Naujažodžiai Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto kompiuteriniame tekstyne

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XLIT (2000) Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania NEW WORDS VYTAUTO LARGE UNIVERSITY IN THE COMPUTER TEXT Search, selection, classification New words are constantly added to the language. New words, or neologisms, are words that appear in the language in various ways (morphological word formation, borrowing of lexems, abbreviations) and due to various changes: due to changes in social relations, science, technology, cultural progress; new words are perceived as new, unusual (Gaivenis, Keinys 1990: 132, Jakaitienė 1980: 81, Urbutis 1978: 27-29). They are not stable, and it is difficult to say which of them have non-verbal (extralinguistic) reasons to remain and which will disappear with the phenomena they identify. The creation of new words is a continuous, intensive and difficult to generalize process of language development. In the works that examine this layer of lexicon (Schippan 1992: 244), the following problems are often raised: how long a word is considered a neologism; whether every new word is a new word, and vice versa; how to treat causal constructions of individual authors; whether values and semantics are to be considered new words; what status to give to new semmes of known lexemes? It is also worth considering whether, from the point of view of current usage, new words can also be considered as those that, having been in the passive layer of the lexicon for a long time, return to active usage. A lot of attention is paid to the analysis of new words worldwide. Linguists of both major languages (such as English and French) and minor languages (such as Danish) are conducting research related to the recording, analysis and evaluation of this layer of vocabulary. Since the major Western European languages are already adapted to computer technology, it is possible to automatically collect new vocabulary from large computer texts using various methods. In Lithuania, new words have not been studied systematically and consistently for a long time for understandable reasons: the computerization of Lithuanian language was started only recently, so it was not possible to perform automated search and analysis of new words. The automated search for new words in Lithuanian language was carried out in the textbook prepared by the Computer Linguistics Centre of Vytautas Magnus University, which contains 30 million words and includes publications from various fields from 1991-1996. Initial investigation" V. Zinkevičius’ new words recognition program (the general program of these words does not recognize, because they do not include computer į dictionaries), was selected about thousand. 750 linguistic units: unrecognized individual letters, abbreviations and words. Although the program allows automatic selection of foreign-origin words su and helps to compile lists of the latest words, it became clear that a second stage of automatic selection is necessary to help separate unnecessary material for analysis. Words with less than four letters (mostly various abbreviations) and all words beginning with a capital letter, i.e. real nouns, have been abandoned. The final result of the automated search and selection of new words — 230 thousand. heading words or their forms. More than two-thirds of words are rejected by the computer. However, this was not an ideal option. The third step of the selection process was related to the complex system of Lithuanian language (more precisely —to make the list) not all the flexional forms of new words are needed. One case of use is sufficient. Unfortunately, the computer-generated word root dictionaries provided in the program gave a whole paradigm of changing new words. For example, the singular noun of the noun novadaro aplinkosaugininkas occurred 4 times, the plural noun — 8 times, the noun — 14 times. It was impossible to automatically reject unnecessary word forms. In addition, it became apparent that the list of new words contains a number of words with proofreading errors. Here, too, the computer and its error-correcting programs were powerless, as they considered each word in the list and the location of that word next to it in the database as an error. The list was cleaned manually and about 17 thousand were left for further analysis. In the years of independence activated, created or borrowed words from other languages. For example: answering machine c:\fox25a\lkt\Ikt\OO\O0\03\57- \9495BR. TXT most memorable c:\fox25a\lkt\Ikt\00\00\02\44\- D28GYVEN. TXT secrecy c:\fox25a\lkt\Ikt\OO\OO\OO\21\FIL-142. TXT printer c:\fox25a\lkt\Ikt\00\00\04\25\- ROLZU25. TXT reversible c:\fox25a\lkt\Ikt\00\00\02\46\- D36TRISK. TXT downloads c:\fox25a\lkt\lkt\00\00\03\98\- GR0O49D. TXT atskirtuka c:\fox25a\lkt\Ikt\0O\OO\0S\00\6 VARIK. TXT rebuild c:\fox25a\lkt\Ikt\00O\00\02\82\ACIU. TXT atSvaistelis c:\fox25a\lkt\Ikt\00\00\04\17\- LEON20. TXT! In order to clarify the sources of new words, the reasons for their borrowing or creation, and the agreement with the norms of the common Lithuanian language, it was decided to carry out a research work “Analysis of new words (borrowing and new words) in the Lithuanian common language during the period of independence”. Realizing the relevance of the topic and the likelihood of new results, this idea was supported by the State Fund for Science and Studies. 