Iliatyvo resp. prieveiksmio „laukan“ reikšmės ir galimi sinonimai lietuvių kalbos tarmėse

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XLIII (2000) Evija LIPARTE Lithuanian Language Institute, Vilnius ILIATYVO RESP. MEANINGS AND POSSIBLE SYNONYMS OF THE WORDS "LAUKAS" AND "LAUKAN" IN LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE TERMINOLOGY The word "laukas" (see) in Lithuanian language has multiple meanings. Different dictionaries give different meanings: 1 DZ * DŽ *DŽ LKŽVII 410 359 358 177-178 1. without trees, ppr. even place (distinct from forest, from settlements) + + + + 2. arable land + + + 3. prk. what grows in the fields, crops, summertime + 4. plot of land of a certain size + 5. soil, land area + 6. place under the open sky + + + + 7. exterior + 8. place where something is done + + + + 9. village, gardens (different from city): 10. physical space where certain forces are acting + + + + 11. conditions of war, march, expedition + 12. what is arranged in the field + etc. 13. margin 3 14. with cards playing thousand, three separately placed cards + In various Lithuanian dialect dictionaries are recorded not only the already mentioned, but also other meanings: Drusk. 185 Liz. 140 See. The 343 form in Lithuanian is subordinate, and in the four main Lithuanian dictionaries and in the dictionaries of individual Lithuanian dialects, separate 1. as bk. + + + 2. arable land + + + 3. land plot + 4th place under the open sky + 5. detached house + 6. bald, hairless spot, bald + 144 The following article will focus only on the individual verb forms of the word laukas, mainly on the illative laukan. Ši slots are distinguished: laukan adv. ; ir ji į DZ DZ IDZ LKZ VII Salt. Lie. I'm waiting. 410 359 358 176 185 140 1. 1outside, orange + + + + + 2. shalin + + 3. out out + prt. 'DZ 410 DZ 359 ‘DZ 358 LKZ VII 176 1. shalin ¥ Based on the data of the four above-mentioned Lithuanian language dictionaries and the author’s published unpublished ir material of Lithuanian dialects), the form resp. basic meanings for the 5 word laukan. This is done according to the criteria listed in the scheme resp. characteristics that are different from those mentioned in the Lithuanian language dictionaries. lauk(an) its. T 1. shows the place of the 2. action shows the result of the action (under the open sky) unspecifi1.1. ed place specific 1.2. place (outside) 2.1. release loss 2.2. (‘total ....“) 1.2.1. Destination 1.2.2. Destination not specified specified (something is there, happening) directly related noun no longer has a direct relation su field of meanings noun field of meanings su treated as parts of particulate verbs (LKZ -— adverbs, particles) luz permission to use unpublished dialects in the Lithuanian Language Institute ir The author of the LKŽ mų supplementary material is very grateful to the head of the Department of Dialectology of the History of Language of ir this institute K. Morkūnui and the Head of the Dictionaries Department V. It's too late. 145 In particular, the su examples out here divided into į 2 large groups according to the out ar in this example marks the place of the described action ar jo result. When analyzing the word resp. field values, this criterion is the most important. 1. Place of operation (under the open sky). 1.1. An indefinite, unspecified place in the po open air is any place in the indoor už (e.g., house) walls, the ir movement į of this place can g be expressed by the su iliative out, e.g. : That ir gathers smoke in the air, do not let jy out Sd., Be wands ir outside I can't go out Dv. LKZ VII and 178, construction su field" į (or į fields), e.g. : Run through į the field, then you can read vė Ms. LKZ I 721, We got a little sick, i we got them out of the fields [from the house where the dances took place] See, deminutive field, e.g. : Mommy, let me out of į the (į waiting field), I want to escape Ig. and the adverb laukanais — laūkanais go, don't smoke inside Sts. In the English language, su the word is used in the form of the ir English word for this purpose, e.g. : Go, children, oran diikt Ut. LKŽ VIII 1011, Išbėgo oran basinyčia Lnkv. LKZ I 678, Eik Eran nuo ryto, grazu, sveika Ob. LKŽ VIII 1011, as well as prepositional constructions in the air, on the air, e.g., Aš eisiu į orą K. LKŽ VIII 1012, [merginos] isiprause and iSeja in ora Paparčiai, Uzdaryk duris, bo jau neisme ant oro Pb. LKZ VIII 1012. It is also possible to use the deminutive oriukas —Leisk biški on orittko mane Mžž. t.p. 1.2. The specific po location under the open sky can be twofold. 1.2. 