Nauji kalbos reiškiniai: natūralioji ir dirbtinė atranka

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA LIETUVIY KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XLII (2000) Rita MILIUNAITE Lithuanian Language Institute, Vilnius NEW LANGUAGES REISKINIAL: NATURAL IR DIRBTINE ATRANKA In common language ir ja The consumer society is bound by dual — relationships that are spontaneouir sly supported by conscious linguistic activity. We tend to talk more about the functioning side of the common language (hereinafter bk), we discuss the principles — of normization, the norms — themselves, the general matters of order, the natural side is as if in the bk shadow. However, it o ta does not regulatema bk usage is also not to be overlooked, because it is in iš it that norms are crystallized, the validity of language ir specialists’ recommendations is “checked”, and new phenomena first appear. Under normal conditions, it maintains a certain balance, the natural tendency of the living language to develop is not violated, while bk the needs of the linguistic community are satisfied. Can t. y. we believe that our current common language maintains such a balance? I would argue ir that this balance is significantly disrupted, as is clearly demonstrated by the peculiarities of the functioning of new phenomena in the current consumer behavior and the reaction of society to these phenomena. Speech theory textbooks have the view that language changes gradually, without the speakers noticing it at all: bk į to “It is clear be from special sociological studies that the linguistic community believes that it speaks today exactly as it did yesterday, that the current generation speaks exactly as their parents spoke” (Karaliūnas 1997: 49). Furthermore, it is stated that "the individual does not understand the laws of language," because "language phenomena are never criticized by the speakers and every nation is generally satisfied with the language it uses." ta ji ir (same). The current situation of our language, even without special research, seems to be quite the opposite: the language does not evolve gradually, but sometimes it seems to be swept by the fever of revolution. First, the linguistic community feels language changes and reacts to them in various ways, usually expressing dissatisfaction with the most tangible new things that destroy previous habits, cause confusion in everyday usage (for example, outrage at the influx of new foreign words, the original spelling of non-Lithuanian real words, non-Lithuanian intonation in public usage, etc.). Secondly, too sudden language changes increase the gap between different generations and strata of the linguistic community and sometimes threaten miscommunication. Isn’t that the case now, when older and even middle-aged linguists, asked for advice on the use of some new words, have to confront and clarify for the first time what is, for example, a DJ, a drive or a single, i.e., what has already become usual and commonplace for young people? į jų language. Even some new strangeness, specially observed, selected by drawing lists of unusable, seem to some ir random, į unheard. We would find more examples showing that too sharp changes caused by innovations ir turn against society itself: some language conjunctions become too varied, language users, having to constantly guess where, when and how to use them, become unable to distinguish between them. ir ir ir ką choosing (by the way, often to ir please “those linguists”) begins to lack confidence in the language, which under — normal conditions should be in ir iSmokstamokykla not to cause bigger problems later in life. ma ir Thus, our common language is always ne unimpeded in performing its most important functions, conscious linguistic activity, o although sometimes externally active, is nevertheleir ss unable to resist the pressure of the element. Looking for ways to regain balance, let’s take a closer look at the peculiarities of the spontaneous iš emergence of new į phenomena in functioning. Looking at the current ir jų decade, we can see language processes that were į either very insignificant in quieter times, or that only emerged over a much longer period of time. Here we mean the development ir bk of functions in various spheres of social life, internal changes in ir the language itself (plg. Rudaitienė, Vitkauskas 1998: 11-29). For example, a new word 10-15 that appeared years ago seemed to be an event, but now every day we are faced with ne dressing, mobbing, o roaming, dyping, chips, clips, steppers, staplers… Turning over hopelessly aging ir dictionaries, we will not find such ir words that we have ir already completely settled in, such as yogurt, makeup, rating, nė meaning (for su example, stylist in handy dictionaries is ar "a writer who writes in good style" ir , stylistics specialist; style, language corrector", now even o — ir ‘fashion