„Valdžios“ semantika ir jos reiškimas lietuvių kalboje

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XL (1998) Vilija SAKALAUSKIENĖ Lithuanian Language Institute, Vilnius Government SEMANTICS IR JOS EXPRESSION LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES 1.0. Each word belongs to a lexical microsystem expressing a part of reality. It can be groups of words reflecting a very wide sphere of existence of the material world. A word belongs to some group of lexicon, which has certain frameworks that regulate the semantic structure of the word, its meaningful division. In order to determine the place of the word in the lexical-semantic system, etymologically identify and determine the correspondences jį of related languages, the words under ir consideration can be described by the semantic fields method (King 1987: 19). Classification of lexical į semantic fields is a very — useful method of studying word semantics (Jakaitienė 1980: 29). Semantic field (Voice. semantic Feld, Angl. semantic field, rus. Cemanmuteckoe none) is widely understood in linguistics. In this case, the most common definition is followed: the semantic field consists of words that are connected by at least one common sign of meaning (Karaulov 1976: 23-34; Jakaitienė 1980: 10-11). 29; Gudavičius 1983: 285). “That characteristic is usually extralinguistic: a common objective sphere, a common purpose, a function performed by the things of reality named by those words” (Jakaitienė 1980: 29). J. Karaulov believes that at least one common feature of meaning, common associations evoked by words, is sufficient for words to be considered members of the same semantic field (Karaulov 1976: 64). The semantic field understood in this way is made up of words belonging not to the same part of the language, but to different parts of the language (Jakaitienė 1980: 30). The words of the semantic field under consideration also belong to different parts of the language, but they all have a common sign of meaning, a common structural element of the word — the basic morpheme. 2.0. The semantic attribute „valdžia, vadovavimas, valdymas“ in Lithuanian has the root vald-, veldvediniai (cf. ide. *val-‘stark sein’) (Pokorny 1959: 11— 12). In Germanic, Baltic and Slavic languages, the derivatives of this root are extended by the dental consonant d-(-dh-) (German -twalten): got. waldan, rus. enademtb, s. sl. e0o100emb, la. valdit, fr. weldisnan ‘heredity’ acc. and others. In Lithuanian language, the concepts represented by the roots vald-, veldvediniai form the semantic model "power — subject of power / object of power — place of use of power". 79 2.1. The concept of power is expressed by verbs denoting actions related to the acquisition of power: valdyti su „to have power, to rule“, velti ir "to acquire, to possess as property, to possess". Alongside the iš old words inherited from antiquity, there are recent Vedic ir words. Since a number of new words were created to denote the concepts of morality, ethics, economics, feudal relations, there are also new ones to denote the concepts of jų social ir relations, e.g.: valdauti "to rule, to dominate", valdyti "to have benefit, to use", valdinėti etc. to control, to rule "to watch order, to lead, to manage", to rule "to rule, to rule", to inherit ‘cur. veldėti” ir et al. Adverbs were often used for noun verbs -auti, -oti: valdovduti "to rule, to rule, to rule". Such novelties are abundant in the writings of the 16th and 17th centuries: And stoos after that David had slain the Philistines, he subdued them ir LKŽ XVII 1026 (Ch Krn 19, 1)'; Fill the earth, dominate it, rule over ir the seas of fish LKŽ XVII 1042 (Chl Mozl, 28). And subdued is that land under the face of the Lord LKZ XVII 1042 (Ch1 Krn22, 18). King Macenus, rule us LKZ XVII 1047 (Mž 274-275). He was the leader of the 10th Army (10th Army Corps, 10th Division) in 1947–1948. He ruled and ruled as in spiritual, so in worldly things LKŽ XVII 1047 (DP 26). In the writings of M. Mažvydas, K. Daukša, S. B. Chilinskis, K. Sirvydas, the verbs of the valdroot are used valdyti, valdyti, less often valdduti (the derivative of his prefix pavaldduti is recorded in S. B. Chilinskis' Bible). In J. Bretkūno writings the verb valdyti and its derivatives are not recorded, only veldyti and its derivatives are found (inheritance BB 1 Mos 15, 3; inherit BB Jer 48, 1; BB Teis 3, 13; inherit BB 1 Mac 1, 9). Managing and ruling are frequent in the writings of S. Daukantas, S. Stanevičius. In dialects, it is mainly used to control and its prepositional derivatives. Hybrids are quite common in Eastern Highland dialects: valdžiavoti LKŽ XVII 1046 (Cb, Žž, Ds, Trgn, Sič, Klt, Ut, Slm), valdžiūiti LKŽ XVII 1047 (Dglš, Švnč, Tvr, Str, Prng). 