1. A specific open-air po location is not su specified in the designation. In this case, the main function of the ir word field is also jo distinctive: the field is the opposite of the forest, the settlement, e.g. : The bird of the field looks out J.Jabl. LKŽ VII 177,... vaik'ukūs | is'i.v'ed'e. laukon ir pamišk'ėj lauZ’a dry m'ed'el'us Vyžuonas, cow must be brought into the field [caught] Kybartai, nuvūrom laukan pagan'it karv'es Ziet. 195, or a field (more often in the plural form fields) is the opposite of a city, e.g.: jau aš norėjau ait an laūko Zietela, or even a village, e.g. : We used to live in the village, only then we went out into the fields (to the countryside) VI. Page 178. By the way, the author has not yet managed to find the iliative form of laukan with this meaning of a single village, which is opposite to city and country. Also noteworthy is the use of the iliative laukan with the inessive meaning ‘outside’: Buvau maža, tai laukan ganiaū [karves] Zt. This is a phenomenon typical only of the southern Altay dialects —confusion of two pronouns (internal present tense (iliative) and internal present tense (inesive)), in other words, two pronouns supla- * Based on the fact that “the preposition plays a similar role in the language as the ending of the verb: it helps to describe the interrelationships of words” (DLKGr 437) and that in the Lithuanian grammar system the combinations “verb + noun” and “verb + preposition + noun” are considered synonymous (see Valiulytė 1998:10), the form laukan and the prepositional construction į lauką are analyzed here as synonyms. 146 kami one.) į Plg. also: Today noisi waited (į field) Lzd. LKŽ VII 178 ir LKA III maps No. 48 ir 44. 1.2.2. The specific — location su field is specified, defined by the destination. The purpose of the field can be indicated by the mark preceding the word field. It shows what is in this field, e.g. a rye field, a potato field, or what is happening, e.g. a battlefield. In the absence of such a certificate, the word field has the meaning of arable land, soil. The prepositional construction laukan field here ar indicates that the į movement ends at this point and assumes that there begins (or continues) some other action, e.g. : That year we went out to the field late (with explanation: we started to work the land) Alk. LKŽ VII 177, Aisim arce in laūko Laz. 140, Laziness out last, out of the field —primary PPr 103 LKŽ VII 177, Zasigavo, that in the summer maybe a little I gave him bacon out V. Crew. LKŽ VII 177. 2. The word laukan // ulos emphasizes the result of the action. 2.1. The unmarked member of this pair is probably considered to be liberation — something is removed, pulled out, etc. from a confined space, room, uncomfortable position, etc. In this case, the location of the action is specified, but the result is not localized, e.g.: p'! 'ėšau és po tos t'elyč'os laukan koja Tarvydai. In addition to this, there are other phonetic variants of this adverb with this meaning: /auka, lauk, lauku, e.g.: vYrs nūd'en'g- 'e duob'e i saka pacei | ka lYstu laūka Šakyna, roputės jau visai suglijo, krapštyk lauk iš pečiaus Skr. 139 and 140. 2.2. With the adverb laukan, as well as with its variants lauka, lauku, lauk, the loss of something can be expressed, i.e. someone withdraws (of his own accord), disappears or gets rid of something. The meaning of the adverbs laukan, lauk in such cases not only corresponds to the expression of the preposition, but is also close to the meanings of the adverbs visiškai, visai, galutinai and indicates the irreversibility of the action. For example: : Ark laūkan that meadow, here weak grass, the soil will be better This. LKŽ VII 176, Džiūvo eglės laukan, išraudonas Sts. LKZ VII 177, rugsieja mienesi [birds] fly out (with commentary „all out“) Mosėdis, daris aperace.te, rėk jimte to blūžni laūk Trk. *, anu__ pajieme minas rinkte laūk po kara Akm, Vietuv'ei suki'la išvar'e laūk tuos franciizus Sokaičiai ir et al. In this sense, the word air may also be used in Lithuanian dialects, for example: šiuos bjaurumynus pilk oran Ds. LKŽ I 800, drob'in'ėtus tanc’un 3 In the author’s opinion, this group includes the example Nei į kambarį gaspadinė, nei į lauką darbininkė Skr., which is inserted in LKŽ IV 5 as an illustration of prepositional constructions with in, having the meaning of the purpose of the action, the purpose next to the compounds į kovą, į darbą, į mėsą, etc. * Prof. A. Girdenis, who wrote this example, has indicated that lauk is a “postverb that emphasizes the verbs „imti“, „traukti“ and so on.” that it is “a postverb associated with the event prefix from-”;, a postverb responding to from-”. 