Žodžių sąsajos žymėjimas „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne“ (santrumpos „žr.“ vartojimas)

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XXXIX (1998) Daiva MURMULAITYTĖ Institute of Lithuanian Language, Vilnius WORD MARKING OF THE INTERFACE ‘PRESENT LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES ZODYNE’ (for abbreviations see 100 mg/ day) 1. Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language (hereinafter referred to as — MRL) Introduction (p. XII) states: ‘For abbreviation, see (= See) are referred to narrower-- used, dialectal, obsolete, borrowed and other similar words ar form variants in į common language more widely used words." The dictionary contains about 2700 articles with this abbreviation, and in some articles of polysemantic words it is used several times, so there are about 2840 cases of use of the abbreviation. Thus, a significant part of the DLKZ vocabulary is interpreted in this reference way, which, judging from the quotation, is quite diverse, it is possible to roughly distinguish several more characteristic groups of it. 1.1. Councils — about 300 articles. Most of them are presented with a certificate of land. —105, e.g., befigti zem. see end; with other tags: farm. —91, e.g., duburkis dialect. Zr. duburys,ryt.—71, e.g. čižyla ryt. see box 1, box 2. —10, e.g., toddler 8. see tranas,dz.-- 3, e.g., kiaukė dz. Zr. ku ax a, h —1: press height. see acne. Some words have two dialect signs, e.g. lustas ryt, dz. See luit. There is also the reverse variant — the dialect is the word to which it is directed, e.g. būolis, -ė, etc. Zr. bau zis 1 baiizis, -ė dkt. rhythm. 1. ‘infertile animal’; 2. ‘bald’; service bdv. m. 1. see daily daily bdv. m. žem. „having, having (about animals)“. It also happens that the dialect is interpreted by another dialect, for example, the Žemaičių adjectives škūlas, -a and šmūlas, -a are directed | to the eastern baūžas, -a, the nouns Skulis, -ė and šmūlis, -ė —to the aforementioned baiiZis, -ė. 1.2. Archaisms and other obsolete words — about 50 articles, e.g. ašmas, -a kint. sktv. psn. Mr. Stuntas, please. see glue 2, three-way dgs. psn. see deer,input page see influence and others. 1.3.Borrowings (international words) and hybrids — about 180 articles, e.g.: diameter see diameter, gasification see gasification 1, 2, gasified see gasified 1,2, title,-see heading. It also happens vice versa — one's own word is directed to the international one: speedy writing see stenography; or the loan word is interpreted by reference to another loan word — phyllodendron see monstera. 240 1.4. The most commonly — used abbreviations for this group of words are see, su e.g., early, see. -a early, for division see divide, puzzle see Kkailin(iukai dgs. see. fur coats, criminal, etc. -ė žr criminal irkt. 2. According to the Dictionary Dialects (p. V), for abbreviation see has a normative function, ja "word not considered a language error word variant ar oriented more common, more common word". į Therefore it is not good that the ši certificate is such “ambiguity” to be used in such ji different normative contexts. Antai su ja provided: irregular verbs, but very common punch companion, archaism asva, as well as international verbs suffix su -integrated (concretize, popularize, systematize), alienation ours etc. ir similar cases which "Language Practice Tips" (hereinafter referred to as — KPP) are not considered language errors, but are not jų recommended because there are better ir alternativ- — es; innocuous variants of action next to the language norm (wormed, see wormed, watering -a cansee sprinkler) just synonyms ar (cauliflower, see cabbage 3). Not quite right that a few words of The CPP recommends not to use, marked n. svet. (unpresentable strangeness), n. vert. (not presentable values) and strictly corrects, DLKŽ are not considered language errors —they are not marked ntk., just abbreviation see. redirected to another word. It is liberal, -a, lure, hake, trout, buckwheat and sea bream (plg. KPP — zubras n. world. ). In general, if we check what is written in the CPP about the words that the DLKŽ presents with the abbreviation see, we see that some words (abažūras, buljonas, propagandistas, cerata, štūbelis, štabeliūoti) have slightly better variants, but can be used in parallel with them; about 50 words are not considered language errors, but it is better to use their variants (e.g. savarankus, -i, topolis, traktoristas, -ė, etc.); 6 above words are strictly corrected. In the CPP such words, which are different from the point of view of the norm, are presented differently, e.g.: abažūras || lėmpos gaiibtas, topolis —geriau tiiopa, viršpelnis n. vert. —not deserved. The MRLs are the same in all three presentations. 