courier’). On the way, the new į “Dictionary of Common Language”, it must be assumed, are diapers, the media chain of other novelties ir coming into force. Although it is generally accepted that „ words are the hottest and most open ir part of the language system“ (Palionis, 1999). Even the graphic image 1985: 212), of the Lithuanian text has changed: we ir have allowed foreign characters for non-Lithuanian real names, the apostrophe breaks the written integrity of Zodzius (even ir foreign). Intonation, which sometimes no longer withstands foreign influence, no longer loses the usual rhythm of speech, the characteristics of voice change. We can look at everything that is emerging in several ways: 1) whether it has emerged from the soil of our own language or has been influenced by other languages; 2) whether it is a new phenomenon that has arisen spontaneously or the result of conscious linguistic activity; 3) whether it is a one-day, or have a tendency to spread innovation. With regard to a common language that is carefully managed, maintained and regulated, the most worrying thing is, of course, what is foreign to it and what happens spontaneously, and these two features of innovation seem to prevail in current usage. Therefore, leaving aside the deliberately introduced and supported language innovations (a considerable part of which would consist of purposefully managed terminology of various fields), it will be further concerned to show the diversity of these spontaneously arising innovations, because it is precisely the inequality that should lead to our different approach to them. jų ir į In general, everything new often causes suspicion, distrust even fear. ar Just a few years ago, a young writer admitted in an interview that she had had a lot of trouble with her editor, who, having deleted the entire text, had not found legality in the normative works of language, su thus rejected what was new. iš ko ta ir This, of course, is an extreme, when the specificity of the artistic language is not understood first of all, and the natural need of the language itself ir to be constantly renewed, because a language that does not change, does not develop is already a dying language. — So — į what innovations can we look at calmly, o which ones should we guard, even defend? Temporary innovations and natural selection According to the frequency ir of consumption, innovations can be į divided into two groups: 1) temporary innovations and 2) new phenomena spreading in the consumption. The fate of temporary innovations is determined by natural selection — they do not even develop into a phenomenon, but only perform their function in a certain context and disappear. These are one-time, situational (at least not relevant to our everyday usage) borrowings or new forms, so-called occasional forms (Paulauskienė 1994: 53), as well as various random or contextual variants, etc. A new, unknown word is often tended to be explained, defined in one way or another, so that the recipient, having encountered it for the first time, would not remain in the information blind alley: The acquaintance with wine began with the acquaintance with the sommelier — a person who advises visitors in the restaurant to choose wine and combine it with meals LR 1998 02 13. Mobbing [...] is a new and accurate word that comes from the English language and means “to attack, to start scolding someone, to beat”. Today, this word is used to describe “psycho-terrorism in the workplace” R 1998 11 04 ir Mr. In order to understand the novelties at least approximately, sometimes you do not need even a minimum of context (e.g., kultūrpelkė LR 1998 09 08, verslavyris R(Br) 1998 11 21), and sometimes their meaning becomes clear only after understanding the situation. For example, the word akiratis made ausaratis. The context is as follows: a radio journalist (sports commentator) asks: /.../remind us how long you have been out of our sight, or more precisely —out of our ears R 1997 03 10. Another author had to ironically name a non-human creature — a snake-bug, because to imagine such a species in existence prompted him a grammatically and stylistically confused sentence: “While carrying out work through the forests, workers may be bitten by snakes and other poisonous insects” SA 1996 08 31. The author of the new word can explain the reasons and the way of its emergence in more detail. For example, M. Kontrimaitė writes in her message about the Poetical Druskininkai Autumn '98: Anyway, the last evening turned more and more into a thunderstorm. This is my new creation from the Samogitian word žaimotis, —as here more accurately translated —approximately —“to work out”. [...] This is how I propose to call all hepening, performances and other postmodernist fluxism in a beautifully national sounding way ir DVD 1998 11 06. A good example of this can be children’s language: ir while learning to speak, learning