Ragainės apskrities XVIII a. pab. – XIX a. pr. vyrų pavardžių daryba

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XLI (1999) Aušra ŽEMIENĖ Vilnius Pedagogical University FORMATION OF MEN’S SURNAMES IN RAGAINĖ COUNTY IN THE LATE 18TH – EARLY 19TH CENTURIES Research into surnames in Lithuanian historical anthroponymy is based primarily on anthroponymic material from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The works of A. Salys (Salys 1983: 11–70), P. Skardžius (Skardžius 1956: 502–509), P. Jonikas (Jonikas 1973: 201–216), Z. Zinkevičius (Zinkevičius 1977: 19–77), and V. Maciejauskienė (Maciejauskienė 1991; 1993) are noteworthy. Although the treasury of anthroponymy from the GDL has not been exhausted, research data on surnames in Lithuania Minor would supplement the conclusions of studies of Lithuanian onomastics and foster the development of historical anthroponymy. Unfortunately, little such data is available to date. Anthroponymic material from Lithuania Minor can be found in the works of V. Kalvaitis (Kalwaitis 1910), J. Gerulis (Gerullis 1922), R. Trautmann (Trautmann 1925), and V. Fenzlau (Fenzlau 1936), as well as in the study by historian A. Matulevičius (Matulevičius 1995: 213–222). Among more specialized studies, however, one can mention only G. Kiškienė’s articles, which examined the formation of surnames in Lithuania Minor (Kiškienė 1983; 1985; 1989; 1990). The aim of this article is to expand research on the anthroponymy of Lithuania Minor through an analysis of the formation of men’s surnames in Ragainė County in the late 18th–early 19th centuries. This is the first publication to investigate personal names extracted from historical sources on Lithuania Minor held at the Central Evangelical Archive in Berlin (EZA).1 The source is the 1769–1822 marriage register of the Ragainė church, “Verzeichniſs der getrauten Paare im Litaujſchen Kirchſpiel/Ragnit/de Annis 1769–1700, 1771, 1769–1822”2. The book’s pages were numbered, 131 in total. The book covers a period of approximately 53 years (marriage registrations from 1769 to 1822); about 4,700 surname entries (1,901 distinct surname lexemes) were selected from it, which, together with the recorded given names, form a card index of approximately 9,400 personal names. The marriage entries give the spouses’ names and surnames (sometimes also those of their witnesses or the bride’s father), as well as the names of their places of residence (villages). In some cases, 1 For more on EZA, see D r o t v i n a s V. Sources for the onomasticon of Lithuania Minor in German archives. – Questions of Lithuanian Linguistics 38, 1997, 81–87. 2 The microfiche copies of the books were provided by Prof. V. Drotvinas. The microfiche codes are EZA 0 3604/1+, EZA 0 3604/2+, EZA 0 3604/3- Ragnit/Ostpreußen b)1769–1822 lit. 223 The records also contain data on the spouses’ kinship relations and social status. Marriage formulas are of several types: (1) Nikelis Errikatis von Lepaloten ist mit Aguzfe Lutkwacze des Jokubs Lutkus in Pellenen... 