3. The abbreviation see is used to refer to the entire title word or to its individual meanings as to other words or their individual meanings. It seems that The article is usually short and insufficiently informative, e.g. ain||is, -ė, etc. (2) see palikuonis, giedr| us, -i (4) see giedras, vakar|auti, -duja, -ūvo see vakaruoti and so on. If the reference word muchmore, suggests the meaning of the aiScreen secondKeyword, most users probably do not use the Dictionary and do not search for the article of the reference word. This superficial look at the articles of the words in question, without going too deep into their semantics, may lead to the conclusion that the vast majority of the words presented by the abbreviation 241 see are unambiguous. su Iš actually is otherwise. Sometimpo es the reference word „the added digit indicates the meaning of the word, e.g. padis see. (2) pallet 4 (that is, pad has only the fourth value of pad). If the given word is a plural but has no other meaning, it should be understood in all its meanings, e.g.: bumbėti, ar burnba, -jo jį Zr.bamb et i (that is, bumbėti has all the meanings of the word bambėti)“ (Introdup. ction, XII). The latter presentation obviously does not show the ambiguity of the title word, because it is not clear how many meanings the iš reference word has. True, in 28 cases (this only comprises about all articles 196 abbreviation see.) su redirecting indicates several meanings of the reference word, e.g.: daūbti see holes in 1,2 the walls 2.see.fever 1,2, flyingSee.flying 1 — 3 ir kt ". On the other hand, elsewhere an analogous phenomenon is presented differently, e.g.: žžkaištis 1.see plug 1; 2.see plug 3;3.see plug 4. So why couldn't ir 1.see.be 1; 2.see.be 2, etc. be multiplied in the above cases? This would immediately make it clear that the word is polymorphic. This is important in view of the computerised MRL version. His program provides the possibility of sorting words according to whether they are univocal or polyvocal. However, the computer cannot do this if the values of the word are not numbered. Thus, both the verb brukūti see burkuoti (the second, reference, verb DLKZ has three meanings) and the noun šalidė see šalinė 1, 2 (although this presentation at first glance would seem more acceptable, because the user sees that there is not one meaning being directed- ). As a result, the statistics provided by the computer are not accurate. More importantly, quite often the title word, abbreviation see referring to a multi-meaning word, is assigned meanings that are not provided by the LKŽ?. Most often, this is the case. The name means "baby's mouth". see tran, tran 1. ‘male bee’; 2. "who works nothing, lives of the work of others, exploiter". In the 1960s, the 1500-series had a 3-speed manual transmission, but the 1500-series was not available with a 4-speed automatic transmission. Another example is air 1. ‘inscription’; 2. see address; This reference noun MRL has two meanings — address 1. ‘indicating the location of a person’; 2. ‘congratulatory letter to a person or institution’. ! In one case, the reference is not even to the individual meanings of the same word, but to three homonyms — kaipo see 1, 2, 3 kaip. It would appear that three homonyms kaipo are thus interpreted in one article, but they are not denoted in the manner typical of homonyms, or the word kaipé has three meanings corresponding to three homonyms kaip. In any event, it is obvious that such a presentation must be corrected. * In some cases it may be possible to assume that a certain volume of LKŽ was published a long time ago, during that time the word may have acquired a new meaning. However, there are many such discrepancies that everything could be explained by the development of semantics, it is much easier to suspect that this was not considered by the authors of DLKŽ. 242 LKŽ I 171 — 172 The latter word is not used in the article. LKŽ checked words 76 beginning with a — g letters, whose articles MRL abbreviation see, it can be assumed that such discrepancies may be approximately 30%. Even more complicated cases occurred — several LKŽ homonyms MRL becomes a synonymous word, ir tą the presence of several values yet ‘hide’ abbreviation, see For example, MRLs are given for: -i grains, see ir grains grains, -i 1. "sorrowing, sad, fat, poor"; 2. ‘brittle, crumbled, crisp’. In the meantime LKŽ III there 575 are three homonyms: grievous, 1 "sad, fat, -i poor"; “brutal, coarse” 2 grainy, -i “fragile”. 4. ir 3 Sometimes -i the reference word is marked from a stylistic point of view, e.g. agužkininkas, -ėdkt.2.žr.- Žagurkinis, 2 augustkinis, -ė dkr. šnek, "a cucumber lover"; ambulance see ambulance, ambulance dkr. ‘diarrhea’’; dying morning. see smelling, smelling talk. "going without aim, like a mad man, spittering- "; bliūti see bliauti, bliauti 1. "scream, scream"; 2nd floor. “loud crying”; 3rd floor. "to sing unpleasantly"; 4. speak. "expand (hole)". If this presentation should be understood that the stylistic statements šnek., menk. and others are characteristic not only of the reference but also of the main explanatory word, then it has to be stated that some MRL words do not have stylistic indications. In that regard, precise statistical data on which to base a detailed subsequent analysis cannot be expected either, since the computer searches only on the basis of formal characteristics. Therefore, if it is necessary to select and count all words with the adjective šnek., in his list we will find neither agurkininkas, -ė, nei greitlige, nei dvakinti. 