147 v'ees'im, o pakul'in'ius vorin išm'eės'- im (d.) See. 157, a krak'enos... parn'ešau — baisūt oran ir išp'il'c geltonas — | LTT I 12. It should be added that the boundary between 2.1 ir 2.2 From all these examples it is quite clear that laukan, Iš which indicates the result of the action (liberation or loss), is already far removed from the meanings of the noun laukas and, as prof. A. Girdenis has pointed out, lauk //laukan here tends to be more close to the verb. In addition, only in the second group next to the outline there are abbreviated forms ir (variants) out, out, out. This shows that there has been a grammatization of the noun’s iliative form outward — the independent, syntactically independent word (the noun) becomes a syntactically dependent, auxiliary grammatical unit (indicating the verb’s verb), not only changing its meaning, but losing part of its substance.” In individual sentences of the second group, laukan may have retained its original — local — meaning along with its grammatical ir (image) meaning. However, most often in such statements only the beginning of the action (movement) is localized, and its end point is not defined, e.g. ons_ jau_anu tu. 1999. "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" "(')" 117, stūmket ani /par dūr's laūk' t. p. 247, ale tūs.. kr'ites i sava rata ir' is'lė-kes is' kiema lauka Žagarė LKT 150, prito_dores laūkūon Dunin. 169, aim! See. 140, go on, dog! Claw. 1776) 1766 – George Washington, U.S. President (d. lauk //laukan and oran in these examples can be compared to verb particles in other languages, e.g. out-, out-, out-, on. out, suo. out, stop. will kt. ir Comparison: Wk. I'm going out of the Room out to. I'm going out of the room. I'm going out of the room. ma lūb tubast ulzo liet. I'm going out //out //out of the room I'm going out of the room out || out //out of the room * 2.1 and 2.2 groups are not very bright. Often the same statement can be interpreted differently, for example: don t(i)s pra-ded gė I't(e), kė.t(a) ešeje.m(- a) nabo.v(a) —trū-uk t(e) la-ukūon Plungė LKT 82. Looking from the human point of view, it is getting rid of (2.2), and from the tooth point of view — liberating (2.1). Very often, short examples of Lithuanian dialects do not allow us to accurately determine the meaning of the word laukan. Then a broader context or description of the situation is needed. However, this does not always help. There are many examples that can simply be interpreted differently. For example, even 3 interpretations for the meaning of the word laukan are possible in the example utioz i's b'ieg eš tuos darž'in'iės ta-ukiion Klykoliai LKT 45. According to the given scheme here could be 1.1 or 1.2.1 or 2.1 Value. Similarly, the prepositional construction to the field, for example, Pranelis po tėveliu ishiznojo į lauką Skr. LKZ I 870. * For grammarization (Grammatikalisierung) see *?BuBmann 289-291. ' For technical reasons, the diacritics in the examples from the text collection “Taip kalba tirkšliškiai” are simplified here. 148 lat. es eju ara lauka // istabas no eju no es istabas ara lauka // Thus, in the Baltic ir languages, lauk laukan and oran can be considered // as parts of particulate verbs and are considered as such. However, particular verbs in Baltic languages are not equivalent to particular verbs in Germanic Finno-Ugric languages; forms, grammatical meanings and functions are partly different. ar jų iš One of the iš peculiarities of particulate verbs in Baltic languages is that they exist in the language alongside the corresponding prepositional verbs, forming pairs of correlatives with the latter. Such a ir correlation of su particulate and prepositional verbs is very common in Latvian, where this phenomenon forms a whole system related to the verbs' verbs. A particulate verb, e.g. iet ara or iet lauka (literally go oran or go out), expresses the action of going, while a prepositional verb, e.g. iziet (literally go out), is used to express the action of happening.” Some examples of Lithuanian dialects show that a similar system or at least its remnants vs. embryos could also be found in Lithuanian or at least in its individual dialects. Compare: throw out throw out kat [gandras] numan(a), that wallows mėc, met laukiio maž(a) gandrūt(i) Naked LKT 133 —that the eagles throw one or two of their children out of the nest, it will be a bad year — Klp. LKZ VIII pešti 61. lauk —išpešti (with the meaning “to pull from behind the waist (shirt)“) Don’t pull me out of the waist (=out of my pants)! Jrb. —The shirt is over the top, Er. LKŽ IX 876. rauti lauk —izrauti (with the meaning “to pull out, to pest from the roots“) pavasar da rausėm | to saldėn“ [apple —E. L.) laūk tiršl. 