24 Octbr.: in der Rimfa copuliert werden. The first example gives the names and surnames of both spouses and the bride’s father, as well as the names of their places of residence. (2) Mik. Danys e[in] Loß[mann] der Wittwer mit der Magd Ane Urbßate beyde von Preußen 28 Febr.: In the second example, in addition to the spouses’ designations already mentioned and their places of residence (both were from the same place), the groom’s occupation (raftsman) is also specified. (3) Anßas Pellinatis, der Dwaronatis von Bludißken, Stiefjohn, mit der von ihm... Magd Madl. Erkate von Dorlauken d[iem] 11 Nvbr. The third example gives the spouses’ names and surnames, their social status (landowner, hired servant), the names of their places of residence, and the groom’s family status (stepson). (4) Jurgis Skambraks e[in] Invalide vonraudeken, mit Erkme Maißimate... von Großen d[iem] 1 Xbr. This record gives the spouses’ names and surnames, the names of their places of residence, and an indication of the groom’s social status (invalid). The source was written in German with insertions in Latin, and the spelling of Lithuanian surnames shows the influence of German. This is evident in the phonetics from certain consonant clusters atypical of Lithuanian, e.g., Schmidtke, and from the leveling of the vowel phonemes uo/o and ė/e, e.g., Jożuatis – Juożwaitis, Sedatis – Sėdaitis, and so on. The records were written by more than one person, so surnames are spelled very inconsistently, with many graphic differences not conditioned by positional variants, e.g., Tumoßatis / Tumoſatis, Kriçons / Kryçons, Ennulene / Enullatis, Jagomaſtate / Jagomoſtene / Jegomaſtat, and so on. The frequent surname variants indicate that although surnames had become an essential part of personal designation in the eighteenth century, they did not yet have a firm legal status that would safeguard their accuracy and stability (see also Maciejauskienė 1991: 117). Almost all personal designations (about 98%) are binary, e.g.: Erdmons Kemßatis, Anßas Pellinatis, Jokubs Lutkus. Identical second elements in the designations of father and son show that the second personal name in the binary designation had already acquired the status of a surname, e.g., son Jons Lenkait, father Kriſtup Lenkait. Thus, by the eighteenth century in Lithuania Minor, as in Lithuania Proper, the binary Lithuanian naming system of given name and surname had become fully established (cf. Maciejauskienė 1991: 112). The most common formula for a binary designation is: given name + surname. On pp. 121–131, the order of designation changes because the order in which people are recorded in the book changes. On these pages, people are recorded in a columnar table whose first column (“Name und Stand”) gives the surname first, followed by the given name. In the other columns, people are listed in the usual order: first element—the given name; second element—the surname. 224 Only one man's designation consists of two given names and a surname: Anusis Anfas Gurblys. Here, Anusis is a diminutive form of the Christian name Anfas. It may be supposed that the man was called by the first, diminutive name at home, while the second was his official name. The concept of surname formation. When discussing surname formation, it is essential to emphasize that, in its nature and character, it differs fundamentally from the formation of common vocabulary. First, all surnames originated from personal names: from patronymics formed with patronymic suffixes, or from various other sources (nicknames, old two-stem personal names, personal names derived from appellative bynames, and so on) (cf. Maciejauskienė 1991: 228). This precludes treating a surname as a derivative. For example, a surname originating from a patronymic is not a derivative; it merely has one affix or another. Compare also the common noun karalaitis and the surname Adomaitis. In the first case, the base of derivation is karalius, and the derivational affix is the suffix -aitis. Thus, the common noun