the power of language, the child creates his own words, which are understood only in the immediate environment, usually in the family. jo — For be example, without a special ar explanation would hardly be understood the word sijoné (it has nothing to do with the su word skirt). Simply put, a child, knowing the verb sift, but not knowing how to call the object with ar which this action is performed, a sieve, asks: su t. y. Mom, where did you put my skirt, su with which I sifted the sand in the summer? (makes a noun from a verb with a familiar suffix su -onė, because he already has a puzzle in his speech, has heard kaponė). A few more children's language innovations: hide "hideaway- ", lichens ‘waste, residue’, ‘clothing’, ‘tools’. In many cases, the author’s expression is restricted by the peculiarities of the noun genus category (plg. Paulauskienė 1994: 153-165), therefore, if necessary, can be made (or come through translations) forms of words not fixed in normative works. For example, in the case of a female blacksmith, a blacksmith vė (for example, a journalist says about her job: I'm a smith of short news reports LA 1998 06 06). The uncomfortable, non-syllable international word attaché is accompanied by a feminine suffix: Here is our cultural attaché in Sweden. Beautiful, cute girl married to a už swedish LM 1999 09 11. O here's how the appearance of the form nanny is based: men Ar can be nannies, secretaries, midwives? In France, they are not afraid to choose non-male professions. True, the titles of professions "assistant director", "cosmetologist" ar "nanny" has no male equivalents yet, but that doesn't mean anything. Having a male nanny is the peak of many little ones’ dreams. Such a “tutor” runs faster, knows about football cars better than colleagues 0 ir jų R(J) 1997 09 06. It would not be surprising to say that a pop star married a photomodel, although pop star is a feminine noun here designating a — male person, photomodel is a masculine — noun, denoting a female representative. o — — o Let us compare the sentences: All models felt wronged by R(J) 1994 12 10. Are supermodels very jealous of each other? R(Br) 1995 07 01. Released from prison model S. Slater [...] did not hide his joy LR This mismatch of family matching is seen by a humorist's eye attentive to language, men calling 1996 10 09. the star is made starry like a cat's cat. And the model, when it comes to kindergarten girls ir showing fashion, is iš naturally made a model by journalists. Some of iš the more — common examples are: "I'm going to be a real monster!" R(J) 1996 06 29. It is not for nothing that [...] poets praise the woman, the mother, the guardian of the home fire, the wise advisor |[...[and finally the “super-guardian” who gives balance to the psychoemotional state of the whole family R(Br) 1995 09 09. He was so attracted by the majesty, as if he had been born not by his mother, but by the monument R(J) 1996 12 21. And perhaps a man would not treat this experience in the same way as my character LM 1997 03. Temporary innovations — are usually an expression of individuality, so more jų codified norms can be found in less restricted areas of language use in fiction, colloquial language, as well as in — journalism, where persuasion is needed. Sometimes such one-day innovations — are used more widely, but they rarely go beyond the usage of a small collective social stratum, and if they do, ir they may simply be misunderstood. už ar o ir For example, a newspaper reader is outraged to find the incomprehensible word vlaberizm: “But I have not found that word in any international dictionary of words of ar philosophy.” D 1996 07 18. The editors explained that na it is a word naming the aphorisms created by the famous cartoonist Vladimir Beresniov, composed of the first syllables of the author's name and surname (D 1996 07 20). If such an innovation becomes socially useful, it is “caught”, can spread and become the property of general use. Thus, temporary innovations should not be a cause of fear or danger, unless they become widespread and prove to be faulty from the point of view of the language system. An intermediate case of the existence of innovations — language trends, “seasonal” things, which persist as topical, but eventually withdraw at least from active use. For example, alongside the military term mobilization in the colloquial language (and in the publications reflecting it) temporarily appeared a homonym with an ironic connotation, made from the word mobilus, -i: telefoninė mobilizacija (ŠA 1991 02 06), whose meaning would roughly be “universal provision of mobile telephones- ”. One of the more interesting examples of this kind of innovation is the increasing use of feminine forms alongside the masculine in cases where the single masculine form itself can already have a generalized meaning, characteristic of both genuses. In terms of