Mokslinė Prano Skardžiaus veikla tremtyje

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XXXVIII (1997) Algirdas SABALIAUSKAS SCIENTIFIC PRANO CINCH ACTIVITIES TREMTYJE Pranas Skardžius was — the most prolific linguist of the second decade of independent Lithuania. Po Kazimiero Būgos, Jono Jablonski- 's death Ms. Skardžius ir Antanas Salys were the most famous Lithuanian linguists, who were equally concerned with both the science and practice of the Lithuanian language. Started ir studies at the University of Lithuania, only listened ne K. Būgos, J. Jablonskio paskaitų, bet artimai ir bendravę šiais lietuvių su kalbos tyrėjais ugdytojais, vėliau puikią ir lingvistinę mokyklą išėję at the University of Leipzig, where the jų main teacher was Jurgis Gerulis, these du linguists, it can be said, constitute a separate period of Lithuanian lo language development. The formation of the common Lithuanian language in this period is also closely related to su jų names. 1944. pp. 44. Skardžius, like a large number of other scholars and cultural figures who had left Lithuania, began a difficult journey of exile. The exile's fate was particularly painful, because Mr. Skardžius, as a scholar, was immediately torn away from the main object of his research — the living Lithuanian language, its dialects, various written sources, and at the same time, his pedagogical work. Although he had a very difficult time in Germany, he was able to do this job for several years. Because the sincere friend of Lithuanians, French linguist and prominent political and military figure Raymond Schmittlein (Raimonas Šmitlenas) cared for the establishment of the Baltic Languages Department at the University of Tübingen, where Prof. Skardžius and A. Salys. Among other things, it was here that well-known Lithuanian cultural workers from abroad, such as Aleksandras Dundulis, Antanas Mažiulis, Domas Velička and others, had the opportunity to complete their studies in Lithuanian studies, which they had started in Lithuania. As far as conditions permitted, in Germany Pr. Skardžius also worked on other scientific work. Encouraged by the famous German Baltists Eduard Hermann and Franz Specht, he translated his work “Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba” (Lithuanian language word making) into German (Vilnius, 1943). Together with Stasys Barzdukas and Jonas Martynas Laurinaitis, he wrote the Lithuanian Language Handbook (Bielefeld, 1950), which was very needed and important for Lithuanian emigrants at the time. It is a large (606 pp.) book published by the Lithuanian Exile Community in a circulation of 5,000 copies. The introductory part of the book discusses issues such as the Lithuanian language and its antiquity, the nature of the present Lithuanian language, the development of written language, common language and its use, common pronunciation, spelling, normative genders. The first part of the book is devoted to practical problems of spelling, punctuation, pronunciation. Most of the book consists of a Lithuanian language dictionary. It contains not only common words, but also geographical names, names of various Lithuanian cultures, scientific figures, and even popular Latin sayings. The meaning of words is sometimes interpreted in foreign languages. Most of the dictionary seems to have been prepared by ir ir J. M. Laurinaitis. St. Barzduk worked mostly on the first part of the work. Ms. Skardžius had to supplement the dictionary, write the introductory part and edit the entire ir work. Of course, it was a hard job, the authors’ working conditions were unenviable. o Ms. Skardžius 1949 m. of January 6 d. in the message Vincui Krėvė-Mickevič wrote: "Lately I've been working po 16-18 val. every day, I often ir couldn't sleep for more than an hour. 3—4 For I'm determined to finish "It was. the language guide’. Iš we worked in three, but one jį of my colleagues, Col. J. Laurinaitis had a heart attack and is now in ir the hospital for the fourth week, he, I think, will not be able to help me anymore. But the public is to waiting for the job [...]