, and papjova“ 3. b. „a tortured man" (: papjauti 10. „Jabai suvarginti, torturkinti“ LKŽ IX 898) and ambush“ 1. “secret preparation, plotting to attack or do something evil, deceit, traps”; 2. "deliberately concealed part of the army to attack the enemy unexpectedly" and ambush" b. 3. “whoever ambushes, bites” (about a dog); 4. “who acts secretly, insidiously” (:pasenétr). 5. the name of the common genus DLKZ; present with feminine action and tool names (1, 2.56% or 2.94% respectively) —papliduska® 1. ‘flapping’; 2. “a rope tied at the end of a stick to flail”; 3. bot. "water plant with arrow-shaped leaves (Sagittaria)" (?) (; 4. b. snek. "whoever speaks much and unseriously, will plepys" (: (pa)plauškėti, (pa)pliūkšti "to plead, to speak nonsense- "). 6. the name of the general gender actor is given together with the names of the female gender action, tool and place (1, respectively 2, Sag or 2.94%) —kamsa® 1.,,Zabais, virbais išklotas kelias“; 2. ‘cartridge’; 3. „kamšatis, spūstis“ (: kzdsti(s) 1. „kišti(s), grusti(s), spausti(s)- ®) and Pa 4. b. šnek. „kamšlys“ (: krrūišti 2. šnek. „daug valgyti, kirsti“). The first three semes form a single multi-meaning word (regular polysemy, metonymy- ), they are based on the same meaning of the base verb, although the name of the action is motivated by the recursive, and the name of the tool and place — the ordinary verb. The second homonym is based on another meaning of the same verb and differs from the first (polymorphic) in morphological features — genus. 7. the name of the common genus actor DLKZ; present with the feminine name of the result of the action and the name of the actor (1, 2.56% or 2.94% respectively) —prielipa’ 1. ‘a sticky or attached object’; 2. „while spinning glued, pasted thread place“ (: glued, pasted), 4. mink. „mistress, concubine“ (: stick) and stick® 3. b. min. "intrusive, unwilling person" (: stick). Although the first two semes of the Vedic prielipa® can be semantically motivated by two verbs, and the third by one, and the latter still differs from the first stylistically (minor), this does not break the unity of the polysemic word, since all three sememy have the same grammatical meaning (unlike the noun of the common genus). In addition, the third sememe (“lover, concubine- ”) can also be perceived as a semantic construct. 13 This homonym has actually two meanings, i.e. it consists of two semes — the name of the result (object) of the action and the name of the action. The latter name of the verb is a homonym of the other name of the verb („pajova“- ), the two are based on different meanings of the base verb. 143 result, i.e. output directly iš from the first (‘attached ar attached object’), the base be verb ‘intermediary’. 2.5. In summary, it can be said that the action homonyms of the names of most of the common genus actors denote the action of all homonyms of action differing in (64,1096 morphological characteristics or such cases when these homonyms belong to 73,5396 different categories of action). Only in one case (kamsha) the homonym of the name of the actor names a place, but other sems of this Zodiac also denote an action and a tool. There are no cases where the name of a member of a common family forms a homonym pair with only a local name. In all cases, except one (Patarska), the names of the common genus DLKZ; are presented as subsequent semes of a polysemic word, i.e. the names of feminine actions, results of actions or tools listed above. A third of the names of the common genus differ from their homonyms of construction in that they are based on other meanings of the same base verb, about 1896 — that they are semantically related to other verbs of the same word formation nest, about 2096 — that one homonym is based on the simple verb, the other — on the conjugative verb. There are approximately 1,596 Vedas that satisfy not one but several of the above conditions. It has been mentioned that words of this kind can only be considered homonyms of action from a synchronic point of view. Historically, these are ambiguous words. Abbreviations for Akc-Pakerys A. 1981. (in Lithuanian) Urbutis V. 1994. Baltų etymologijas etiudai, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1981. DDR -Ambrazas S. The development of nouns. 1993. The English-Lithuanian Dictionary, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1993. DLKŽ; —Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: State Political and Scientific Literature Publishing House, DLKZ; 1954. — Current Lithuanian Language Dictionary, Vilnius: 1993. 