colloquialism, the masculine forms are characterized by neutralization. For example, when we say that poetry is accessible to every lover of poetry, we use the word lover to refer to a certain group of people of both sexes. But the authentic sentence from a literary criticism essay is this: That poetry written in one’s own native language, accessible to every poetry lover, has reached and is reaching the heights of poetry, has been proved by our poets [...] Dvd 1995 02 03. Obviously, this use of feminine forms is excessive here, but it is encouraged by feminist ideas and supported by the example of other languages. Here is an excerpt from a foreign author’s review of the exhibition: At the end — a reproach to the project curators, who so unsuccessfully translated the title of the exhibition. I think that the author himself does not even know that the work “Color yourself” is intended only for male representatives, so in the context of today’s customs and social and political issues such a title is terribly incorrect. In civilized countries, both forms of the verbs (pats /pati) have long been used everywhere, and especially on such solemn occasions LM 1997 04 12. From this point of view, the same “terribly incorrect” should look like our folk ir saying, unless we give it a “civilized” ir form: you do not want, do not do to another Ko / to | ir t. t. It is good if the feminine forms of the gender actually iš perform a distinctive function in the text and are used ir purposefully (for example, in advertisements, when looking for employees, it is sometimes necessary to show that the gender of the desired person does not matter: The company needs an accountant or an accountant); purely male form of the accountant could cause confusion, women can respond to such an announcement. ar | But the insistent pressing of excessive forms provokes such an ir announcement: Responsible persons, responsible persons! Wash your hands thoroughly and do not throw soap! KD 1998 12 31. Be then, let's see what would look like, for example, our legal codes, if they were to take a step back and write the feminine be form next to the masculine one. ir This is what it would be Article of the Code of Criminal Procedure: 265 accuser, -a, /...] accused, -a, defendant, -a, victim, -ioji ir jo ar its representative, -ė, as well as the civil plaintiff, -ė, civil defendant, representatives, -ės -ė ir jų have equal rights to provide evidence [...]. So sometimes language pays ir tribute to fashion. When evaluating similar phenomena that have existed for some time, it is necessary to look at whether they do ta not have any negative effects, regardless of the fact that the fashion may soon pass away. For ne example, so long ago was fashionable lambada. By the time the journalists ją learned to ir spell it, the fashion was gone, but no one is sure that it will never come back. In addition, the number of innovations is increasing for various reasons. This is where we should concentrate our attention and find out how they spread, how they take root in the soil of our language, which ones are necessary for our language and which ones should be discarded. Floating innovations can survive for some time and also naturally or forcefully (through codification) disappear from usage (for example, the sponsor and his followers, who reached the peak in usage around 1992-1993, saying a word to the Language Commission at the end of 1993, are definitely going to disappear from the public). In other cases, the spreading innovations become established in the usage and can pass into the language structure. That innovation is spreading is shown primarily by the statistics of usage data, i.e. the frequency of usage and the establishment in various areas of bk usage. Another sign of spreading is branching in terms of the language system. The ways of this branching depend on the linguistic characteristics of the phenomenon, primarily on the level of the language. The novelties of the vocabulary over time are filled with derivatives, e.g.: pilstukas —pilstukininkas, dešrainis —dešrainininkas (example from an advertisement: Are you already enrolled in the ranks of dešrainininkai? LR 1998 05 07). Foreign words bring related words (country music — country musician — country musician; graffiti — graffiti artist, etc.). In order for a new word to function properly, the same root is borrowed or used to do what is most needed: 1) the name of the object, 2) the name of the action, 3) the name of the performer of the action, the name of the property of the object's action other: hacker hacking, paparazzi paparazzi, (paparazzi photo server servery, office officeman office, (ofiné entertainment 4) ar ir — — -a KV 1998 09 25), — — — -ė R 1998 05 28). The newly developed recyclable mud media shows a kind of new media's adoption in the consumer community. (LA 1997 12 07) — mud spreader (R 1998 06 01) ir Mr. The language