. Subscriptions are already finishing to collect six thousand" (Ostrauskas 1983: 176-177). Or here's an excerpt iš 1950 m. from May 14 d. Email *: "I work in the slaughterhouse po 8, o usually ir sometimes even po 10 ar 11 val. Travel į company I have a full hour; as much time on my way home. ir So far, when I came home, I had to correct the rather heavy proofs of the Guide, and then you wrote another article for the newspapers, you put together a more necessary letter, and that's it. There is time to sleep only less than 4-5 hours.” (Ostrauskas 1983: 184). It is worth mentioning that this work also proposed some spelling innovations (byaurus, pjauti, perhaps), which were adopted much later in Lithuania. Although otherwise, the spelling innovations presented here have been evaluated by some linguists with some skepticism. For example, A. Salys, reviewing the history of Lithuanian lexicography, pointed out: “He (i.e., “Lietuvių kalbos vadovas”, A. S.), although very useful, by moving away from the usual Jablonskian spelling, brought a certain confusion into the foreign Lithuanian press, which has not yet been smoothed out” (Salys 1985: 237). The authors dedicated their work to the memory of the famous Lithuanian linguists J. Jablonskis and K. Buga. In the United States of America, the standard of living is higher. Skardžius was able to retire in 1971. At least initially and material Pr. The conditions of life in the camp were very poor. Although he was invited to work at the Boston Lithuanian Encyclopedia, he was apparently not satisfied with the working conditions there either. This is the point of Mr. The moods and circumstances of Skardzio’s life are particularly reflected in a letter dated April 13, 1953, to Stasys Santvaras, the writer who was mobilizing the encyclopedia’s staff: “I have already calculated everything to the minimum and I no longer know how to survive otherwise. I don't have a car, I don't go to entertainment, I don't take guests, and yet I barely get by with $3,000. For example: I bought Preobražensky's etymological Russian dictionary and paid over $16. * Since 1949, Skardžius lived in the United States of America, where he was responsible for the Vasmer's etymological dictionary. W. The photography of Fenzlau's dissertation also cost over $100. 16 ir t.t. So, to keep up with the scientific iš progress, I would like to start at least with less ir than aš iš ne 3 500 down. for the iš year; this amount I could aš already pay state taxes” ir (Keturakis 1995: 14). Despite the unfavorable conditions for work, Mr. Skardžius worked intensively in Lithuanian linguistic bars throughout his exile. As you know, while still working In Lithuania, he devoted a great deal of attention to the problems of Lithuanian pronunciation. Jį both the history of spelling and the practice of ir spelling. Habilitational Ms. Tin box work Vytautas the Great University was "The Accentology of Many" (K., Book 1935). for spelling practice jo "Pronunciation of the Common Lithuanian Language" (K., Mainly 1936). using these works, Pr. Skardžius wrote a book at the request of the Pedagogical Institute of Lithuanian Studies in Chicago "Pronunciation of Lithuanian Language" (There is a 1968). systematic list of the common pronunciation of the language. However, it is not limited to a mere jų statement. The Lithuanian dialect prepositional phenomena are ir compared here ir su facts of other languages, the variation of accent in Lithuanian dialects is shown, the current ir language (M. Differences between the letters. True, as in the previous ir book, here is acknowledged a brief anticipation, although this contradicts the ir Ms. A description of the skeleton. Current Lithuanian accentology researchers disagree ir su Ms. It is the traditional name for the cold-blooded species. Some of the traditional cases of spelling suggested in the book are also doubtful and difficult to reconcile with current usage (Laigonaitė 1971: 209-211; Vidžiūnas 1990: 90-102). From individual Pr. Among Skardzio’s articles devoted to the problems of accentology of the Lithuanian language, one should mention his article “The Antiquity of the Pronunciation of the Lithuanian Language” (Aidai, 1965, 6, pp. 260-265), in which he, after briefly discussing the history of the study of this problem, actually reviews the work of the Russian linguist V. Ilič-Svityčius “Accentuation of Nouns in Baltic and Slavic Languages” (Moscow, 1963). After stating that "all this author's work already makes a good impression", Mr. Skardžius, however, is convinced that V. Ilič-Svityčius has only partially achieved his goal, because many of his alleged similarities between the individual Lithuanian dialects and the old Indo-European pronunciation are “dubious and not properly based on clear authentic data or not deeper historically interpreted”. The controversial problems of the historical accentology of the Lithuanian language Skardžius is