1972. —Dictionary of the Modern Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1993. LEW —Fraenkel E. Lithuanian etymological dictionary, Heidelbe1962. rg; Gottingen, LKL-Sabaliauskas A. Dictionary of Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1990. LKŽ - English to Lithuanian dictionary 1-2, Vilnius: Thoughts, 1968-1969; 3-6, Vilnius: State Political and Scientific Literature Publishers, 1956-1962; 7-9, Vilnius: Mintis, 1966-1973; 10-15, Vilnius: Science, 1976-1991; 16-17, Vilnius: Encyclopedia ir of Science and 1995-1996. Technology Skardžius P. Lithuanian language word formati1943. on, Vilnius, ŽDT —- Urbutis V. Theory of word formation, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1978. 144 LITTERACY Akhmanova O. 1957: The semantic — variation of the word homonymy as a part of i such variation. — Daughters po of the i General Russian Lexicologists, Moscow: Uchpedgiz, 104-165. Akhmanova O. 1986: Dictionary of omonyms of the Russian language, Moscow: Russian. I'm. Apresjan J. 1974: Lexical semantics. Sinonimiceskije means of language, Moscow: Science. Babickievs Z. 1981: The Russian language is the official language of the Republic of Lithuania. v i — Lietuvos TSR Scientific The Academy A Works, series 4 (77), 91-98. 1979: Basics of Lexicology (Lexiné semantika), Vilnius: LTSR Higher Technical ir School. vid. science m-jos Leidybine red. Council. 1958-1961: Selected Writings 1-3 /Par. Z. Zinkevičius, Vilnius: State Political Science Publishing House. ir Karulis K. 1992: Latvian etymology dictionary, Riga: Source. Keinys S. 1979: Termination of contract. — Issues of Lithuanian Linguistics 19, 155-183. Kėzytė S. 1961: Metaphorical Meanings of Words and Their Presentation in the Lithuanian Language Dictionary. — Issues of Lithuanian Linguistics 4, 233-253. Liaudanskaitė Z. 1980: It is the most commonly used name in u the Russian and Lithuanian languages. —Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Lithuanian SSR, series A 2 (71), 87-94. Lipka L. Lexicalisation, idiomatization and Hypostasis as Problems of a synchronous Water formation theory. — Perspectives of the Word formation research: Hrsg. of H. E. Brekle, D. Kastovsky, Bonn: Bouvier Verlag, 1977. 155-164. Malakhovsky L. Theory of lexical-grammatii cal homonyms, Leningrad: Nauka, 1990. Paul H. 1920: Principles of Language history, Halle. Pilch H. The Synchrony — Diachrony Division in Word 11. Training. — Historical Semantics, Historical Word formation: Ed. by J. Fisiak, B.; N. Y.; Amsterdam: Mouton, 1985. 423-425. Soboleva P. Slovoobrazovatel'naya polysemiya omonimii, i Moscow: Nauka, 1980. Smelev D. 1973: Problems of semanticeskogo analysis of lexicon (on the material of the Russian language), Moscow: Science. Urbutis V. 1961: Modern Lithuanian Language. — Ka/botyra 3 (1), 27-61. Urbutis V. 1955: Methods of forming homonyms in Lithuanian lexicon. PhD in m. philology dis., Vilnius. Zverev A. 1972: The most pronounced orientation v of productivity in Russian language. — Current problems of Russian word education 1. Samarkand: Samark. dog. un-t im.. A. Navoi, 72-80. DEVERBATIVA MIT DER EXTENSION -2 AUS SYNCHRONER AND HISTORICAL SIGHT Summary the first In Part of the Contributions will be the Relations of the Deverbative with the Extension -a zu their Basic verbs examined. From the from the point of view of the contemporary Lithuanian language are considered to be no derivatives of words whose basic verbs are no longer preserved (cf.: deja) or are used only in the written and spoken forms (cf.: banga); as 145 Simplizia also apply Words that are fully lexicalized, i.e. deren meanings differ from those of the Basic verbs gelėst haben (see: ranka, riba, etc.). Haufig is difficult to es determine a ob Word still as Derivation zu consider is or ob es already in the Class of Simplizia has gone through: the linguistic in Works will be these Problems treated differently. In den einzelnen Fallen one can speak of a changed or changing direction of word formation, if the Deverbativum sein Basic verb motiviert (see: lease). In the second Part of the contribution we examine the Names of the acting People im Neutrum, die im DLKZ; as special meanings more ambiguous Worder be fired. The same Words can actions, results of action, the Place, the instruments or the persons acting, where they Feminine are, e.g. where: 1. "whiling, moaning" (das Gestohne, das Achzen); 2. "who constantly moans, groans" (wer stindig stohut, dchzt). Starting from this morphological difference, they are in these Filling from synchronous Sicht Educational homonyms, which as individually derived from the same Verb to be determined are. From a historical point of view, however, they are regarded as meanings of an ambiguous word. 146