itself has some sort of protection against the branching of lexical foreign words. For example, even those who use a printer do not print (There is a 1997), glossary of the term.) But natural selection is usually too weak for the language of be deliberate intervention to remain ko iš I really need it. A foreign word is not so difficult to notice, immediately resist or outrage at its use, even mock, play, search for unexpected echoes: While thousands of people trampled and swinged to country music, hundreds of gathered patiently waited in queues at the toilets LR 1998 06 29. Changes in the meaning of words, new phraseology are probably the toughest nuts in terms of standardization. These changes are not easily tangible, because it is not always easy to determine whether they are the result of the development of one’s own language, or a shift in meaning influenced by other languages (cf. Klimavičius 1985: 197-199; Jakaitiene 1997: 5), which could be regarded as an acceptable extension or transfer of the already existing meaning, or whether it is a truly true translator of meaning that does not fit into the system of meanings of any word or semantic group. For example, not so long ago, the verb šildyti in usage acquired a meaning not fixed in dictionaries, which we could easily understand from the sentence: At the concert, before guests from the Netherlands appeared, the audience was warmed by our famous pop group. Of course, the verb to heat has entered this context not without the influence of other languages, but quite justifiably, because such use has support in the system of meanings of this verb that are usual to us. A more complex change in the meaning of another word —adjective gyvas, -a. In the usage, compounds live music (broadcast or similar) to play live, meaning that the action is performed and observed at the same time and in the same place —as a contrast to the action that occurred earlier and is repeated only through the recording: Eurovision organizers, saving the funds allocated to the competition, decided that in the concert only the vocalist will sing “live”, and all the other music will be played from the recordings R 1999 03 19. The Youth Estrada is a festival of phonographic music, but for groups who very much want to play live, such an opportunity is given KV 1997 02 28. “Hi gentlemen, would you like to come over? We have live pornography tonight", —[...] speaks a stylish long-haired young man LR (S) 1998 10 02. Sometimes the adjective tikras, -a is also used here: Disco in this club takes place every day, on Fridays there is real music R 1996 10 05. Real sound concert from LNK concert studio KV 1995 10 07. For us, live music primarily means “moody, energetic, catchy”, and at the intersection with this new meaning, the use itself challenges. Let’s read the Funeral Hall’s advertisement: “Lakrima has three armor rooms. [...] Live music in the most expensive LR 1997 10 04. The entire phraseologicar al compounds of foreign meaning sometimes so imperceptibly merge into the usage į that they are treated as su their own. su Here, the boundaries between one’s own and the ir foreign disappear immediately, word combinations are reworked, new shades of meaning of contexts are discovered and ir enjoyed. This is the way the preposition Man to Man sponsors — the jargon LM 1993 11 13. phrase to kill time. Jurgis Ginber deciphers as follows. Į question How to kill time? he answers: Available ir su finally — until you adjust, until you hit... KD 1997 10 11. The chickens count in autumn (for this see Petkevičienė 1995), takes to count everything: Counting runners in autumn R 1997 09 24; We will count the beauties in autumn R 1997 09 18; Chickens count in autumn, o high schools? Dlg 1998 04 17 ir t. t. In recent years, the jargon (!) saying “the roof is riding” has become more and more common in public usage. It falls on the lips į of the men of authority (In the opinion of the President [...] of the Seimas, on anti-cabism laws „some people have their roofs already moving“ PB 1998 07 17; I wanted to combine vacation ir work. [...] Popularly speaking, the roof started to run recyclable roofing LR 1999 02 02), running time į (D 1995 10 12; LR 1998 07 20), searching for the su interface in the literal sense of sfoog: During the Soviet ta period, the place was not built, on the contrary, the small Evangelical Lutheran church was demolished. iš I've seen Siberia, but not the roof. be At the time there were do not thousands of Soviet rubles to fix the roof, now I think that o maybe the Biržai “Roofs gone”, if they do not remember their city history, on the contrary, LA 1998 08 26. Ir the sfog itself is given the meaning of “head”, “consciousness” (e. g. : „į roof” gives strongly, especially Lourdes, where we arrived at night ŠA 1998 05 16). Similarly, the word nail is used to refer to the most important part, accent, peak of an event, and, without