also examined in a very detailed review of J. Kazlauskas- ’s book “Lietuvių kalbos istorinė gramatika” (Lithuanian Studies, III, Brooklyn, 1973, pp. 269-280). He disagrees with J. Kazlauskas- 's opinion that eastern Highlanders do not distinguish between acute and circumflex prepositions. He is reluctant to agree with J. Kazlauskas that the present Lithuanian dialect paradigm may be inherited from the ancient Indo-European pronunciation. One of the most significant published in emigration Pr. Among Skardzio- ’s works is the study “Earlier and Present Use of Lithuanian Common Language” (Chicago, 1971). This study consists of the following chapters: I. Use of Lithuanian common language, its criteria and norms. II. 1998-1999 Early work on Lithuanian common language culture and its evaluation in Lithuania. III. More significant current tendencies in Lithuania. IV. The problem of noun usage of verb suffixes -imas. V. Adjectives with -inrar, their construction and use. VI. Relations of the general language with the folk language and linguistic corrections in Lithuania. VII. The ir influence of the Russian language on the Lithuanian common language is the further development of that language. This study shows that Pr. Skardžius closely followed the development of the Lithuanian language in Lithuania. Understood her rather difficult situation. He was very active in the fight against the influence of the su Russian language. Living in the United States of America and feeling the tendency of many Lithuanians in this country to use less international words in their language, Pr. Skardžius wrote the book Lithuanian equivalents of international words (Chicago, 1973). It is an interesting work, which actually provides many good substitutes for various more or less widely used so-called international words. Ms. Skardžius categorically does not object to the use of these words. “All the words presented here,” he writes in the preface to the book, “should not be regarded as any kind of suggestions by the author, but as material that readers can use individually according to their purpose and taste” (p. 7). Ms. Skardžius points out that there are many new words in Lithuanian that have been created more spontaneously than, for example, in Latvian, Russian or German. Here he has in mind such words as matter, diameter, textbook, balance. The best and greatest, Mr. According to Skardžius, the current source of Lithuanian language novelties is the “Dictionary of Lithuanian Written Language” by M. Niedermann, F. Brender, A. Sennas and A. Salis (Heidelberg, 1926-1968). Here are some of Pr. 25zacas —jtrauka, adaptacija —pritaikymas, prietaika, anesthesia —nejautrumas, boksas —puštynės, dėpas —stovepipe, ekskursas —deviation, faršas —filling, kamsalas, kimšinys, prisma —edge, tefminas —substantive, vitrina —store window. Many of the correspondences are very well chosen or by Pr. Cans to be made. But hardly anyone would be inclined to replace boxing with kumstyné or the term — with a pronoun. For Lithuanian water names researchers is very important Pr. "Lithuanian water names with -nf. Their composition, origin and significance” (Lithuanian Studies, III, Brooklyn, 1973, pp. 7-70). In this study, Lithuanian water names such as A/antas, Gžilintas, Salantas, Šlavantas, Viešintas are examined in great detail. The author concludes that "Lithuanian nf water names are made similarly as place names, personal names or common words of the same suffix. Initially, they were mainly general (appellative) words or formed from general words with the help of suffixes; some of them are or may have been derived from real names” (p. 64). The study gives a very positive review of the hydronitry studies of the then still young Lithuanian linguists Bronius Savukynas and Aleksandras Vanagas. Skeptical mų R. Schmittlein- 's work in this field, it is stated that he „a considerable number of old, truly be Lithuanian real names, without any clearer basis, iš sometimes quite artificially, originate from Germanic languages“ (p. 9). Generally agree with the reviewer of su the study A. It's like, „With this study, the hypothesis, defended almost exclusively by Schmitlein, that R. most of the Lithuanian water names su -nzcan be Germanisms“ (Vanagas 1976: 103). A. Vanagas pointed out another į important feature of this study: ‘P. Skardžius was one of — the few iš Lithuanian onomastics researchers who realized that the meaning of a hydronym was the appellative — ne from which ką the hydronym iš originated, that