karalaitis is a derivative formed with the suffix -aitis. In the second case, it would be incorrect to regard the surname Adomaitis as a derivative formed with the suffix -aitis, since only the patronymic was formed with this suffix and later (around the 17th–18th centuries) became a surname. Thus, the suffix in question is an affix used to form patronymics. Second, once surnames had taken shape (from the 18th century onward), a process of stabilization took place: the dropping of patronymic suffixes, Slavicization, and so on (Maciejauskienė 1991: 117). One consequence of this process was the establishment of non-Lithuanian suffixes in Lithuanian surnames. Thus, there is no basis for discussing surname formation in terms of the formation of common words. V. Maciejauskienė prefers to use a different term for this purpose—“the specific nature of research into surname formation” (cf. “the specific nature of the origins of surnames formed in different ways”) or the like (Maciejauskienė 1991: 205). Surname formation is associated with the specific nature of surnames as proper words. The genuine surname affixes, considering the features of surname formation, development, and stabilization, are the personal-name (patronymic) suffixes -aitis, -onis, -ūnas, -ėnas (Maciejauskienė 1991: 216). M. Ramonienė also calls these suffixes “suffixes characteristic exclusively of surnames” (Ramonienė 1992: 124). Slavic -ovič, -evič are also classified as patronymic suffixes. These suffixes first became established in patronymics, and many of them were retained as surnames took shape. However, it should be emphasized that the suffixes -ovič, -evič may also have entered Lithuanian surnames in other ways: they may have been added artificially during the Slavicization of surnames, or the surnames containing them may be borrowed (Maciejauskienė 1991: 180–181; 1993: 40; 1996: 60). In the context of surname formation, the diminutive suffixes -elis, -ulis, -utis, -ukas, and so forth, should also be mentioned. Assessing their meaning is often problematic as well: these suffixes could have either a patronymic meaning (suffixes distinguishing the surnames of father and son, who differ in age and belong to different generations) or a diminutive meaning (suffixes with this meaning are used to distinguish surnames of persons unrelated by kinship ties 225 (signaling various extralinguistic differences)) (cf. Maciejauskienė 1987: 87; 1991: 89). Apparently, the suffixes mentioned above have a diminutive meaning in some surnames in the source under study (cf. Deiwiks ir Deiwikatis, Bastikas ir Bastikatis), but most often their meaning is difficult to determine (they may be either diminutive or patronymic). Bearing in mind that the specific nature of surname formation is associated not only with the origins and development of surnames but also with their stabilization, surnames with suffixes of the type -sk- are also significant; these arose through the Slavicization of Lithuanian surnames of various origins. As already noted, some surnames with -ovič, -evič. also arose by this unnatural process. In the context of surname formation, all other surnames may conditionally be regarded as “primary.” Their structure was determined by the word-formation process of the words from which they originated. It should be emphasized that the problem of assessing surname formation, briefly discussed in this article, reflects the viewpoint of only some researchers of Lithuanian personal names (A. Butkus, V. Maciejauskienė, M. Ramonienė). Representatives