16 These words are the main object of the presented study, they su are related to other ir problems that arose during the work. Thus, summarizing the first stage of automatic word — search selection, it can be said that the main difficulty of such ir work is determined by the incompatibility of the user environment and computer dictionaries, the fact that it is not possible to automatically combine all word forms into one main one. ir į In the second stage of the study, the selected material was classified. Iš once it turned out that the list only new ne words. Be newly-creair ted borrowings, it is possible to distinguish several other groups of unrecognized words. Firstly, these are words that have been activated again in the iš last decade, words of the passive lexical layer į that have iš (kumpelninkas, nuopilas, prekionė, rodastis), dialectisms (dienelės, keimas), derivatives of real words (Klaipėda iš newspaper the name of “Klaipėda Day”; of names iš (donelaitiana, pleckaitiada, neoozolism, macdonaldization); there were names of states, cities and villages (dalasietis, neringiskis, tu quebecians). Į list entered a number of dictionaries | nejtraukty nationalities, tribal names (Kurd, Tutsi, Swao). There were rough vulgarity, children's language words (no, no, no, no). Secondly, there were cases when the program selected words, only ne certain o variants of the forms of words included in the i dictionaries not recognized, for example, ar the old forms of the internal ordinal pronoun —aliative (kūriniuosna, vestuvésna) and the external ordinal pronoun —aliative (lietuvininkump). Most of them were unrecognized forms of the singular illiative used in substitution with prepositional constructions and transitioning from spoken to written language (klasén, kojon, katedron instead of klasę, etc.). The abundant examples of this type of locality collected during the research refute the opinion that the iliative is already withdrawing from usage and acquiring only a certain stylistic value (Paulauskienė, Tarvydaitė 1986: 119). Thirdly, the program did not recognize some diminutives (poemelė, kryžiuotė, gėrimukas), noun forms (nepusiausvirieji) and so on. Fourthly, spelling, morphology and word formation variants of words included in dictionaries are not uncommon. A number of punishments have been recorded, which do not have a connective vowel or vice versa (not dvylikametis, but dvylikametis, not blaunakė, but bleunaakė), differ in genus (not ąžuola, but ąžuolas), number (not žudynės, but žudynė). All these cases require separate investigation and conclusions. It is obvious that in order to determine the true value of such variant phenomena, it is necessary to have the entire usage in front of one’s eyes (Miliūnaitė 1995: 40). After separating these groups (on the separation of the activated lexicon we can talk only relatively), the remaining words (about 9 thousand) were grouped according to the traditional classification of new words — into borrowed and new forms. In turn, each group consists of several subgroups. New borrowings are usually divided into international words and foreign words. Both these lexical layers are traditionally classified according to their origin and degree of adaptation to the Lithuanian language. Until recently, linguists claimed that the majority of new borrowings come from Russian, because this language is the source of most information. 17 (The facts 1980: 84), o now collected by Jakaitienė clearly show that russifications and ar Slavisms in general prevail only in the subgroup of old foreign words, which are often characterized by stylistic ar evaluative connotations (skaurada, rubežius, cielas, pieška), and o that English iš words take the lead. Bearing in mind that the borrowing process itself is certainly not a new phenomenon, the abundance of be international words is one of the linguistic — characteristics of publicistics (Bitinienė 1995: 2), jo intensity in the investigated period is still surprising. Since the computer version of the “International Dictionary of Words” is included in the new words recognition į program, it would be possible to conclude, following the hypothesis that a new word is a word that has not (yet) entered the dictionary (Busse 1996: 649), that the international words automatically selected from the textbook are precisely that — neologisms. Unfortunately, the editors of the