183 —There was a storm, uprooted trees vr. iš LKŽ XI 328. The three-factor system formed by particular verbs in northern Lithuanian dialects has already been described, cf. Girdenis, Kačiuškienė 1986: 21 tt. In this article, the verb expressed with particulate verbs is called the perfective verb — the “performing” (cosepmaiomuecs) verb. In the opinion of the authors of the article, this phenomenon in the northern Lithuanian (especially Samogitian) dialects is due to the influence of the neighboring Latvian language, which also has such a three-factor system. In order to verify the accuracy of such statements, more examples of particular verbs from the whole territory of Lithuania, especially its eastern and southern part, are needed. It is precisely because of the non-homogeneity of the available material that the area of distribution of particulate verbs in Lithuanian dialects has not yet been determined. 149 However, it can already be said that this phenomenon is not characteristic only of Latvian border Highland Samogitiir an dialects (from which most of the examined examples are), which would allow to consider that it ji arose due to the influence of the Latvian language. Individual examples written in ir iš the west, ir iš Middle Highlands, ir iš už The borders of Lithuania Lithuanian-speaking islands in Belarus (Silver, Gold, Bronze). In the case of lauk laukan, as in the case of // adjectives derived from ir the localities iš of other nouns, the use of the illiative inesy of different Lithuanian localities in ir į Lithuanian dialects must be taken into account. — ir — This is one of the possibilities iš to establish the boundary between laukan as an iliative form of a noun and laukan as an adverb, i.e. ir the degree of declination of this iliative form in different dialects. Based on this criterion, in the Lithuanian academic dictionary, the adverb laukan as a reinforcement particle (partikula) is divided into separate slots. Another feature of the use of verb particles (including laukan, oran) that is unique to Baltic languages ir ir jų The main difference between the affected Livonian language and the Livonian language is that the particle can join the prepositional verb expressing the event, forming a so-called particle prepositional verb. In such cases, the particle only emphasizes the result of the action or specifies the location of its final point (if the local meaning of the verb prefix is polysemantic or “nude"*), e.g. : You won't throw me out of the warm istuba at Mitl 67. LKŽ VII 188, ale tas.. kr'ites i sava ratus ir' is'lė-kes is kiema lauka Žagarė LKT 150, ta miiotresk(a) iserūopš'tė'n la-uk(o) ém e Leaves LKT 84, Kas per daūg išmėsk — laūk Marijampolė, To valgio da išsimeta laūk (niekais nueina) Prn., a krak’enos ... parn'ešau —baisū ir Oran išp'il'c —geltonas Ramaškonys LTT I 12, dukt'ė oran išūjo t.p. / 34. Phraseology — euphemism with the word resp. form field go : to field "to do the thing of nature', e.g., mą sustoje šlapūms i laūka ėjims Jrb., Subliūro žmogus, t.y. densely runs out, susividuriavo J. LKŽ 1 931, ka tėn goli (hospital- )/nié tén laūk gali išėte | rėk vaistūs ddute ka išvaritu Plateliai. The word or form oran is also used here, e.g., Kinder hat Durchfall bekommen —die dritte Tag oran nicht geht Vb. LKZ VII 1011, Stomach sopa, runs oran (diarrhea) Ob. t.p. As a phraseology, the compound go out or go oran has acquired its own specific meaning, which is not transparent (i.e. it is not the sum of the values of both components of the compound), as it would be possible to describe the meanings of most of the above-mentioned examples. Therefore, the synonyms of the compound eiti laukan can be not only verbs- * For the repetition of adverbs (particles) at the end of sentences with verb prepositions of "decreased meaning" indicating the direction of movement in other languages, see Recha 1893: 74. 