2. 2. The concept of authority is also expressed by the abstracts of the verb to govern: valdžia (Skardžius 1996: 68; Urbutis 1978: 285; PLKG 1957: 163), valdymas. In the writings of M. Mažvydas, the abstract form of the verb with the suffix -ymas is recorded: Vis est jo valdime LKŽ XVII 27 (Mž 270), in the writings of K. Daukša, S. B. Chilinskis — the ending -(i)a derivative valdžia. Other Vedic terms valdystė, valdonystė "rule, rule, being a ruler" are used in 19th century writings and in the press (S. Dauk, Kel 1881, 62, LT II 479), valdonybė "rule, rule" (recorded in A. Kuršaitis "Lithuanian-German Dictionary"), valdymė "rule" (recorded in Varniai), veldėnė "rule, rule" (recorded in A. Krauze's dictionary). "The illustrative examples are taken from the "Dictionary of Lithuanian Language", its catalog. 80 After discussing the words of this group, one feature of the semantics of power emerges: abstraction. — 3.0. The second group of words in the semantic field of power belongs to those that denote, on the one hand, the holder of power (subject of power), and on the other hand — the person subordinate to the holder of power (object of power). The subject of authority (holder) is represented by the words: valdovas, valdonas, valdžionis, valdziotojas, valdžiūnas, valdytojas, pareigūnas, veldetojas, etc. The names of the authorities are made up of various prefixes. These Vedic texts appeared in Lithuanian written language at different times. In addition to Lithuanian folk vocabulary, a certain layer of Lithuanian written language vocabulary in the 16th-17th centuries was made up of various novelties created by authors of the time. More or less new features are found in later writings of the time. In the 16th ir and 17th centuries, the suffixes -tojas, -onas, -onis, -ovas were Vedic. With the suffix -tojas, mainly nouns are formed from secondary verbs whose communicative roots end in -0-, -ė-, -yir, etc. (Skardžius 1996: 87). 1040 (Ch Mr 10, 42); You know that those who are considered worthy to be rulers over people have authority over them. J. Bretkūno Postilėje:...didysis dangaus ir žemės valdytojas LKŽ XVII 1040 (BP I 420). In dialects and folklore, it is used with the meaning "who looks after order, leads": Father was an an his farm manager LKŻ XVII 1040 (Grv). And came the gaspadories, the owners of those cottages LKŽ XVII 1040 (Kpėč). In the 16th and 17th centuries, Lithuanian administrative and legal terms were generally scarce, clerical and legal documents were translated from German or Polish originals, and translators kept their terms. However, some translations of government orders also contained Lithuanian terms of this kind. For example, 1639. IV. 22 In the decree of King Władysław IV of Poland and Lithuania the ruler was called „valdininkas“ (Palionis 1995: 97). In the Bible of J. Bretkūnas there is recorded another derivative heir "ruler": "As the Canaanites and all the heir of the land hear, then shall they surround us" LKŽ XVIII 605 (BB Joz 77, 9). This term is recorded in the dictionary of K. Sirvydas and in "Points of Sayings": Miestavaldis, miesto valdžiotojas LKŽ XVII 1047 (SD 21). The city is home to the 10,000-strong city council of the city of San Francisco (10,000 inhabitants). The adverb -onas of the vedic is recorded in the dictionary of K. Sirvydas (in the form „poddany“), in „Punktuose Sakymų“, in the dictionary of P. Ruigis, G. Milkas, A. Krauze. K. Būga sees this word in two ways. He claims that the word valdona: 1) may have originated from the Indo-European pronoun suffix *-on-; 2) may come from the root of the verb vald and the suffix -na-(noun. -nas). In addition, it is a verb to control, ukr. volodati (Būga 1959: 372). The word "lord" is found in folklore: Mano tetušė —gaspadinėlė, namelių valdonėlė LKŽ XVII 1041 (JD 275); Get up, get up, boy, the little man of the field, the little man of the field 81 XVII 1041 (BsO 270); Oh, where did you put your little brother, the horse master? LKŽ XVII 11042 (LB 137). Adverbs -ona derivatives (valdona) „valdovė“) is found in