of the second viewpoint tend not to limit themselves to a derivational analysis at the level of the proper word, but instead segment the formation down to a morphologically indivisible structure (cf. Zinkevičius 1977: 235). Men’s surnames. The source under study records 876 men’s surnames3. As many as 516 of them (58.9%) are formed with the Lithuanian patronymic suffix -aitis and its variants -ait, -atis, -at. The surnames are listed below in order of the frequency of the suffix variants. -atis (322 surnames): Abromatis2, Adomatis 30, Akrutatis 3, Allifatis 3, Allyfatis, Anduzatis 3, Anusfatis, Armonatis, Auflilatis 2, Awizatis, Afʒmonatis 2, Bajoratis 8, Bakatis 5, Bakkatis, Balcʒunatis, Baltrunatis, Baltruʒatis 3, Banatis 31, Bannatis 3, Barcʒatis 7, Barʒtatis, Bastikatis, Beginatis 5, Bekeratis, Benelatis 3, Benulatis, Betkatis, Blaʒkatis, Bonelatis, Boʒatis 4, Bofatis 3, Braʒatis 5, Braʒatis 2, Broʒatis 3, Budkeratis, Burgʒatis 2, Butkeratis 7, Buʒatis 4, Cʒelwatis, Cʒeponatis, Cʒeputatis, Cʒokatis, Deiwikatis 3, Derwatis 2, Dikʒatis, Ditʒmonatis, Difʒeratis 4, Dolakatis, Domantatis 3, Domatis, Dowatis, Dowidatis 11, Dudatis 8, Duddatis, Dujatis 3, Dumatis 2, Dumoʒatis 4, Dumʒatis, Dwaronatis 4, Endrejatis 24, Endrulatis, Enduʒatis, Enskatis, Enullatis, Enʒelatis 3, Enʒulatis, Enʒelatis 4, Enfelatis, Errikatis 14, Esʒelunatis, Gaigalatis 3, Gallinatis 2, Garnatis 10, Gavenatis, Gawenatis 2, Gemʒatis, Gidulatis, Girrulatis 4, Girrullatis, Graʒtatis, Greinatis 2, Grigalatis 7, Grigatis 3, Grigg alatis, Griggatis, Gud datis 6, Guderatis, Guduratis, Jakʒtatis, Jekʒtatis 2, Jokubatis 11, Jokuʒatis, Jonatis 16, Jonikatis, Jonkatis, Jonukatis 3 Only the lexemes of distinct surnames are counted, since repeated surnames, especially those belonging to the same person, would make it difficult to obtain as accurate a picture of surname formation as possible. According to V. Maciejauskienė, this picture is important for various reasons: it reveals the characteristics of surname formation in a particular locality and can be compared with the broader context of surname formation (Maciejauskienė 1993: 40). 4 The number following a surname indicates how many instances of that surname are recorded in the source. 226 2, Jonuƒatis, Joɣatis, Joɣuatis, Joɣulatis, Joɣupatis 4, Joɣuwatis 2, Jurgelatis, Jurguttatis, Jurgƒatis 3, Jurkatis 3, Jurratis, Kairatis, Kanapinatis 2, Kasperatis 2, Kaupatis, Kayratis 2, Kellotatis 17, Kemƒatis, Kerbƒtatis, Ketatis 2, Keydatis 2, Kisƒelatis 12, Kifƒkatis, Kleinatis 2, Klibingatis, Kolatis, Krapatis, Krauleidatis, Krizatis 2, Kromatis 7, Kropatis 6, Kroppatis, Kullatis 2, Kummutatis, Kuppatis, Kurpatis, Kurreƒatis, Kwederatis, Laiwatis, Lakƒatis 4, Larinatis, Lebbudatis, Ledatis, Leitwaratis, Lekƒatis, Lengwenatis, Lengwinatis 2, Lenkatis 4, Lenkneratis, Leƒkatis, Lopƒatis, Loratis 2, Lorencɣatis 15, Loɣeratis, Lukoƒatis, Lutkatis 2, Macatis 5, Macɣalatis, Macɣatis, Macɣulatis, Macɣullatis 2, Maldiƒatis, Maldukatis, Mandwidatis, Marratis, Masatis, Mattukatis, Mauricɣatis 3, Mecɣullatis, Mercɣatis 2, Mergimatis, Mertinatis 4, Mertinkatis, Meƒkatis 23, Mikatis 2, Mikelatis, Mikkatis, Mikkelatis 3, Mikkutatis 4, Mikkuttatis, Mikolatis 3, Milkeratis 3, Moteɣatis 2, Motekatis 4, Moɣatis 2, Nauɣokatis 3, Nikelatis 3, Nikkelatis 2, Nurmonatis, Nüboratis 2, Obriejatis 3, Obromatis, Palentinatis, Pecɣatis, Pellinatis, Penuldatis, Peteratis 7, Petratis 2, Pintatis 2, Piƒkolatis 3, Pladdatis, Plauƒinatis 2, Plauƒinnatis, Plutatis 2, Pluttatis 5, Podɣuwatis 