dictionary for “economic reasons” abandoned a large part of the verses, although, as the reviewers noted (Gaivenis 1987a: 69, Palionis 1987: 68), they have ne always consistently adhered to the established rules. Therefore, having in front of the eyes the list of words not recognized by the computer, it remains unclear whether those Vedic words really already functioned in the language at that time, nevertheless they are new words. ar For example, in the preface (TŽZ 1985: 3) it is stated that the dictionary does not include the names of persons from the branches of science with the accent -logija. (It is unclear why pathologist, pedologist, etc. were then included.) It remains only to guess and believe that endocrinologist, conchyliologist, criminologist, political scientist, etc., recorded in the textbook, although not included in the dictionary, are long-used words. It is obvious that the term neologism can be applied to them only with certain reservations. The situation is different with those internationalisms, whose almost all constructive nest is not in the dictionary, e.g.: edukologija, edukologas, edukologinis; cultural science, culturalist, cultural; faktografija, faktografas, faktografinis, faktografiškas, etc. Medicine, economics, theology, music, sports — these are the fields in which there are particularly many borrowers. Some of them have already been included in the language commission- ’s lists of unacceptable foreign words and have Lithuanian equivalents — new ones (distributorius — platintojas, nuskenuoti — nuskaityti), for others suitable substitutes have not yet been created (baseball, softball), and for third ones, very common, they may not be worth creating (jogurtas, singlas, hitas). Not all of the borrowed words found in the press are equally adapted to the Lithuanian language. Some of them (not many) have not yet obeyed the laws of phonetics and morphology of the Lithuanian language (disco [disco], papaya [papaya], atache [attaché]), so we have examples of “the simplest (and worst) treatment of recent foreign words” (Girčienė 1997: 64). Other examples of foreign words include jargon (fuksauti, chebrantas, psichuškė, pacanas, diskonas). Another group of new words are new verbs. They are classified according to the patterns of work. In the group of Naujadarų were recorded examples of all four models of production- ”: a) = Sha iw p i va. See. : =; = None of the presented examples of new words are in the great “Dictionary of Lithuanian Language”. However, there are many of them in the list. Since we do not have a computer version of this dictionary, prefix derivatives: 18 a) bepilotis, bevizis; suffix derivatives: b) found nouns only with suffixes ne su -im (museums), -ykla (store, weaving), -ininkas (pistol, stick), -ėlis (pronoun), -tojas (garbage collector), -iklis (storage, carrier, remover, controller), -ynas (pamestinukynas, svarainynas, kinivarpynas), but ir su with prepositions not characterised by adjectives (slickide); c) derivatives of limbs: jmitis, sensitivity, agility, friction; d) Enriched In other words: this type of novelty in quantity and variety almost does not give way to the veins (variety, thin web, self-saving, ship-shell). Pasitaiké punches that are terms: laizligé (vet.), banglenté (sport.), bloodsuckers (zool.) ir kt Such words of typical construction are called systemic reconstructions (Barauskaitė ir kt 1995: 43). Obviously, a considerable part of them jų are potential ones, whose novelty we — do not perceive. Examples of potential newcomers could be the following species: golden-headed, bald-headed, sausage-headed, elephant-headed, steel-headed, scale-headed. Their abundance in the list of unrecognized words could be explained by the fact that “dictionaries do not like potential newcomers and try not to include them in their dictionaries” (Gaivenis 1987b: 33). True, not all innovations are systemic. There are also examples of author’s stylistic innovations: jeans, hairstyles, crafts, games. Some are immediately perceived as creative deviations from the prevailing lexical norms (Busse 1996: 647), while others require context to be assessed. Statistical data also helps to distinguish systemic novelties from okaziniy®. Words that are used tens or even hundreds of times are real candidates for inclusion in future editions of the dictionaries. Among these we can mention: environmental protection (used 420 times), world (44), detergent (20), plunger (176), water (88). And words that are recorded only once are unlikely to become members of the common language vocabulary. This applies not only to individual new words, but also to terms of special, narrowly used lexicon (esophagogastroduodenoscopic, alphafelandrene). A kind of intermediate position between borrowed and new words is occupied by words that have a Lithuanian or international word root and an element of foreign origin, otherwise called the accent (avia-, auto-, micro-, tele-, termo-, etc.). This is a very popular way of making at the moment. Most often, the following reasons are given for the free spread of new words of this type: constructive attitude, undefined place in Lithuanian language, etc. Therefore, it is assumed that words that more or less correspond to the laws of construction and have not entered the normative computerized “Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language” are neologisms, although among them may be activated constructions of the previous period. * In addition to systemic and occurrence, there is also a semantic type of new creation — a new meaning of a known word. Because the word is included in a computer dictionary, the automatic search for new words does not detect them. 19 in the system, undiscussed cases of use, spelling matters (Kupčinskaitė that they are spreading, clearly shows 1997: 58). O the available data. Previously, su focused video captured only a few words (videorecorder, videocassette, video camera), now we already find o videofalsification, videomode, videoart, videopoetry, etc., ir although it is often strongly recommended to replace the element ir t. with the Lithuanian equivalent video. šį In many cases, the already usual terms su (hydrosuit, monosodium, multivitamins, antiterrorist, stereoimage, pseudomythic) are hardly outperformed by those whose terms are not yet recorded in the dictionary (expressolympiade, technobureaucracy, rhythm blues, vertebroneurology, exploline, pop queen). At the moment, especially common spot euro-. This is not only ne euroenthusiast eurosceptic, ar euroleague, euromarket, but also europudinas, eurotennis, eurogoal, eurofakultetas ir t. t. The creation of new words is a dynamic, continuous ir process. Therefore, it is obvious that new words need to be constantly recorded and examined. The language innovations selected for analysis should be monitored until, having penetrated the general lexicon into to the general linguistic consciousneį ss, they lose their visibility and ir the distinctive mark of “new” and are transferred (or only some of them) into dictionaries (Busse 1996: 654). In Lithuanian linguistics we can only speak about the very beginning of the lexicography of neologisms. This study clearly shows that when it comes to the automatic processing of large amounts of data, linguists are successfully assisted by computer scientists. At the same time, the research methodology is fundamentally changing: in the future, the automated selection of new words will be much faster, because after the Zodzių encoding system was applied to the Lithuanian language textbook, the need to search for words in computer dictionaries was eliminated. Of course, the analysis of new words is not limited to their recognition and classification. The next stage is the study of syntactic combinations and collocations (a certain lexical environment) with these words. Received 1998 12 16 LITERATURE Barauskaitė J. and others 1995: Lithuanian language 1, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. Bitinienė A. 1995: Peculiarities of publicistic style. 12(84), 1-4. Busse U. 1996: Neologismen. The attempt at a definition. —Euralex'96 Proceedings II: Goteborg University, Department of Swedish, 645-638. 1987a: A few words about the new "International Dictionary of Words". —The culture of language 52, 66-70. Gaivenis K. 1987b: Margas žodžių pasaulis, Vilnius: Mokslas. Gaivenis K., Keinys S. 1990: Dictionary of Language Terms, Kaunas: Šviesa. 1997: The New Strangers in the Press. —Language Culture 69, 64-68. 1980: The Lexicology of the Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: Mokslas. Kupčinskaitė A. 1997: Propensity to use non-Lithuanian language elements (elements). —Language Culture 69, 56-61. 20 Miliūnaitė R. 1995: Variant phenomena of general language usage (fixation evaluation). ir — Culture of language 67, 39-48. Palionis J. 1987: New "Dictionary of International Words". — Cultural bars 7, 67—69. Paulauskienė A., Tarvydaitė D. 1986: Grammar norms and current use, Kaunas: Šviesa. Schippan T. 1992: Lexikologie der deutschen Gegenwartssprache (Lexicology of Contemporary German). 1985: International Dictionary of Words, Vilnius: Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija. Urbutis V. 1978: Theory of word formation, Vilnius: Mokslas. NEOLOGISMS IN THE COMPUTERISED CORPUS OF VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY Summary The paper deals with the analysis and classification of the most recent Lithuanian neologisms that have been found in a part of Vytautas Magnus University corpus of 30 million words (periodicals). All the lexical items identified as neologisms are subdivided into loan-words and derivational neologisms. The latter are further classified according to the patterns of their affixation into compounds and affixation derivatives as well as into potential and occasional neologisms. 21