folklore: O aš mergaitė, tų kvietkų valdona LKŽ XVII 1041 (Sin); Out came the lady, the lordess of the whole manor, the crown of the roses, the flower of the rose be be LKŽ XVII 1041 (Vs.) Next to the suffix -one of the derivatives is used -the derivative of the adverb valdžionis (:valdžia, valdžioti) "ruler, ruler", which appeared in 19th century writings, when people began to care about Lithuania- 's past, its history. The ruler is one of the S. The newly adopted dogs. S. In Daukanto writings we find more ir prepositional vedas with the meaning of the subject of authority: valdžiūnas "ruler". In the folklore, a ruler is encountered: Why is the horse sad and his ruler? LKŽ XVII 1043 (Lzd), recorded in M. Niedermann's dictionary. The prefix -ūnas is recorded in the Vedic in Prussian monuments, for example, waldūns "Herbe" (Mažiulis 1997: 217), in Latvian valduons "ruler". In dialects and folklore, more common are valdauninikas (-ykas) "ruler, ruler" LKZ XVII 1026 (Ūd, Lzd, Al, Kpė), valdžiauniūikas LKZ XVII 1029 (prl), valdininkas "state servant" (Sb, Žr, Pnd, Všk, Mžš, Pns, Brt, Btg, Jrb). The latter innovation came along with the linguistic activity of J. Jablonski in the late 19th century. J. Jablonskis replaced the steward of the written language of the time with an official, from this he strictly distinguishes the ruler “a man who rules and controls a large area of land inhabited by people”. (Carcases 1996: 601). Few personal names have the suffix -ovas, but, as noted in the “Grammar of the Lithuanian language”, it is still used to make new words: ieškovas, skaitovas, vadovas, žiūrovas (Paulauskienė 1994: 76). "The Lord of the Rings: The Lord of the Rings: The Lord of the Rings: The Lord of the Rings: The Lord of the Rings". voldati > ukr. eo0n0amu (Skardžius 1996: 387). In the earliest sources (Mažvydas, Daukša) the meaning of “ruler” is used an old two-stemmed word, inherited from the Indo-European proto-language, —vešpat(i)s “BirajibIKa, TOCYJ/Iapb”, later authors —the meaning of “god”. Valdévas is found in dialects, folklore in the meaning of "master", "owner", "lord" is recorded in "Clavis Germanico- -Lithuana", G. H. E. Nesselman- 's dictionary and other later dictionaries. Another way of creating new words is to borrow words from other languages. The group of words under consideration includes valdymieras „ruler“ (borrowed from the Russian language Bonodumup) recorded in the dictionaries of E. Fraenkelis, M. Niederman, valdimieras in the dictionary of A. Kuršaitis, in the writings of 19th century authors D. Poška, S. Daukanto, S. Stanevičius, M. Valančius, mainly in Žemaičių dialects. In the "Dictionary of Northeastern Moors" and in A. Juška's "Songs" the meaning is "manager, guardian": There is no farmer, no steward of those houses LKŽ XVII 1028 (JD 629). A child without a master cannot be, sent DūnŽ. K. Būga claims that this name of the Lithuanian language ruler was nothing else than Bonodumup Beaukai. This name could have reached the Lithuanians through the Jotvingians, the Lithuanians could have learned, while still alive 82 ir jį Vladimir (Būga 1958: 343). 3.2. The semantic authority entity field belongs to the inheritor ir "new owner, administrator of the estate", heir "heir", testator. Earlier iš jų heir recorded in scriptures, dictionaries (R, MZ, O, N, K). In modern Lithuanian, as in Latvian, nouns with the suffix ir -ėjas are mostly made from primary verbs. In the case of secondary verbs, derivatives of this meaning are usually only formed with the suffix -tojas. We can find -ėjas nouns formed from secondary verbs in the song language (Skardžius 1996: 84). Veldėjas used in S. Daukanto, M. Valančiaus writings, veldėtojas recorded Fr. A Dictionary of Cures. 4.0. The object of authority is expressed by words denoting property (person, property). In feudal society, the peasants were regarded as wealth, property and were inherited. In the ancient writings we find the social term veldam, which in the 15th-16th centuries meant a person under the authority of another person, and such a person was called a captive peasant, belonging to the grand duke, whom he gave to his deserving officials — barons or bishop’s estates — for various merits. Not only the individual was given to Veldam, but also the land he used, his livestock and other property. The social term véldamas, which disappeared from the Lithuanian language at the