150 the minor word eiti (as we saw above), but also other verbs —the wild-born of the same root laukinėtis, išsilaukinėti, nusilaukinėti, laukūotis, nusilaukūti, e.g. : Man there to go wild Kivrž. LKZ VII 181, Vaikas išbėgo laukan išsilaukinėti VYkš. t.p, Wait here, and you'll be fine Lp. LKŽ VII 189, and similar With phraseologisms su with other nouns, e.g. yard go an ‘tustintis’: anas k'iemo an č'asta ait'i See. 290. In other languages, such as German, the meaning of 'doing a natural thing' is also pronounced with the prefix (or particle) austragen. In the Latvian language nearest to Lithuanian, next to the common prepositional verb iziet, e.g. : I felt /to the sick/.., how many times the wind passes through the day.. LLVV VIII 345, with this meaning another idiom is used —with the adverb resp. particle through —the wind passes through sing. LLVV VIII 346, [bucket] passes through sar. LFraz II 535. " In Latvian, particulate verbs with traverse, as well as particulate verbs with lauka or ara, correlate with prepositional verbs, e.g.: braukt pagalmam cauri izbraukt caur pagalmu; go yard ara field go yard. The possibilities of correlation of individual partikuly and idioms with them in these languages are still being studied. — no ar — no ABBREVIATIONS b.g. — no year — be 2006 — sarunvalodas stylistic nocrase — stylistic nuance of spoken language etc. —- Ibid., p. — stylistic nuance of a bad speech — VS. — versus — the opposite Abbreviations of references to source locations of ir Lithuanian language examples adopted iš LKZ. LITERACY IR SOURCES >BuBmann — Bu B m a nn H. Lexikon der Linguistics, second, completely revised Aufl. Stuttgart: Alfred Kroner Publishe1990. r, DLKGr — Current Lithuanian Grammar, Vilnius: Institute of ir Publication of Scientific Encyclopedias, 'DZ 1994. — Dictionary of Modern English, red. J. Kr u o p as, Vilnius: State Political ir Science Publishing House, 1954. DZ — Dictionary of Modern English, red. J. Kru as, op Vilnius: Thoughts, 1972. 10 Perhaps ši the idiom in Latvian is related to the su adjective caurs ‘kiauras’, plg. Through the winds sar. — diarrhoea. LVV 845. 151 3DŽ — Dictionary of Modern English, red. S. Ke i ny s, Vilnius: University of ir California Press, 1993. Salt. - Naktiniené G., Paulauskienė A,Vitkauskas V. New York, NY: University of New York Press, 1988. Dūnin.- Vitkauskas V. Northeastern mudworker dialects dictionary, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1976. Girdenis A, Kačiuškienė G. 1986: Parallel phenomena in Latvian and Northern Lithuanian verb systems. —Kalbotyra 37(1), Vilnius, 21—27. Laz.-PetrauskasJ.,Vidugiris A. Lazūnų dialekto žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1985. LFraz-Laua A., Ezerina A, Veinberga S. Latvian Phraseology Nomenclature 1-2, Riga: Source, b.g. Liparte E. 1996: On some particulverbs and their use in the pronunciation of Engures and Mérsraga. —Baltu Filologija 6, Riga, pp. 30-36. LKA III — Atlas of the Lithuanian language 3. Morphology, Vilnius: University of Vilnius 1970. — The 1991. dialects of the Lithuanian language (Chrestomatija). — Vilnius: Mintis, 1970. LKŽ I —Dictionary of Lithuanian Language 1, second edition, red. J. Kruopas, Vilnius: Mintis, 1968. LKZ IV —Dictionary of Lithuanian Language 4, red. K. Ulvydas, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla, 1957. LKŽ VII-IX —Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 7-9, red. J. Kruopas, Vilnius: Mintis, 1966, 1970, 1973. LKŽ XI —Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 11, red. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978. LLVV VIII — Latvian literary language vocabulary 8, Riga: Zinatne, LTT I 1996. —Lithuanian dialect texts 1, Balatna (Varanavas), par. New York, NY: University of New York Press, 1994. LVV —Latvian language dictionary, edited by D. Gulevska, Riga: Avots, 1987. Recha C. 1893: On the question of the origin of the perfecting function of the verbal prefixes. Dorpat: Schnakenburg's Buchdruckerei. A. Tirkšl.-Girdenis, "Taip kalba tirkšliškiai", Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1996. Valiulytė E. 1998: Syntactic synonyms of contemporary Lithuanian language, Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedia Publishing. Ziet.-Vidugiris A. Zietelos šnektos žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 1998. THE MEANS AND POSSIBLE SYNONYMS OF THE ILLATIV BZW. ADVERBS laukan IN LITHUANIAN ORAL FORMS Summary In this article we will consider only some cases (especially the illative 'aukan) of the polysemic Lithuanian noun laukas ‘field, field, land, the open’. The illative laukan has already become an adverb. The meanings of the illative or Adverbs laukan are here divided into 2 large groups and several subgroups, depending on whether it emphasizes the place or the result of an action. In the first case laukan still has a close relationship with the noun laukas, in the second case it has already lost this relationship and is to be considered as a part of the particulate verb. Evija LIPARTE Received 27 August 1999 Lithuanian Language Institute Antakalnio g. 6 LT-2055 Vilnius, Lithuania El. pasta Evija. [email protected] 152