5. See the use of abbreviations, as well as the reference interpretation of words in general, is convenient to save space in the Dictionary. However, the stick has two ends — various references make you turn the book more, often to find the meaning of one word you have to find articles on several other words, which may also contain references to more words. This is not convenient for the Dictionary user. Moreover, when there is such a long way from a word to its meaning, it is not surprising that there are also various mistakes, proofreading errors, etc. Sometimes it begins to seem that when you turn the wheel, you return to the original word, but its exact meaning has never become clear, on the contrary — formerly clear things have become confused and caused doubt. There are a number of "uncomfortable" uses of the abbreviation see. * In colloquial language, the noun ambulance, probably, is more often used to name the ambulance car, this meaning is not recorded in DLKZ. 243 5.1. For a single word abbreviation, see. used several times, e.g. gajus see 1 Alijošius, alijēšius Zr. aloe, aloe bot. “a houseplant of the lily family with fleshy leaves (Aloe)’; rust see mine, mine, mine, mine, mine 2, 2. ‘wet soil with peat su impurities; vispi meeva, raistas’; drunėti see drying, drying 1. see drying 1, drying 1. “dry rotting, breaking, dulling” ir etc. 5.2. The reference į word referred to by the abbreviation see is in turn also interpreted in a reference way by means of other abbreviatio- — ns, e.g. mzb., įst., prp., prž. and others, e.g. duodinėti see d avin é ti, davinéti jn. mzb.dati 1: Giving money, advice, giving up 1. “to make, to receive, to provide, to assign”; CypautiZr.cypauti,cypautitijst. cy p ti: The mice are chirping. Ko You're giggling like a dog? The snow chirping under the sleds, chirping “letting out a thin, screeching voice”; 2 to paint see. bleached,bleac3. hed 1, see.bleached 1. bleached prž. white: "Bleach canvases, white "to be white, whiten." The examples show that sometimes the user can find some guidance in the illustrations. However, no examples of use, however many they may be, can replace a definition, which is still a long way off. 5.3 When the reference word is a transitive noun, a recursive verb, or a suffix -ing adjective, it is pointed to the reference word by an arrow (—), e.g.: dvylikis, -ė kint. sktv. rhythm. Zr. Twelfth, twelfth, -a kint. sktv. —twelve: Twelfth hour. He'll be back from the trip on November 12th, twelve or so. sktv. ‘number and quality 12’; drakiotis Zr. draiky tis, fuck 1. — drzeć (...), drzeć gen. Stretch 2: Wind straw sweeps around the yard. Suggestions to moisten. || sngr. : Spiders fucked without wind, fucking 2. “spread, contaminate”; Preventive work, prevention "elimination by going ahead of the curve" (see preventyvūs, -i "prevencinis" —in this case the word is simply defined by the same adjective, to which the adjective preventivinis is only directed- ). 5.4. A reference word shall be defined by a single word. Such a definition for the consumer (especially for the weaker speaker of Lithuanian) is basically nothing more than another reference, equal abbreviations see, because he has to continue to browse the Dictionary, if that single word is unclear to him. For example, <0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>a<0xE1><0xB8><0xA9>- a<0xE1>- <0xB8><0xA9>a, <0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>a<0xE1><0xB8><0xA9>- a<0xE1>- <0xB8><0xA9>a<0xE1><0xB8><0xA9>a. Zr. ratchet, ratchet, -ė dkr. „vagilius- “, vagilius, -ė dkt. "Small Item Thief"; gurulys see gurinys, gurinys “crumble”: Bread gurinys. Cheese cake. || prk. "Springfield (1)". ‘crumped or fractured piece’; 2. ‘small piece’. By the way, it can also happen that such a word, which alone constitutes the definition of another word, does not have its own article and is not interpreted in the DLZ. 5.5 One could also draw attention to the definitions of punches, which are often tautological, and they must also be looked for in several other word articles, e.g.: dublazemis see du mblė 1, dumblė 1. ‘muddy land’; Cauliflower, see cauliflower, cauliflower bot. ‘cauliflower’ (Brassica oleracea var. 244 botrytis); afigtarpis see tarpangis, tafpangis „tarpuangis“, tarpūangis stat. „space between openings“; galvévirSee also supracaudalis, supracaudalis, etc. To find out what one word ką means, sometimes you have to deal with several of the listed su „inconvenienceir s“ to open even 4 ar more word articles, e.g., grabštauti see grabštauti, grabštauti „vaginėti“, vaginėti etc. mzb. stolen, stolen "unlawfully secretly taking, appropriating another's thing". The main findings 1. Articles in the DLZ that use the abbreviation see are not very informative and often misleading (in terms of language norms, ambiguity of words, etc.). In the new “Common Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” (hereinafter – CDL), which is to be edited systematically, it should be clearly defined which groups of words are to be interpreted in this way. 1.1.There should not be many such groups, for example, less frequently used variants of verbs, perhaps still obsolete words (obviously marking psn.) 1.2 If dialects have already been included in the BLKŽ, it seems that they are not merely substitutes or variants of common language words, but refer to some specific phenomenon or object characteristic only of the representatives of that dialect, and therefore their definitions should be more detailed. If dialects are frequently used in fiction, typical of the language of more well-known writers, they should be presented with appropriate illustrations. In any case, a mere reference to see here is clearly not enough. 