end of the 17th century, is recorded in the writings of M. Mažvydas, B. Vilentas, J. Bretkūnas, K. Daukša. In the Catechism of M. Mažvydas and the Postilla of K. Daukša the word paduonis, paduotieji (Paduotieji alba veldamai Mz 32) is used next to véldamo. In Lithuanian writings of the 16th century, these words were synonyms and there was no difference in content between them. It is only found in texts that refer to the Lithuanian-inhabited lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The oldest document mentioning véldam is from the second half of the 15th century (1454-1470- ), from the 18th century only one (1719) has been found (Lingis 1970: 295). The origin of the social term veldamas leaves no doubt — it is the present participle of the passive form of the verb veldyti (Būga 1959: 668). In the 16th and 17th century written sources, another derivative of the same root, valdėnas, is used to name a subordinate: „pavaldus asmuo, valdinys“, recorded in the writings of K. Sirvydas: Nes kokie yra vyresnieji, tokie yra ir jų valdonai LKŽ XVII 1041 (SP I 124). He is represented in the National Assembly by G. H. E., D. Sutkevičius. Nesselmann and other later dictionaries. The semantic group of the object of authority includes the new form: the subject “subordinate person”, recorded in the writings of M. Valančius, J. Jablonskis, E. Fraenkelis, J. Ryteris, A. Kuršaitis, A. Lalis dictionaries. Subordinate - the derivative of the verb to control and the suffix -inys (-inė), the derivative of the latter prefix -subject. Other Vedic words: valdžionis “subordinate person, subject” (Valdžionys was entertained with a very affectionate word by Caesar’s miiso (M. Valanč) LKŽ XVII 1046; valdijiétis “citizen, subject”, recorded in the dictionary of A. Kuršaitis; managerial “subordinate person” 83 muo“, used J. Bible translation. Šį the word is given ir LKŽ XVII 1040. This kind of Vedic statement is usually characterized by the directed į jį 200 mg (someone else's usually already ar done) action. Probably it was made according to an analogous derivative construction “assigned to any duties, subject to the ir appointer, executing instructionsjo ”. Most of the time, this is the case with non-compeiš titive events. But now it would be more į correct to look at the construction of all these types of derivatives differently, namely to distinguish the suffix -tinis, -ė, which is added to the (usually transitive) communicative root of the verb (DLKG 1996: 107). With the strengthening of the feudal order and state power, the names of the inhabitants were formed according to their social status. A man is defined as a farmer with a family, living from his farm and performing duties. This name corresponded to the current concept of a peasant. In local and legal acts, people are divided into villages and estates (Jurginis 1962: 20). To state “who is engaged in the work of the land, the farmer”, “the man of the state, the manor” — a clear innovation, which we will find only starting with the writings of V. Kudirka, J. Jablonskis. The peasants were the most numerous stratum of society in the 15th-16th centuries, having no political rights, having only duties in the state and not receiving anything from it. Some peasants were free, some were bound to the land, and some were slaves. However, in the 16th century they all became one, all became pedestrians (Šapoka 1989: 239). In state acts, as well as in old writings, a certain category of peasant was represented by people (Jurginis, min. str.), neighbor (Lingis 1970: 297). K. Daukša in Postilas translates the Polish poddany as neighbor, and in the anonymous author's 1605 revised K. Daukša Catechism the word neighbor is replaced by valstinis (Lingis 1970: 299): And teigi daryt šeimynai ir valstinykamus savo įsakysime LKŽ XVIII 68 (AK 65). Early Polish documents used essentially the same Lithuanianisms as were used in the Slavic Lithuanian kanccliarijy language. "The State of the Nation, 1546" (PDF). wolsnik (Zinkevičius 1988: 122), also used in the 19th-century press („Aušra“- ). Another name of the peasant is related to the creation of villages: valsčionis "peasant, inhabitant of the village" (see Polish wloscianin). With the disappearance of the land dukes in Lithuania, the land management changed. The rural communities are called villages, and their inhabitants — villagers (Jurginis 1962: 17). 