is, the word itself o during the ką transformation of the nomen proprium. Ne the root of the ar word 0 stem, the whole hydronym —with its basic and derivative (artificial) meaning” (Vanagas 1981: 17). Mentioned Ms. Tin article „XVI amžiaus lietuvių asmenvardžiai“ (Aidai, 1954, 1, p. 27—33), which examines the names and surnames of persons in inventories published in the first volume of K. Jablonski’s „Istorija archyvas“ (K., 1934). The names of the gods of Prussia and Zemgale Pr. Skardžius discusses in the article “Lithuanian mythological names” (Aidai, 1954, pp. 218-226). A lot of space in this article is devoted to V. Jaskevičius’ dissertation “A Study in Lithuanian Mythology”. Very valuable is Pr. Skardzio study “God and Thunder” (Aidai, 1963, 6, pp. 253-257; 7, pp. 311-318). This explains the formation and origin of these words. Ms. Skardžius disagrees with A. Senno's opinion that Suom. farvas “sky” should come from the Baltic form * daivas —taivas could also have been the form * dervas. Also, based on examples of Latvian folk songs, he is inclined to believe that the Latin dievs still retains the old meaning of “sky”. Ms. Skardžius disagrees with the interpretation that. liet. perkūnas is related to lat. guercus ‘blue’ and other words of this root. It seems to him that it would be easier to link the Slavic Perun to * per-‘to strike, to strike’ o lit. Perkūnas with the extended root * perkof the same meaning, which, although not attested in Baltic languages, can be justified, cf. lietuv. jai: Jaūkti and others. Semantically, this connection would be confirmed by lit. dundūl/is "thunder, thunder": dundėti, vok. Donner: skr. tanvati “to shout, to thunder, to squeal”, Latin fonare ‘to thunder’, etc. In 1954, Antanas Juška’s Lithuanian Songs were re-released in Lithuania. In this edition, their editor A. Mockus presented literary texts in addition to photographic texts. L. Kuodys published a fairly strict critique of these texts (Kuodys 1958: 555-578). This prompted Mr. Skardžius wrote an interesting article “Our folk song language matters” (Metmenys, 1962, 5, pp. 91—99). The article shows how careful one should be in the literarization of song texts, highlights the specificity of folk songs. Not everywhere Pr. Skardžius also agrees with L. Kuodžio comments. It was published after the author's death. The Tin Studio is a jojo Translation of the Testament into Lithuanian language (Lituanistikas darbai. IV. Chicago, IL 1979, p. 63-110). It analyses Č. Kavaliauskiš as's Ancient Greek language versto ir The New Testament in Lithuanian, edited by V. Aliulis, published in Lithuania in 1972. The author compares this translation with the earlier translation by J. Skvirecko, where the translator, according to the prelate L. Tulaba, “placed the accuracy of thought above all else and sacrificed the elegance of language to it”. After comparing the differences in spelling, vocabulary, usage of verbs, syntax and stylistics, and sentence structure of both translations, he concludes that “Kavaliauskas’s translation is admirably correct, fluent, easy to understand and purposeful, although sometimes expressing the original idea in a more peculiar way” (p. 109). Ms. In the opinion of Ch. Kavaliausko translation, edited by V. Aliulis, is the first courageous march throughout the St. The History of Lithuanian Translation” (p. 109). Very interesting so-called commemorative Ms. The articles of Tindzius, which write about various Lithuanian language researchers, language promoters, cultural figures. They are particularly interesting because Ms. Skardžius here only ne appreciates the jų contributiį on to Lithuanian linguistics, but often inserts his own memories. He published articles on A. Baranauskas, J. Jablonskis, J. Balčikonis, J. Gerulis, P. Jonikas, J. M. Laurinaitis, J. Laukaitis, B. Larina, M. Vasmeris, E. Fraenkelis, E. Hermann and others, mainly in the magazines „Aidai“ and „Gimtoji kalba“. Ms. Skardžius has reviewed numerous works on Lithuanian studies or Baltic studies in general published in Lithuania and abroad, especially his detailed reviews of works such as Z. Zinkevičius’ “Lietuvių dialektologija” (V., 1966), J. Palionis’ “Lietuvių literatūrinė kalba XVI-XVII a.