1.3 If a foreign (international) word refers to a concept that does not have a good Lithuanian name, it must, of course, be defined and illustrated in detail. Unused foreign words (businessman, digest, office, and similar words from the list of major language errors) should be marked with abbreviation etc., if they should be presented in BLKZ at all. 2. It is quite clear that words that are advised not to be used because there are better alternatives, and those that can be used in parallel with their better alternatives, should not be “hidden” after the abbreviation see. Alternatively, such cases should be distinguished by additional signs or marks. 3. It should be kept in mind that the linking from one dictionary article to another is not user-friendly, and therefore the use of abbreviations and other reference interpretations of the meaning of words should be significantly reduced. It would be unnecessary to abandon this method altogether, because, for example, the arrow sign (—) is useful for transpositional derivatives, which do not have special meanings, for referring to the base Words, etc. For the same purpose, it is better to avoid defining terms with a single word, since it is essentially nothing more than the same abbreviation. See — if the user does not know the single word of the definition or knows it quite exactly, he must turn over the article for clarification. 245 ne jo ir 4. For abbreviation, see common “hides” a polysemantic word, in rare cases even o homonyms, because the polysemantic — homonymic character of the word of interest can be found only in the article of the reference word. Sometimes this way ar the word is assigned meanings that do not indicate LKŽ. Be Therefore, when referring to a polysemantic word, the individual semes of the word are not numbered, so the computer cannot provide accurate statistical data, it is not possible to know the exact ratio of monosemantic and polysemantic words in the Dictionary. 5. Sometimes the reference word has stylistic (slang, menk., etc.), terminological (bot., zool., tech., etc.) and other indications. It is not always clear whether they are applicable to the main word, see abbreviation, referred to. If so, if both words are identical in terms of stylistics, terms or meaning transfer, then both must be marked accordingly. Meanwhile, now only one of them is marked, i.e., the Dictionary does not show how many spoken words, figurative meanings, etc. are actually there. The article does not cover all the things that have been noticed after a little research on the use of the abbreviation see DLQS. This review was intended only to draw attention to some inconsistencies and cases that need to be corrected. Received 23 February 1998 Abbreviations BLKZ -Dictionary of the Common Lithuanian Language. DLKŽ -Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, KPP = Language Practice Tips, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1985. LKZ = Lithuanian 1993. Language Dictionary 1, Vilnius: Mintis, 1968; 3, Vilnius: State Political and Scientific Literature Publishers, 1956. THE INDICATION OF THE CONNECTION OF WORDS IN THE DICTIONARY OF THE MODERN LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE (The usage of the abbreviation žr. Summary There are about 2700 entries in The Dictionary of the Modern Lithuanian Language, in which the abbreviation žr is used. (see) has been used, and this cross-reference has been used 2840 times in all. The head words of such entries aren't defined, they are cross-refered to more widely used words. Such a way of the presentation of meanings isn't handy for user, because he must look for information in several places of the Dictionary. On the other hand, when the word is presented in this way, the polysemy of the word, its stylistic and other peculiarities in many cases are not revealed. Though the reference zr. “has a norminative function” (as it is said in the Preface of the Dictionary), the parallel variants, words, which have better variants in the standard language, and some words, which aren’t proposed to use, are presented with this abbreviation in the same way. It would be useful in the future Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language to use the 246 mentioned cross-reference more rarely in the definitions of the meanings of the head words. 247