5.0. The object of power —property—is represented by several words of the root vald-, veldroot. All of them are moderns: valda "controlled immovable property"—a legal term, still used in this sense in legal writings. The simple structure indicates that valda is a derivative of the verb kontroluoti and the ending -a; velde "inheritance, legacy" —derived from the verb veldėti and the ending -ė. The old derivative veldēnija "inherited manor, farm" is recorded in J. Bretkūnas' Bible. This fact is also given by E. Fraenkel, but its origin is unclear. E. Fraenkelis claims that veldenija (welding) originated from valadenia, which is recorded in J. Bretkū84 no In the Bible (BB 4 Moz 18, 28). Ms. Skardžius the latter time in debt (plg. brush. current) (Carcases 1931: 234). 6.0. The other group of words in question has a semis ‘territory’. The territory, as an administrative unit, is called in the Vedic: valsčius, valdyba, valda, valdamystė, valdystė, valstis, valdonija, valdonija. The first government orders contain specific legal terms. Among the many such terms is recorded the vals. The villages are mentioned already XIV end of a. the Crusades į Lithuania in descriptions. The village is made up of a number of smaller villages. ir There were ir quite small villages located around the castle of the grand duke's villages. ir Members of the municipality community (the previously mentioned peasants) iš were initially free peasants. When the villagers became peasants, the estates of the great feudal lords were called "villages". Valsčius ir — ‘administrative territorial unit’, ‘administered territory, holdings’. E. Fraenkelis "Etymological Dictionary of Lithuanian Language", based on Pr. According to Skardzis, the fact that valsčius < vald-tjus indicates that the latter belongs to a group of words related to valdi and is in no way a loanword (Fraenkel 1965: 1192). Valsčius, as an administered territory, is used J. In Bretkūno Ir jų writings: the life (state) was naog Meso to Mount Sefar LKŽ XVIII 64 (BB 1 Gen 10, 30); He was succeeded by his son, the 15th Earl of Gloucester (1568–1573). In the same sense, the word "valsčius" is used in the writings of K. Sirvydas: As tadu grūdan mustyčios nė vienas daiktas negal indėtis didis, neinkraujas maišai pinigų, neintilpsta aukšti namai, šenys, plačios žemės, valsčiai, dvarai, turmės ir kiti tos žemės niekai LKŽ XVIII 65 (SP I 301); In the 1960s, the 1962-63 season, the club was able to win the Stanley Cup, which they won in 1965-66. In dialects, the village has spread as a "territorial unit": Now called apylinke, 0 first called the village LKZ XVIII 65 (Tik); I was born and raised in the same county LKŽ XVIII 65 (Sts); The inhabitants of the village give the material, and those (masters) come and make the bridges LKŽ XVIII 65 (Where); Smalvu parish and villages LKŽ XVIII 65 (Small). Another term for an administrative unit is state, meaning "state, region, county". K. Būga believes that the state is of Baltic origin and, due to the complete coincidence of the Lithuanian word form with the Latvian and Slavic language forms, it should have been not a valsčius but a valstis, cf. la. State, sl. volsto, rus. gorocms (Būga 1958: 492). However, the word was not widespread in dialects, it is recorded in writings from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, in the press LKŽ XVIII 68 (G 119, Arch IV 579, M, LC 1888). Valdanija "controlled land, area, estate", recorded in the dictionaries of P. Ruigis and G. Milkas: Pilės valdžia, valdanija LKŽ XVII 1026 (R 85); "The creation, development, and destruction of the world" (PDF). pp. 107–108. The meaning of Valdonija as "residence, residence of the ruler" is given by E. Fraenkelis, Fr. J. Ryder, ed. It is probably composed of valdonas and the suffix -ija, forming the meaning of the place. With this suffix, the majority of derivatives are made from nouns denoting persons and name the places controlled or supervised by those persons, administrative units 85 (DLKG 1996: 135). This is a list of the names given to the various ar regions of the country by the governmesu nt. -ysté vediniais valdamysté ir government. Valdamysté "controlled land, area, holding" recorded S. Translated by ‘Margarita Theologica’: The ir fatherland as the reign as the land of one's own is createdta LKŽ XVII 1026 (MT Place 166). names of this suffix are made up of nouns denoting iš persons, naming the