warning, that nė "not our nail" ta (Klimavičius is made 1992), the axis of the whole article: one ensemble of folklore festivalyugninga vinis, other je — ensembles vinelės, the very peak of that — festival o fikras uknolis. Therefore, the limit — has already been crossed: the nail to the author of the article — ours (SHA 1998 05 30). Even more imperceptibly, slower innovations penetrate the į grammatical system. If a foreign innovation is not adapted to the grammatical system, several variants often compete for a longer or shorter period of time. The competition for conjugated forms of foreign non-conjugated nouns (hobi: hobis) may be a good example of how natural selection alone is powerless ir jų to eliminate uncomfortable non-conjugated forms when they appear in particularly large numbers. In recent years, the use of unchangeable debt words kari, kivi and others has forced the established tendency, legitimized in normative works, to use similar words. Brandi, bikini, žaliuzi are used again, although bikinis, brendis, žaliuzės (TŽZ: 1985) has been legalized. On the other hand, it cannot be said that the usage itself does not have a tendency to spelling. Users who feel alive language laugh even recognized unchanged words jelė, reziumė, spageti; from the non-conjugated mis, a mass emerges (published the new Lithuanian mis and vice-miss trio JG 1991, No. 9; you can |...] dispute choosing the Lithuanian miss KV 1993 06 04). Amused even kasi10 no (which, by the way, before the war The Echo of Lithuania: Picked a full casino of Arabs 1937 10 23, cit. iš LA 1997 11 14); plg. today's television speaker: Her son to the casino lost her house (although after “fixes”: for casino) LTV(P) 1994 01 18. To leave the new non-conjugated forms to natural selection, to assume that t. y. "the use itself will show" is probably inappropriate. Recommendations of the Language Commission on the conjugation of some such new words (euro, kari) is, although partial, but at least some sort of solution to the problem (plg. Dobelienė 1997). Borrowing language units can allow roots further begins the so-called language interference, — when only the foreign units themselves are borrowed, but the relationships of ne words ir (King 1997: 345-347). For example, the established peculiarities of our sentence structure, word order, even intonation are increasingly affected by foreign non-syllable hybrid names of companies, collective names, especially when they are used ar alone in the text, without — related explanatory words: in Tallinn “Kalev” beat “Zagreb” LR 1997 10 23; French attackers beat “Barcelona” R 1997 10 18; After that KamAZ beat Krasnodar “Kubane” R 1997 02 12 and many other examples. Sometimes the name of the company contains a Lithuanian word that can be conjugated, but it is blocked by a foreigner who goes on, and the whole name becomes unconjugated: kreipėsi į „Krantas Shipping“ biurą; Become a Bitė GSM friend; [...] With a Bitė GSM card, you can use mobile communication in Denmark today LR 1995 11 10; later Bitė started to spread: With Bitė GSM — to the Czech Republic and Italy D 1996 12 02. Isn’t it because of similar non-syllable names that there are already such combinations: near the “Širvinta” store; above the “Nijolė” salon (Vaskelaitė 1997: 22-23)? I don’t think it’s too far to say I’m going to the Hermes Forbidden… When introducing any innovation into the grammar system, we have to be extremely careful, because sometimes a mountain collapse is enough to cause a small pebble to crumble. Time is a very favorable factor for innovations to take hold spontaneously. The longer an uncodified new phenomenon functions in the usage, the greater the contradiction between the real and the codified norm can be later, bearing in mind that the linguistic habits and the linguistic awareness of our society are not such that the most appropriate option would be chosen in all cases (first there appear wagons in the usage, and then they are forcefully replaced by wagons, etc.). New phenomena do not spread in a completely chaotic manner—it is possible to discern some kind of pattern. But they do not forget that in the age of information technology, the state or nation loses its closure and can control less and less what comes into it from abroad. Thus, the naturally developing phenomena, it must be assumed, will not decrease. As a result, self-aware language activity will require more and more effort and it will be more and more difficult to achieve the balance mentioned at the beginning. The most important question becomes this: what to leave to spontaneous, i.e. natural selection, and where it is necessary artificial, i.e. conscious selection of innovations. The answer to this question should be determined by the ability of language norm-setters to see the possible consequences of the introduction of one or another innovation. In part here can help the so-called 11