3, Ponatis, Ponelatis, Ponulatis, Pracatis 2, Pranatis 2, Prankatis 3, Pranskatis, Praɣatis 3, Preiekƒatis, Preikƒatis 7, Pruƒatis 3, Pukmonatis, Puknatis 6, Purmonatis, Purratis 3, Puslatis 6, Puƒlatis, Pylipatis, Pyplatis, Ramonatis, Raƒakatis 2, Rederatis, Reinakatis, Restatis, Rikteratis 3, Roɣatis 2, Ruddatis 3, Ruddikatis, Rumelatis 5, Rummelatis, Rūwartatis, Sarrapinatis, Sauskoɣatis, Sedatis 26, Sedlauskatis, Seimatis, Silainatis, Simonatis 9, Skerratis, Skirbstatis, Skirputtatis, Sobatis, Spikeratis 4, Sprogatis, Staƒulatis, Staƒullatis, Stenkatis 4, Stepputatis, Stugatis 2, Subergatis, Sudergatis 5, Suldatis, Suttatis, Swillimatis 2, Sɣakatis 2, Sɣaltifɣatis, Sɣamatis 3, Sɣammatis, Sɣattatis 6, Sɣautatis 3, Sɣedatis 2, Sɣelmatis, Sɣelnatis, Sɣelwatis 5, Sɣeppaldatis, Sɣernatis, Sɣillatis, Sɣillupatis, Sɣimatis 12, Sɣimkatis 2, Sɣimmatis 2, Sɣinikatis, Sɣlanatis 2, Sɣneideratis 10, Sɣrainatis, Sɣtenkatis, Sɣteƒulatis, Sɣteƒullatis, Sɣtuldorpatis, Sɣulmiftratis 5, Tautoratatis 12, Tenikatis 11, Tennikatis, Tewelatis 8, Ticɣkatis 7, Tolksdorpatis, Tonatis, Tonnatis, Treinatis 2, Tumoƒatis 2, Tumofatis, Tunatis 6, Tunnatis, Turkatis 6, Turkkatis, Urbantatis 6, Urbƒatis 11, Urbƒatɣatis, Uredatis 5, Uƒkurratis, Waitekatis, Waittatis, Wallatis 3, Wanuƒkatis, Wartatis, Wasƒlatis, Wederatis 3, Wellikatis 3, Wenuƒkatis, Widdatis, Wikswatis 2, Ynɣɣatis, Zamaitatis 5, Zɣemaitatis 2, Zentelatis 9, Zillatis, Zweratis, Zwirblatis, Zɣdatis 2; -at (132 surnames): Adomat 15, Allijat, Allyjat, Bajorat, Banat 3, Bannat 5, Barɣat, Benelat, Benulat 3, Bertulat, Braƒat 3, Butkerat 4, Cɣelwat 3, Domantat, Domuƒat, Dowidat 5, Dumƒat, Dwaronat 2, Endreɣat 9, Endrikat, Enskat, Fifchat, Gailat, Garnat, Gedrat 2, Girrulat 4, Graƒtat 2, Greɣlat, Grigallat 2, Gudd at 6, Jegomafɣat, Jefikat, Jokubat 2, Jonat 3, Jonekat, Josupat, Joɣupat, Jurgat 2, Kalwat, Kaupat 2, Kellautat, Kellotat 4, Killat, Kisƒelat 4, Kifƒkat, Knattat, Koknat, Kolat, Kromat 3, Kropat 2, Kryɣat, Kubutat, Kullat, Kurƒelat, Lakƒat, Lekƒat, Lengwenat, Lenkat 3, Leƒat, Lopƒat, Lorat 2, Lorencɣat 3, Macat 4, Makkat, Mallulat, Mattikat, Mattiɣat, Mattijat, Mauricɣat, Mergimat, Mertinat, Meƒkat 4, Micɣkat, Mikkat 2, Mikkelat 2, Mikkutat, Milkerat, Moteɣat 3, Moɣurat, Nobarrat 227 2, Norbutat, Nūborat, Palentinat, Paulat 2, Peterat, Plaušinat, Powilat, Pracat, Preikšat 8, Puknat, Purrat 2, Ramonat 2, Razat, Rederat, Rozat, Rumelat, Sedat 7, Simonat 6, Somelat, Stašulat 8, Stecjunat, Stenkat 4, Sudergat 2, Swillumat, Szelwat 4, Szernat, Szimat, Szymkat, Szlaunat, Szneiderat 8, Szokat, Szulmjrat, Szulsat, Tenikat 3, Tewelat 2, Ticžkat 2, Tomulat, Tonekat, Treinat 2, Tummolat, Turkat 2, Urbšat 3, Wadžat, Welleikat, Wellikat, Widrat, Žamaitat 7, Žemaitat, Žentelat 2, Žigat, Žillat, Žydat; -ait (26 surnames): Bamelait, Bastekait, Bemelait, Bennelait, Brozait 3, Enšelait 3, Errekait 2, Gidulait, Guddušait, Jokabait 2, Jožupait, Jurgait 4, Kalwait 3, Lenkait 3, Lolait 5, Milk erait, Nikkelait, Peterait, Rumelait, Rummelait, Simonait, Somelait, Stašulait, Tenikait 4, Tewelait, Užkurait 2; -aitis (24 surnames): Adomaitis, Bemelaitis, Bendikaitis, Bražaitis, Brozaitis 3, Gludaitis 2, Jožuais, Jurgaitis 6, Jušaitis, Kalwaitis 9, Kellotaitis, Lolaitis 9, Lorencžaitis, Milk eraitis, Motejaitis, Nikkelaitis, Racžuwaitis 2, Sudergaitis, Sžneideraitis, Tenekaitis, Urbžaitis, Uredaitis, Užkuraitis, Žarraitis. 