territories of the lands ir ruled by tų persons (DLKG 1996: 136). Valdystė "state, controlled territory" is recorded in 19th century writings (S. Daukanto, V. Pietario) and in the press (A 1883, 224, A 1885, Valda "controlled land" — derivative of the ending from the verb 76). valdyti, denoting the place of action, used in this meaning in S. Daukanto writings. The name is derived from the Latin word dominium. In the Middle Ages, the area was known as the Feodal Land. 7.0 In summary, it is said that the words of the examined semantic field form several microfields or lexical-semantic groups: 1) actions related to the acquisition, possession of power; 2) the holder of authority (subject); 3) actors subordinate to the holder of authority (object); 4) the place (territory) of use of power. From the presented material it is clear that the meanings of words and their development are closely related to social life. su Received 12 May 1998 LITERATURE Būga K.1958, 1959: Selected Writings 1, 2, Vilnius: State Political and Scientific Literary Publishers. DLKG 1996: Grammar of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. Gudavičius A. 1983: Relationship between lexical systemic features and stylistic categories. —Education of style in students, Kaunas: Sviesa. Jablonskis J. 1959: Selected Writings 2, Vilnius: State Political and Scientific Literary Publishers. Jablonskis K. 1941: Lithuanian Words in the Old Lithuanian Written Language 1, Kaunas: Spindulys. 1980: The Lexicology of the Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: Mokslas. Jakaitienė E.1988: Lexical semantics, Vilnius: Mokslas. Jurginis J. 1962: Criminal Law in Lithuania, Vilnius: Valstybinė polit. ir moksl. lit. leidykla. Karaliūnas S. 1987: Structural similarities and their origin in the Baltic languages, Vilnius: Mokslas. Karaulov 1976: Kapayjsios IO. H. O6was u pycckas udeoepaghus, Mocksa: Hayka. Lingis J. 1970: Disappeared and changed words of social significance in Lithuanian language. —Donum Balticum, Stockholm. LKŽ 1996: Lithuanian Language Dictionary 17, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. LKŽ 1997: Lithuanian Language Dictionary 18, Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedia Publishing. Mažiulis V. 1997: Dictionary of Prussian Etymology 4, Vilnius: Institute for Publishing of Science and Encyclopedias. 86 Palionis J. 1995: History of the Lithuanian written language, Vilnius: Encyclopedia ir of Science Fiction. Paulauskienė A. 1994: Morphology of the Lithuanian language, Vilnius: Encyclopedia ir of Science Fiction. PLKG 1957: The First Grammar of the Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: State Policy. ir science. lit. publishing house. Pokorny J. 1959: Indo-European etymological dictionary 1, Bern and Munich: Francke Verlag. Sabaliauskas A. 1966: Development of the Lithuanian language lexicon. —The development of Lithuanian language vocabulary, Vilnius: A thought. Sabaliauskas A. 1990: Lithuanian language vocabulary, Vilnius: Science. Skardžius Pr. 1996: Selected Writings 1: Lithuanian Wordmaking, Vilnius: Mokslo enciklopedijos leidykla. ir Šapoka A. 1989: History of Lithuania, Vilnius: Science. Urbutis V. 1978: Theory of word formation, Vilnius: Science. The semantics of the noun valdžia and its expression in Lithuanian Summary A word belongs to a lexical group that affects the semantic structure of the word, affects the division of its meanings. The method of the semantic field, which is differently understood in the linguistic literature, is widespread. From this point of view, the derivatives with the root vald-, veld-, which have a common semantic component, belong to a semantic field, cf.: valdžia, vadovavimas, valdymas. The terms they designate form a semantic model, cf.: valdžia —the governing subject/the governed object —the place where governing is carried out. Terms that serve to designate social designations are often expressed by new formations with different suffixes. In various dialects, in the writing memorials of the 16th century. —17. in the press of the 19th century. of the century are derivatives of the Wurzel vald-, veldvor. Most of the derivatives of vald-, veld have equivalents in other Baltic languages as well as in the Slavic and Germanic languages. One of the most important tasks of modern lexicology is in the study of derivations from the point of view of word formation and semantics. 87