“ (V., 1967), J. Kazlauskas „Lietuvių kalbos istorinė gramatika“ (V., 1968), J. Pikčilingis „Lietuvių kalbos stilistika“ (V., 1971-1975), academic „Lietuvių kalbos gramatika“ (V., 1965), „Lietuvių kalbos dialektų chrestomatija“ (V., 1970), P. Jonikas „Lietuvių bendrinės rašytinės kalbos kūrimasis antroje XIX a. pusėje“ (Chicago, 1972), J. Otrębskio „Gramatyka języka litewskiego“ (Warszawa, 1956-1965), Chr. The collection “Donum Balticum” (Stockholm, 1970), W. R. Schmalstieg’s “An Old Prussian Grammar” (University Park and London, 1974) and others were published in honour of Stangis. Many articles on Lithuanian linguistics Pr. Skardžius published in Lithuanian Encyclopedia (Boston, 1953-1969), Encyclopaedia Lituanica (Boston, 1970-1978). Ms. Skardžius, living in the United States of America, as before in Lithuania, wrote a lot on various issues of Lithuanian language and culture. The Lithuanian Language Society, which was active in Lithuania from 1935 to 1941, was revived in the United States mainly on his initiative. Ms. Skardžius is one of the most active collaborators of the Society’s organ “Native Language”. He also prepared a large "Written Dictionary of Lithuanian Language", which has not yet been published. Former Pr. A. Dundulis, a student of Skardzis, gave a copy of this work to the Vilnius University Library. In Lithuania intensively work Pr. He was only fifteen years old. He spent twice as much in exile. Initially, he earned his bread by physical work. Later worked on a letter to an American Baltist Library of Congress. 1973 m. of January 14 d. W. R. Schmalstiegui Ms. Skardžius wrote: “I have lived all the time in the worries of science, but in the last quarter of the century I could do very little real scientific work: several aš of my planned and partly started scientific works remained unfulfilled because of an unexpected catastrophe.” ir iš For your favorite linguistics work Ms. Skardžius was able to fully repay the loan only after his į retirement, unfortunately only four years before his death. However, despite such unfavourable working ir conditions, he did a lot in exile. I'm glad that In Lithuania, as a part of the language education program, it is planned to publish the “Chosen Writings” of our famous linguist. They are prepared by a professor Albertas Rosinas. First volume of writings — The book “Lithuanian Wordmaking” has already been published. It shall publish a ir detailed A. Rosen's article on scientific Ms. Canning activities. We are especially looking forward to the volumes containing the least known exile works of our readers. Prano Tin works. Keturakis R. 1995: The Boston Diary —Nemunas 2, 12-19. 1953: "Lietuviškos dainos" by A. Juška. —Literature and Language 3, 555-578. Laigonaitė A. 1971: Rec—Baltistica 7(2), 209-211. Ostrauskas K. 1983: From Letters to Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius. —Metamorphoses 46, 164–186. Salys A. 1985: Raštai 3, Roma: Lithuanian Catholic Academy of Sciences. Vanagas A. 1976: Rec.—Baltistica 12(1), 102-104. Vanagas A. 1981: Semantics of Lithuanian Hydronyms. —Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 21, 4— 153. 1990. pp. 1. The basics of standardization of tin cutting. —Ka/botyra 41(1), THE SCHOLARLY ACTIVITY OF PRANAS 90-102. SKARDZIUS IN EXILE Summary Pranas Skardžius (1899–1975) was one of the most prominent Lithuanian linguists of the twentieth century. In 1929 he graduated from the University of Leipzig. In 1929-1939 Pr. Skardžius gave lectures at Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas, in 1939-1943 —at the University of Vilnius. He worked in various fields of Lithuanian linguistics; he also made an important contribution to the standartization of Lithuanian. Like many workers of culture and science, he left Lithuania in 1944. For some time he taught at the University of Tiibingen in Germany. From 1947 until his death in 1950, Mr. Pr. Skardzius lived in the United States. In spite of unfavourable conditions for scholarly activity he published many important works in the field of Lithuanian studies. Special mention should be made of,A Reference book of Lithuanian" („Lietuvių kalbos vadovas", 1950; co-authors Stasys Barzdukas and Jonas Martynas Laurinaitis- ),,,Accentuation of the Lithuanian Language" („Lietuvių kalbos kirčiavimas", 1968), "The Past and Present Usage of Standard Lithuanian" („Ankstyvesnė ir dabartinė lietuvių bendrinės kalbos vartosena- ", 1971), "Lithuanian Hydronyms in -m£-. Their Formation, Origin daryba, kilmė reikšmė“, „Lithuanian and Meaning" (Lithuanian water names su -nt-. Jų ir 1973), Equivalents of International Words“ („Lietuviški tarptautinių žodžių atitikmenys“, 1973), „On the Translations of the New Testament in Lithuanian’ (‘For New Testament Translations in Lithuanian Language", 1979). 10