15 surnames with the suffix -aitis (and its aforementioned variants) contain the formant -uv-: Docžuwatis, Docžuwait, Endruwatis, Endruwaitis, Endruwait 2, Jožuwatis, Lenūwatis 2, Radžuwatis 2, Radžuwat, Raudžuwatis, Smilguwatis, Stippruwait. In men’s surnames, this formant arose in much the same way as in women’s surnames (LPŽ I 278). In women’s surnames, -uv- is quite common. It is treated as a reflex derived from disyllabic men’s surnames with u-stems. V. Kalvaitis also gives examples of this type of surname in “Lietuviškų vardų klėtelė” (Bludžuwaitis, Jožuwaitis – Kalwaitis 1910: 8, 11), although researchers of personal names in Lithuania Minor (Z. Zinkevičius, V. Maciejauskienė), as well as the researcher of personal names in Lithuania Minor G. Kiškienė, do not mention the formant -uv- in men’s surnames. According to the authors of the “Dictionary of Lithuanian Surnames,” “such derivatives are known only from western Lithuania” (LPŽ I 278). Compared with the suffix -aitis and its variants, all the other surname suffixes in the source occur only sporadically. These are the diminutive suffixes -utis (-ut), -ik(a)s, -ulis, -elis, -uk(a)s (17 surnames): Balttutis 2, Jožunut, Jožuttis 2, Jožut, Pennuttis, Penuttis 4, Ražutis, Rumelutis, Baštikas, Deiwiks 2, Maciks, Pauliks 8, Germulis, Germullis, Grigullis 2; Dargelis 2, Pladuks 4; of the -sk- type (16 surnames): Albowskis, Biržinskis, Czeczewskis, Jankowskis 3, Jenkowskis, Karpowskis, Mikalowskis, Rabožauskas, Rakalowskis, Rimožauskas, Sabrowskis, Sakauskas, Sakaužkis, Sžedauskas 2, Słžedauskis, Žalinskas; patronymic forms—Lithuanian -on(i)s, -ūn(a)s (15 surnames): Balczuns 2, Datkuns 7, Daugzuns 2, Doczuns, Sarguns, Seruns, Witkuns, Wildkiuns, Witkiuns, Wittkiuns, Gozonis, Gozons, Guzons, Krijons 4, Kryzons 7, Slavic -ovič: Antonawiczas. The remaining 311 (35.5%) surnames of men from Ragainė County may conditionally be called “primary.” These are: Adoms 2, Aguttiszkis, Akstins 2, Akštins, Aukžle, Auštins 6, Awižus, Awižžus 2, Ažmys, Bacžkus, Bajors, Baks 11, Balczus, Barczys, Bartuczkis 2, Bartmans, Bart- 228 myns, Baručzkis 2, Barutškis, Barštys 7, Beetkis, Bendiks 4, Benkmons 2, Berens, Berfškis 2, Betkis 4, Bludžus 20, Bražas 5, Brašas, Bredys 5, Buddarus 3, Budžus, Burba 4, Burblys 4, Cžeidys 17, Cžerkus, Cžinczils, Damalaks, Dangelis, Danys, Daugšys, Daunus, Derwa, Didkritys, Dilba, Ditfšmons 2, Difelys, Dolaks, Dolys, Dominiks, Domininks, Doutelis, Drukneris, Duda 3, Dwilyś, Dwyls 9, Dyczmons 2, Dytfšmons, Dyfelys, Egerts 12, Eibikis, Elknyś, Elksnys 6, Elkfnyś, Erkis 2, Fricžus, Gaigals 3, Gallinis 2, Gawena 7, Gendrolus, Gerkis 6, Gerkows, Girnus 5, Giwullys, Gloža, Golwin, Greže, Grežlys, Griežlys, Griežlys 4, Gronebergs, Grosmans, Gružas 5, Gruždas, Gruže, Gudjonis 6, Gurblys, Gurčius, Guža, Gywys, Jankis, Jaudiškys, Jegals, Jenkis, Juddus, Jukkalis, Juška 9, Kairys 15, Kakšys 20, Kalkaws 2, Kalkius 9, Kaupa, Kaups, Kebbel ys, Kerpe, Kisnerus, Klaudžus, Klosfas, Kokna 8, Kosgalwis 3, Kosgalwys 8, Kraufšus 5, Krepštikis 2, Krybarts, Kubbas, Kubrys 3, Kucžus, Kudžus 22, Kuja, Kundrots 3, Kuras, Kurras 24, Kužabas, Kužabs, Kušabs, Kylys 2, Laius, Laudžus, Laukans, Laukants, Laužas 14, Lekfžewis, Leperts, Lindžus, Ložerys 11, Lošere 7, Loferys 2, Ludkus, Luka 4, Lukošus 2, Lutkus 10, Lymants 2, Maašfwed s, Maddys 2, Maišims 2, Mans, Mantkus, Maskolus, Maurits, Megalys, Mercžus 2, Meyeris, Mikklaufas 3, Miklaufas 4, Možurs, Mošurs 6, Mülleris, Naujoks 4, Negrazus, Neweikis, Nikklaus, Nikklausšas, Nikklaufas, Niklausšas 5, Niklaufas 4, Nurmons, Nurna 2, Nüalis, Oginskis, Okfas 13, Osvalds, Oswalds, Oftwalds, Oftwaldts 2, Oftwalts, Pacžus, Padžus 4, Pakirnys, Palapys 2, Palenčius, Paltins 3, Patdžus, Pauliškis 10, Pašžkus 2, Pekis 4, Pelcžus, Peldžus, Pellinis, Pempe 33, Petkus 4, Pladdys 6, Plaušžinis 3, Pliwiški s 9, Pocžka 4, Pocžkus 2, Pocžus 4, Podžus 23, Puknus 2, Purkus 2, Puslys, Pušnus 7, Pyrags, Pùcžkus, Pùdžus 9, Pùška 2, Racžys, Ratkis, Raudys 2, Raudžus 2, Rafoks, Relings, Repšys, Restys 2, Resf tys, Reftys 3, Rimkus 24, Ringys 13, Rocže, Rocžys 33, Rotkis 3, Rožas, Rudakys, Ruddys 9, Ruikys, Rung 3, Runys, Sauskojis, Schieman, Seefalds, Sibbitis, Siemants, Siemons, Skalik, Skaliks 19, Skalliks 16, Skambraks 5, Skarus 4, Skepenas, Skulcžus 15, Skuldžus, Smilgius 2, Sonelis, Sonellis, Spoks, Stakelys, Statkus 2, Steins, Strasdas 4, Strasfus, Sukmons 7, Sutmons 3, Swillims, Sybarta, Sžalnas, Sžateika, Sžaudinis, Sžeidys, Sžilgalys 3, Sžilgalys 2, Sžillgallys 2, Sžimkus 3, Sžleiwys, Sžleudys, Sžlokfžnys, Sžlonys, Sžlyže 2, Sžmukfšts, Sžorifž, Sžorys 6, Sžrederis, Sžukys, Sžulkfždys 6, Sžulaks 13, Sžulikis, Sžwed s 3, Sžwirkfžlys 3, Sžönwalts, Tenikis, Tenys, Tietkis, Trikojis 6, Tydtkis 4, Tžwirkfžlys, Uppermons, Urbants, Urmons, Ušžballis, Užballis, Waddišus 2, Wadifus, Waitfšys, Walantejus 10, Walentejus, Wargas 14, Wasfillus, Wafškius, Wafžkys 3, Weimeris, Werkhys 2, Widra, Willaufas, Windžus 12, Wiržbžkis, Wolgemuts, Žabrys, Žalinskys, Želys, Žibriks, Žuks 2, Žygautis 2, Ükfas. Surnames with the suffix -iškis stand out in this group (Agutiškis, Jaudiškys, Pauliškis, Pliwiškis, Wiržbiškis). It is rather difficult to determine the meaning of this suffix. In cases where a derivative with the suffix -iškis is formed from another anthroponym, it may also be patronymic (Maciejauskienė 1991: 241). 229 Concluding remarks An overview of the personal designations recorded in the source from Ragainė County in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries shows that by this period the two-part Lithuanian naming system, consisting of a given name and a surname, had already become established in Lithuania Minor. The typical naming formula is: given name + surname. The predominant structural type of male surname is the surname with the patronymic suffix -aitis and its variants -atis, -at, -ait. The abundance of surnames with this suffix in Lithuania Minor corresponds to the frequency of surnames bearing this suffix in the southwestern part of Lithuania Major. A fundamental feature of surnames of this type in Lithuania Minor is their uniqueness in comparison with formations containing the competing suffixes -onis, -ūnas, -ėnas in the eastern part of Lithuania Major. The diminutive suffixes of surnames in Lithuania Minor (-utis, -ikas, -ulis, -elis, -ukas) are more varied than the corresponding suffixes found in surnames in Lithuania Major, which are common but not varied (-elis, -ėlis); cf. Maciejauskienė 1993: 96–97. Ragainė County surnames are strongly characterized by the phonetic phenomena of monophthongization (-aitis/-atis, -ait/-at), ending loss (-aitis/-ait, -atis/-at), and ending shortening. The surnames from Ragainė County in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries discussed here illustrate only a small part of the anthroponymic stock of Lithuania Minor. Further study of these sources (EZA parish registers) will certainly reveal additional patterns in the naming of Lietuvininkai and promote the development of Lithuanian historical anthroponymy. Received 1999 04 15 LITERATŪRA Drotvinas V. 1997: Mažosios Lietuvos vardyno šaltiniai Vokietijos archyvuose. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 38, 81–87. Fenclau V. 1936: Fenzlau W. Die Deutschen Formen der Litauischen Orts- und Personennamen des Memelgebiets, Hale / Saale: Max Niemeyer Verlag. Gerullis G. 1922: Die altpreußischen Ortsnamen, Berlin und Leipzig: Vereinigung wissenschaftlicher Verleger, Walter de Gruyter u. Co. Gottschald M. 1982: Deutsche Namenkunde, Berlin–New York: Walter de Gruyter. Jonikas P. 1973: Lietuvių studentų pavardės XV–XVIII a. Europos universitetuose. – Litua-nistikos darbai 3, 201–216. Kalwaitis W. 1910: Lietuwiškų wardų klėtele su 15000 wardų, Tilžėje: Spausdinta Otto v. Mauderodės. Kiškienė G. 1983: Dėl priesagos lie. -ait- pavardžių būv. Rytų Prūsijoje. – Baltistica 19(2), 179–183. Kiškienė G. 1985: Dėl XVIII a. Prūsijos lietuvių moterų pavardžių. – Baltistica 21(1), 37–41. Kiškienė G. 1989: Dėl XVIII a. R. Prūsijos dv kamienių lietuviškų pavardžių. – Baltistica. Priedas 3(2), 312–314. 230 Kiškienė G. 1990: Dėl Rytų Prūsijos XVIII a. lietuvių pavardžių darybos. – Baltistica 26(1), 77–82. LPŽ I – Lietuvių pavardžių žodynas 1, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1985. Maciejauskienė V. 1991: Lietuvių pavardžių susidarymas, Vilnius: Mokslas. Maciejauskienė V. 1993: Kriaunų parapijos XVII–XVIII a. asmenvardžiai. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 32, 34–99. Maciejauskienė V. 1993: Lietuvių įvardijimas XIX a. pirmojoje pusėje. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 32, 100–113. Maciejauskienė V. 1996: Dėl lietuvių pavardžių su priesagomis -avičius, -evičius vertinimo. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 36, 60–70. Matulevičius A. 1995: Tilžės apskrities lietuviai ir jų pavardės prieš 3 amžius. – Lietuvininkų kraštas, Kaunas: Spindulys. Ramonienė M. 1992: Asmenvardžiai – mūsų kalbos dalis. – Lietuvių kalba mokykloje 4, Kaunas: Šviesa. Salys A. 1983: Raštai 2, Roma: Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademija. Skardžius P. 1956: Die Bindevokale in den litauischen zweistämmigen Personennamen. – Festschrift für Max Vasmer, Berlin: Verlag Otto Harrassowitz Wiesbaden, 502–509. Trautmann R. 1925: Die altpreußischen Personennamen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck u. Ruprecht. Zinkevičius Z. 1977: Lietuvių antroponimika: Vilniaus lietuvių asmenvardžiai XVII a. pradžioje, Vilnius: Mokslas. DIE BILDUNG DER FAMILIENNAMEN VON MÄNNERN IM 18. – 19. JH. IN RAGNIT Zusammenfassung Aus einer Analyse der Anthroponymie im Kirchenbuch von Ragnit, geschrieben in den Jahren 1762–1822, geht hervor, daß im 18. Jh. die zweigliedrige Personenbezeichnung schon Norm geworden war. Die Familiennamen von Männern werden meistens mit dem litauischen Suffix -aitis gebildet (516 von 876). Andere Suffixe sind folgende: -utis, -ikas, -ulis, -elis, -ukas (17), -sk- Typus (16), -onis, -ūnas (15), -ovič (1). Das Suffix -ait- herrscht also in Klein-Litauen vor. Die deminutiven Suffixe sind in Klein-Litauen mehr differenziert als die häufigen, aber nicht so differenzierten deminutiven Suffixe in Groß-Litauen (-elis, -ėlis). Für die Familiennamen sind folgende phonetischen Erscheinungen typisch: Monophthongierung (-aitis/-atis, -ait/-at), Weglassung (-aitis/-ait, -atis/-at) und Verkürzung der Endungen. Die besprochenen Familiennamen zeigen uns nur einen kleinen Teil der Anthroponymie von Klein-Litauen. Weitere Erforschung der anthroponymischen Quellen des EZA (Evangelisches Zentralarchiv in Berlin) können mehr Erscheinungen aus Licht bringen, die für die ganze litauische historische Personennamenforschung sehr wichtig sind. 231